TWI280894B - Synthesis of noble metal sulphide catalysts in a sulphide ion-free aqueous environment - Google Patents

Synthesis of noble metal sulphide catalysts in a sulphide ion-free aqueous environment Download PDF

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TWI280894B
TWI280894B TW094102568A TW94102568A TWI280894B TW I280894 B TWI280894 B TW I280894B TW 094102568 A TW094102568 A TW 094102568A TW 94102568 A TW94102568 A TW 94102568A TW I280894 B TWI280894 B TW I280894B
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bismuth
solution
noble metal
precious metal
sulfide
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TW200536609A (en
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Robert J Allen
Andrea F Gulla
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De Nora Elettrodi Spa
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Description

l28〇894 九 發明說明·· 【發明所屬之技術領域】 其製i發明係關於—種觸媒’尤指貴金屬硫化物電觸媒,及 【先前技術】 ,電觸媒剌領_,貴金屬氧族化合物已廣為人知; =疋减和釕的硫化物域礎之電觸媒,目前是添加在氣 電極結構内,在高度·性環境,諸如倾的去極化 電解中,用做氧化還原陰極。 針廡使ΐ之貴金屬硫化物,是將硫化氫喷入相 =專利6,Μ9,782號㈣,係關於硫化綱媒。以硫化“ ^ 谷液内合成貴金屬硫化物觸媒’以大多數情況由碳粒租成 進行為宜。以此方式,貴金屬硫化物係 在表面,所得生成物為碳承載觸媒,特別適 j入,體擴散電^結構,其特徵為在降低貴金屬負載下, t度效率。具有高絲_碳黑,諸如美國cabGt、公 k的VulcanXC-72,特別適於此範圍。 主入金屬硫化物觸媒之不同製造程序,包含初始以 字溶劑蒸發,於稀硫化氫下,在周圍溫度或提,= ,反應’邮在穩定相㈣彡成硫化物。例 暫時 祝明書60/473,543號,係有關硫化釘觸媒。另累之" 常在之前,所㈣制硫化物觸媒,在通 他情況下,溫度低至靴,足以充分熱處理。’、、、處里在其 亍二ί等=氧化還原活性和高度侵蝕性環境内,顯 為實際上在紐電解中氧化還原觸媒用 之唯-了仃性物料’經由硫化氫之生產受到若干不便的影 ⑧ 1280894 響。 p^g百t ΐί成中使用易燃且有毒氣體之硫化氫等高度危 设雜,只旎泝诸昂貴的安全措施加以應付。 ’ 成變以==離:存在的環境内沉析,會導致形 ^:此ίί〆 物,有礙之再現性,尤复是 某二貝孟屬,·硫化物離子又是有毒且對環境不親善的物類、。 抑物ΐ析用其他試劑,諸如多硫化物、硫代乙酸奸 ,乙醯胺’有害性於硫化氫,但在水性環境内的反 = ;:=ϊ等化合物之預離子化或水解’提供不 需要3‘離硫 /生產用於氧化還原觸媒的貴金屬流化物之另類 離硫化物離子,尤其是高度易燃性和高度it 虱;贿在τ,為貴金4硫化觸齡產成功峨 ^ ίίΐ化終於使紐之去極化電解等潛在大型電化學製法可文 【發明内容】 本發明之目的,在於提供—種貴金屬硫化物觸媒 而要承載於碳粒上,利用在無硫化氫的水性環境内 本上為無硫化物離子之物類。 土 本發明另一目的,在於提供在水性環境内製造 化,觸媒之方法,避免使用高度易燃性和高度毒性物類’。瓜 【實施方式】 、 本發明-要旨係關於貴金屬硫化物觸媒,以 表面積碳黑上為佳,係由相對應貴金屬先f(以氯化= 佳)與硫族物類,在水性溶液内反應而得;高表面積步j 表面積超過5G m2/g之碳黑類。硫族物類指含硫功能之^^ 學物類,諸如硫代硫酸塩、硫顧及其衍生物。在丄 例中,反應是在基本上無硫化物離子之水溶液内進行,^ 1280894 明觸媒可為任何貴金屬之硫化物,甚至—種貴金屬斑 上共存7L素之混合硫化物;在較佳具體例中 自釕、铑、鉑、銥和鈀組群。 下忒貝至屬係遥 。在最佳具體例中,本發_媒是在使L在15〇至 170 C的溫度受到熱處理。 本發明觸媒特別適於加在碳布或金屬網等導電性 製成之氣體擴散電極結構,尤其是塩酸的氧m 體擴散陰極,或高度·性輪之其絲\=_用乱 本發明另-要旨係關於在無硫化氫存在下,上 =物離子的環境内,製造貴金屬硫化物觸媒之方法,包^ ::金屬先質(可視需要為氯化物)溶液,與含硫族物質之 (以硫代硫酸或四硫績_或銨溶液)發 貝金1硫化物觸媒可包括單—貴金屬之硫化物,或貴金屬二 屬ίϊ貴金屬之混合硫化物。所以,貴金屬的先質 c金ί;先質。另外’混合硫化物 先勝液,與含有第二種貴金屬或非貴金 知r般而言’硫代硫酸_離可利用不均化反應形成 瓜物,得一硫化物離子和一硫酸根離子為生成物·· S2〇3'2+H20 S-2 + S04"2 + 2H+ 杆人相時發現,在某些條件下,從硫代硫贿進 口貝至屬(例如鍺、釕、銥、鉑或鈀)之硫化物,無任 何可檢知的游離硫化物離子釋出。 …、 盘—==無意_於任何特殊理論,可以假設由金屬離子 /、一”L原子之一直接反應而進行製程,以致剩餘部份分裂。 具體例中’本發明人等觀察到較佳 =疋邛伤不均化,亦稱為S2〇/2物類之複分解,其中二S 原子按照下列化學計量為非等量。 ③ S2〇3~2 - S'2 · SO, 7 1280894 本發明人特別觀察到,硫代硫酸塩與若干過渡金 0.1至4.0反應,把含試劑的水溶液煮沸,或加溫 Pf 100 C的溫度,即可形成金屬硫化物。 至 使用硫代硫酸塩供析出硫化物時,試劑添加順 供所需硫化物觸媒之關鍵。事實上,若在無待析合2 下,於酸性溶液首先添加硫代硫酸塩,則會發生下列不 反應· -匕 2H +S2032 -> S° + S〇2 + H20 反之,若在添加硫代硫酸塩之前,溶液内有金 則硫代硫酸塩呈現安定化,因而延遲不均化反】峨, 複分解成硫化物。試劑添加順序反而不如其他石^族二3 ,。例如,四硫磺酸在酸性溶液内很安定,不會發生上^重 等化反應。 ^技術中未見提過由二硫雜塩(S2Q6.2)三硫错酸盘 (S306 )、四硫磺酸塩(S4〇6-2)、五硫磺酸塩^ 2 七硫續酸KS706_2)等其他硫雜衍生物析$魏物^ ,徑尚士完全明瞭、然而’本發明人等可由所有此等物類g 得各種貴金屬氧族化合物’其條件有如硫代顧盘所析^ 者’在^程之任何步驟帽是檢測不出游離的硫化物離子。 以四硫磺酸麵(例如四硫磺酸鈉)析出貴 硫化物為特佳,因為四硫績酸鈉為廣泛而廉仏以 品。又在此情況下,與過渡金屬的反應是、; 圍(^在L〇至4.0間),於贼至沸點之溫度範圍發生 在較佳具體例巾,反應是在絲面積碳粒 ,較,,^生粒存在下進行,製得承載之貴金屬硫S二 巧仏具_巾,硫献應物溶液是时開份量添加, 例如在15秒至1〇分鐘的時隔添加2至⑴等份。在較佳 例内’於貝金屬先質溶液添加硫族反應物溶液後,把所^寻溶 液加熱至’雜,直域應完成(料5分鐘至2小時,視選 1280894
,^和反應條件而定)。反應最好接著是上澄液變色 以間便測知反應完成。 T 在最佳具體例中’本發明方法又包括令如此所得 物,於使用之前經150至700。(:溫度的熱處理。 如例旨在更加澄清本發明,不構成其範圍之限 制’犯圍純由所附申請專利範圍加以界定。 實施例1 於此所述為财含魏物軒之酸性水溶液,在碳上沉 铑。其他貴金屬硫化物觸媒(諸如釕、銘、纪或錶的 ^推矣)之儿析反應,只需稍微調節,為精於此道之士可容 ㈣=·62克歡13 ·邮溶入1公升脫離子水内,將溶液 回流(製備貴金屬先質溶液)。 愛取Cabot公司製品之7克Vulcan X(V72_R高表面積碳 於溶液,混合物在贼崎波降解1小時(製備又 有石反粒之貴金屬先質溶液)。 取8.64克(NH4)2S2〇3以60毫升脫離子水稀釋,然後測定 為7.64 (製備含硫族物類之水溶液)。 旦$丨,/\UlCan溶液在攪拌中加熱至70°C,並監督PH。一 ’硫代硫酸塩溶液四等份(各15毫升)添加, 色之it it加1份。每次添加之間,檢查溶液ρΗ、溫度和顏 loot俟取後Γ份硫代硫酸塩溶液添加後,所得溶液加熱至 深於/ Γ此溫度保持1小時。檢查變色以監督反應:起初為 時‘ΐίϊ色,隨反應進行逐漸變成褐色,最後在反應完成 乙萨ί/、、、色丄表示生成物全部吸收在碳上。在此階段不時以 物离進行斑點測試’確定隨時在反應環境内無游離硫化 脫mi存在。、令析出物沉降,再加以過濾;濾液用1000毫升 7洗濯’去除任何過量試劑,收集濾餅,在n(rc乾 1280894 燥過夜。 小時 乾燥生成物最後在流動氬下,經65〇aC熱處理 結果失重22.15%。 、 解環境内之安定性 統在躲職中鑑定,檢查其在盘酸電 為此目的,部份樣品在氯飽和之HC1溶液内,按美 =、6,149,782號的實施例4所述同樣條件,加熱至沸騰。'所々 /谷液顏色為特性微粉紅,係硫化铑之更安定形式。 传
尸亦檢查在按照本發明方法製成並加在已知導電性織物上 的氣體擴散結構内的觸媒在塩酸電解内之實際效能。、在
North America/USA所製成ELAT®碳布基質的氣體』 散器上:得貴金屬負載1 mg/cm2之觸媒/粘合劑層;使用^ ^水性懸洋液的PTFE為粘合劑。如此所得氣體擴散電極 ,制$風下,於340°C燒結,再於實驗室塩酸電解池内用做 氧$還^陰極。在二星期操作當中,記錄在4 j^/m2的穩定 電壓持_在1·2ν以下,表示優異的電化學行為。 £ΜΜ2 f相似方式製備等於前述實施例之硫化铑觸媒,惟使用 四硫磺酸鈉為硫族物類,取代硫代硫酸銨。 、取入62克RI1CI3 ·氏0溶入1公升脫離子水内,將溶液 回流(製備貴金屬先質溶液)。 ,取Cab〇t公司製品之7克Vulcan XC-72-R高表面積碳 黑’添加於溶液’混合物在4〇°c以聲波降解1小時(製備又 含有竣粒之貴金屬先質溶液)。 、取17.86克Na^O6 · 2氏0以1〇〇毫升脫離子水稀釋, 然後測定pH為7·72 (製備含硫族物類之水溶液)。 錢/Vulcan溶液在攪拌中加熱至70°c,並監督ρΗ。一 ,到達7〇°c,四硫磺酸塩溶液四等份(各25毫升)添加, 每2分鐘添加丨份。每次添加之間,檢查溶液pH、溫度和顏
1280894 色之恒常性。 俟最後一份四硫績酸垣溶液添加後,所得溶液加熱至沸 騰1小時。檢查變色以監督反應··起初為黃色,隨反^進行 逐漸變成褐色,最後在反應完成時轉為無色,表示生g物全 邛吸收在石反上。在此階段不時以乙酸鉛紙進行斑點測試,確 疋隨時在反應環境内無游離硫化物離子存在。令析出物沉 降,再加以過濾,·濾液用1000毫升脫離子水洗濯,去除任何 過量試劑,收集濾餅,在ll〇°C乾燥過夜。 乾烯生成物最後在流動氮下,經650它熱處理2小時, 結果失重24.65%。 ^ ' 所得碳承載觸媒經前述實施例的同樣腐蝕和 試,顯示一致的結果。 使用按照已知程序事先製成的三硫磺酸鈉、四硫碏酸鈉 和七硫磺酸鈉先質,亦可得同等硫化铑觸媒,只需精於此道 ,士輕易推知之频調節。在此等情況下,亦獲得類似的腐 蝕和電化學結果。 實施例3 利用下述製備硫化錢|目觸媒:在5()()毫升内,添加預先 =流的RhCl3 · %0溶液3 g/1 (約〇.75克汕,等於〇·_ ^耳)。山於此溶液添加Cabot公司製3·37克Vulcan XC72_R高 表面積碳黑,混合物在贼時麟解丨小時(製含碳 粒之貝金屬先質溶液)。取19克四硫餘酸迄(顺4)論心, II0毫升f離子水轉(製備含第二種金屬,即非貴金屬硫 石頁酸塩之硫族物類溶液)。 铑/Vulcan先質溶液在攪拌中加熱至7〇它,並監督 L。7旦?達7Gt:,將四硫代細分四等份添加,每2分 、=伤母夂添加之間,檢查溶液pH、溫度和顏色之恆常 性0 取後-份四硫代!目贿添加後,所得溶液加熱至沸騰i 1280894 查變色以監督反應··起初黃色,隨反應進行逐漸 ,反應完成時最後轉為無色,由此表示生成物全 小時。藉檢j 變成淡黃色, —厌上。在此階段不時以乙酸鉛紙進行斑點測試,確 τ在反應環境内無游離硫化物離子存在。
鮮ΐΐ出物沉降,再顧’濾、液以毫升溫⑽。C)脫 7洗濯,除去任何過量試劑,再收集濾餅,於11(rc風 =用古下述程序製備硫化釕铑觸媒:在500毫升燒杯内, 口 笔升預先回流的RuCl3 ·氏0溶液12 g/ΐ (約12克 二古、100毫升預先回流的咖13 · Η20 3 Μ溶液(約 •克灿),因而重量比約80% RU和20%仙。 溶液以脫離子水調至350毫升,加Cab〇t公司製造3·5 Vulcan XC72-R絲面積碳黑。混合物在贼以聲波降解工 小日守(袅備又含碳粒之二不同貴金屬的先質溶液)。 取4·35克(NHASA以2〇毫升脫離子水稀釋,然後測定 pH為7·64 (製備含硫族物類之水溶液)。 铑一釕/Vulcan溶液在攪拌中加熱至7〇r,並監督 pH。二旦到達70 C,硫代硫酸塩溶液分四等份添加(各5毫 升),每2分鐘一份。每次添加之間,檢查溶液 溫 顏色之恆常性。 。最後一份四硫代硫酸塩溶液添加後,所得溶液加熱至 1^0C,在此溫度保持1小時。藉檢查變色以監督反應··先是 深粉紅/橘色,隨反應進行逐漸變成褐色,最後在反應完成 時轉為無色,因此表示生成物全部吸收在碳上。在此階段亦 不時以乙酸錯紙進行斑點_,確認隨時在反應環境内無游 離疏化物離子存在。讓析出物崎,再過濾,濾賴7〇〇毫 升溫脫離子水洗濯,除去任何過量試劑,再收集濾餅, 110°c風乾過夜。 12*80894 施,ϊΐΐϊ不在限制本㈣,本發明可按照不同且㈣,每 二不-其關’讓範圍程度純利用所附申請 其他利範圍中’「包括」等字樣並不排除
【圖式簡單說明】 【主要元件符號說明】

Claims (1)

1280894 申請專利範圍: 修床 補|5|羊15月1_修正 L一種貴金屬硫化物觸媒,係由選自自、銀 和I巴之至少一種貴金屬的先質,與選自硫代硫酸塩、二硫績酸 垣、三硫磺酸塩、四硫磺酸塩、五硫磺酸塩、七硫磺酸盘,以 及貴金屬或非貴金屬硫磺酸塩之硫族物類,在基本上無硫化物 離子之水性環境内反應而得,而該至少一貴金屬之先質,係貴 金屬氯化物者。 、'、 2·—種碳承載貴金屬硫化物觸媒,係由選自包含舒、姥、 舶、銀和鈀之至少一種貴金屬的先質,與選自硫代硫酸塩、二 石瓜石貝酸运、二硫石黃酸迄、四硫續酸垣、五硫石黃酸垣、七硫石黃酸 盘’以及貴金屬或非貴金屬硫磺酸塩之硫族物類,在含懸浮碳 粒而基本上無硫化物離子之水性環境内反應而得,該至少一貴 金屬之先質,係貴金屬氯化物者,而該碳粒係表面積超過5〇 m2/g之碳黑粒者。 ' 3·如申請專利範圍第1或2項之觸媒,其中該水性環境之 pH在〇·1至4之間者。 4·如申請專利範圍1或2項之觸媒,又在15〇和7〇〇°C間 之溫度,受到熱處理者。 5·—種氣體擴散電極,包括前述申請專利範圍第1或2項 之觸媒’在導電性織物上者。 6·—種貴金屬硫化物觸媒之製法,包括令選自包含釕、 鍺、鉑、銥和鈀之至少一貴金屬先質(可視需要為氯化物)之 溶液,與含選自硫代硫酸塩、二硫磺酸塩、三硫磺酸塩、四硫 磺酸塩、五硫磺酸塩、七硫磺酸塩,以及貴金屬或非貴金屬硫 磺酸塩之硫族物類之水溶液,在基本上無硫化物環境内反應 者0 7·如申請專利範圍第6項之方法,其中該至少一貴金屬先 質溶液和該含硫族物類的水溶液之pH,在〇1和4之間者。 8·如申請專利範圍第7項之方法,其中該至少一貴金屬先 14 質溶液又含有额,視 9·如申請專利範園第馬表面積超過5〇 m2/g之碳黑者。 或銨塩者。 項之方法,其中該硫族物類為鈉塩 、讥如申請專利範圍 水溶液,按分開份量添 項之方法,其中該含硫族物類之 15秒至1〇分鐘間隔;該貴金屬先質溶液,可視需要按 U.如申請專利範園第二::者。 雜,按糊份量杨貞;財該含碰物類之水 溶液加熱至沸點,叙5、夕貝孟屬先質之溶液,而所得 檢 硫化=== 二項::熱:者一物 15
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