TWI235761B - Slurry for polishing copper-based metal - Google Patents
Slurry for polishing copper-based metal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI235761B TWI235761B TW092121118A TW92121118A TWI235761B TW I235761 B TWI235761 B TW I235761B TW 092121118 A TW092121118 A TW 092121118A TW 92121118 A TW92121118 A TW 92121118A TW I235761 B TWI235761 B TW I235761B
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- slurry
- copper
- grinding
- triazole
- acid
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 title abstract description 36
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940075614 colloidal silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical class OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229940024606 amino acid Drugs 0.000 description 12
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- -1 7-Aminobutyric Acid Chemical compound 0.000 description 6
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229960004106 citric acid Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 5
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012964 benzotriazole Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- NSPMIYGKQJPBQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4H-1,2,4-triazole Chemical compound C=1N=CNN=1 NSPMIYGKQJPBQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical class CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004475 Arginine Substances 0.000 description 3
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N arginine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCCNC(N)=N ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229960003121 arginine Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 3
- SNTWKPAKVQFCCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydro-1h-triazole Chemical compound N1NC=CN1 SNTWKPAKVQFCCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Histamine Chemical compound NCCC1=CN=CN1 NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N L-alanine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)C(O)=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P L-argininium(2+) Chemical compound NC(=[NH2+])NCCC[C@H]([NH3+])C(O)=O ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P 0.000 description 2
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-lysine Chemical compound NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVHLGVCQOALMSV-JEDNCBNOSA-N L-lysine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O BVHLGVCQOALMSV-JEDNCBNOSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 description 2
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical class CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000004279 alanine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005380 borophosphosilicate glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000013043 chemical agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Chemical class CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- LNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 LNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutamine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKUKSGPZAADMRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycyl-glycyl-glycine Chemical compound NCC(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(O)=O XKUKSGPZAADMRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical class CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Chemical class OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940075930 picrate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- OXNIZHLAWKMVMX-UHFFFAOYSA-M picrate anion Chemical compound [O-]C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O OXNIZHLAWKMVMX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920000052 poly(p-xylylene) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- QIJRTFXNRTXDIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1-carboxy-2-sulfanylethyl)azanium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.Cl.SCC(N)C(O)=O QIJRTFXNRTXDIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N (2S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropansäure Chemical compound OC[C@H](N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYUKEMYHXWICKF-DKWTVANSSA-N (2s)-2-aminobutanedioic acid;calcium Chemical compound [Ca].OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O GYUKEMYHXWICKF-DKWTVANSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LBXRPPWPQUZKBO-DKWTVANSSA-N (2s)-2-aminobutanedioic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O LBXRPPWPQUZKBO-DKWTVANSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylpiperidin-4-one Chemical class CS(=O)(=O)N1CCC(=O)CC1 RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYHKNCXZYYTLRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=NC=CN1 XYHKNCXZYYTLRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HGUFODBRKLSHSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin Chemical compound O1C2=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C2OC2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2 HGUFODBRKLSHSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IVCJGQQPPHYHBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(1h-imidazol-5-yl)ethanamine;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.NCCC1=CN=CN1 IVCJGQQPPHYHBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HZLCGUXUOFWCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxynonadecane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C(O)=O)C(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O HZLCGUXUOFWCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWYFCOCPABKNJV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 3-Methylbutanoic acid Natural products CC(C)CC([O-])=O GWYFCOCPABKNJV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical class COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SLXKOJJOQWFEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-aminohexanoic acid Chemical compound NCCCCCC(O)=O SLXKOJJOQWFEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000004384 Alopecia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutamic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N L-Cysteine Chemical compound SC[C@H](N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AHLPHDHHMVZTML-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-Ornithine Chemical compound NCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O AHLPHDHHMVZTML-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZGUNAGUHMKGQNY-ZETCQYMHSA-N L-alpha-phenylglycine zwitterion Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZGUNAGUHMKGQNY-ZETCQYMHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-arginine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCCN=C(N)N ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N L-aspartic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-phenylalanine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N L-tryptophane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-tyrosine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUYPXLNMDZIRQH-LURJTMIESA-N N-acetyl-L-methionine Chemical compound CSCC[C@@H](C(O)=O)NC(C)=O XUYPXLNMDZIRQH-LURJTMIESA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AHLPHDHHMVZTML-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orn-delta-NH2 Natural products NCCCC(N)C(O)=O AHLPHDHHMVZTML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UTJLXEIPEHZYQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ornithine Natural products OC(=O)C(C)CCCN UTJLXEIPEHZYQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282320 Panthera leo Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001674048 Phthiraptera Species 0.000 description 1
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazole Chemical compound C=1C=NNC=1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Serine Natural products OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910020177 SiOF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N Tritium Chemical compound [3H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tryptophan Natural products C1=CC=C2C(CC(N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- KFDLHDGFDLHFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-][N+](Br)=O Chemical compound [O-][N+](Br)=O KFDLHDGFDLHFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006061 abrasive grain Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940040563 agaric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940124277 aminobutyric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002684 aminocaproic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001166 ammonium sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous glutaric acid Chemical class OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003589 arginine hydrochloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000003704 aspartic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960005261 aspartic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-carboxyaspartic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)C(C(O)=O)C(O)=O OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWYFCOCPABKNJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-methyl-butyric acid Natural products CC(C)CC(O)=O GWYFCOCPABKNJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006172 buffering agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- BMURJNXCJDUSLN-WCCKRBBISA-N butanedioic acid;(2s)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O.OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1 BMURJNXCJDUSLN-WCCKRBBISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940034055 calcium aspartate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003486 chemical etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960002433 cysteine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cysteine Natural products SCC(N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000018417 cysteine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001305 cysteine hydrochloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- ALKZAGKDWUSJED-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinuclear copper ion Chemical compound [Cu].[Cu] ALKZAGKDWUSJED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YKZPPPNXRZHVGX-PXYKVGKMSA-L dipotassium;(2s)-2-aminobutanedioate;hydron;hydrate Chemical compound [H+].[H+].O.[K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)[C@@H](N)CC([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)[C@@H](N)CC([O-])=O YKZPPPNXRZHVGX-PXYKVGKMSA-L 0.000 description 1
- BIQSIHSUENWJGR-LHWPGRLPSA-L disodium;(2s)-2-aminopentanedioate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC([O-])=O BIQSIHSUENWJGR-LHWPGRLPSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZOOODBUHSVUZEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxymethanedithioic acid Chemical compound CCOC(S)=S ZOOODBUHSVUZEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940074391 gallic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000004515 gallic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013922 glutamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004220 glutamic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002989 glutamic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002449 glycine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 108010067216 glycyl-glycyl-glycine Proteins 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000024963 hair loss Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003676 hair loss Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960001340 histamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PPZMYIBUHIPZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N histamine dihydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.Cl.NCCC1=CN=CN1 PPZMYIBUHIPZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004931 histamine dihydrochloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 description 1
- QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorous acid Chemical compound ClO QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004310 lactic acid Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical class OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960003104 ornithine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004965 peroxy acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- COLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylalanine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 COLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940068988 potassium aspartate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical class O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000003296 saliva Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001568 sexual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfamic acid Chemical compound NS(O)(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004291 sulphur dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010269 sulphur dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- MZLGASXMSKOWSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum nitride Chemical compound [Ta]#N MZLGASXMSKOWSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052722 tritium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tyrosine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012991 xanthate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/302—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to change their surface-physical characteristics or shape, e.g. etching, polishing, cutting
- H01L21/304—Mechanical treatment, e.g. grinding, polishing, cutting
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/31—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers
- H01L21/3205—Deposition of non-insulating-, e.g. conductive- or resistive-, layers on insulating layers; After-treatment of these layers
- H01L21/321—After treatment
- H01L21/32115—Planarisation
- H01L21/3212—Planarisation by chemical mechanical polishing [CMP]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09G—POLISHING COMPOSITIONS; SKI WAXES
- C09G1/00—Polishing compositions
- C09G1/02—Polishing compositions containing abrasives or grinding agents
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Treatment Of Semiconductor (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2002225734A JP2004071673A (ja) | 2002-08-02 | 2002-08-02 | 銅系金属研磨スラリー |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
TW200406483A TW200406483A (en) | 2004-05-01 |
TWI235761B true TWI235761B (en) | 2005-07-11 |
Family
ID=31185057
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
TW092121118A TWI235761B (en) | 2002-08-02 | 2003-08-01 | Slurry for polishing copper-based metal |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20040020135A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2004071673A (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100566537B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1289620C (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI235761B (ja) |
Families Citing this family (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20050252151A1 (en) * | 2004-05-17 | 2005-11-17 | Kindred David J | Under deck drainage system |
JP4814502B2 (ja) * | 2004-09-09 | 2011-11-16 | 株式会社フジミインコーポレーテッド | 研磨用組成物及びそれを用いた研磨方法 |
JP2006179845A (ja) * | 2004-11-26 | 2006-07-06 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 金属用研磨液及び研磨方法 |
KR100641348B1 (ko) | 2005-06-03 | 2006-11-03 | 주식회사 케이씨텍 | Cmp용 슬러리와 이의 제조 방법 및 기판의 연마 방법 |
JP2007207785A (ja) * | 2006-01-30 | 2007-08-16 | Fujifilm Corp | 金属研磨用組成物 |
JP2007266075A (ja) * | 2006-03-27 | 2007-10-11 | Fujifilm Corp | 金属用研磨液 |
KR20070088245A (ko) * | 2006-02-24 | 2007-08-29 | 후지필름 가부시키가이샤 | 금속용 연마액 |
US20100221918A1 (en) * | 2007-09-03 | 2010-09-02 | Jsr Corporation | Aqueous dispersion for chemical mechanical polishing and method for preparing the same, kit for preparing aqueous dispersion for chemical mechanical polishing, and chemical mechanical polishing method for semiconductor device |
US7931714B2 (en) * | 2007-10-08 | 2011-04-26 | Uwiz Technology Co., Ltd. | Composition useful to chemical mechanical planarization of metal |
JP2009164188A (ja) * | 2007-12-28 | 2009-07-23 | Fujimi Inc | 研磨用組成物 |
EP2540801A4 (en) | 2010-02-25 | 2013-05-08 | Asahi Chemical Ind | COPPER OXIDE ENGRAVING AGENT AND ETCHING METHOD USING THE SAME |
JP6050934B2 (ja) * | 2011-11-08 | 2016-12-21 | 株式会社フジミインコーポレーテッド | 研磨用組成物並びにそれを用いた研磨方法及び基板の製造方法 |
JP2014072336A (ja) * | 2012-09-28 | 2014-04-21 | Fujimi Inc | 研磨用組成物 |
JP6366308B2 (ja) * | 2014-03-12 | 2018-08-01 | 株式会社ディスコ | 加工方法 |
JP6385085B2 (ja) * | 2014-03-14 | 2018-09-05 | 株式会社ディスコ | バイト切削方法 |
US9577555B2 (en) * | 2014-04-02 | 2017-02-21 | Deere & Company | Methods of estimating a position of a rotor in a motor under transient and systems thereof |
KR102501836B1 (ko) * | 2014-07-15 | 2023-02-20 | 바스프 에스이 | 화학 기계적 연마 (cmp) 조성물 |
KR102523465B1 (ko) | 2017-11-09 | 2023-04-18 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 의류처리장치 |
CN114952600B (zh) * | 2022-07-11 | 2023-09-19 | 赛莱克斯微系统科技(北京)有限公司 | 高频传输微结构的平坦化方法、装置及电子设备 |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5954997A (en) * | 1996-12-09 | 1999-09-21 | Cabot Corporation | Chemical mechanical polishing slurry useful for copper substrates |
US6063306A (en) * | 1998-06-26 | 2000-05-16 | Cabot Corporation | Chemical mechanical polishing slurry useful for copper/tantalum substrate |
TW455626B (en) * | 1998-07-23 | 2001-09-21 | Eternal Chemical Co Ltd | Chemical mechanical abrasive composition for use in semiconductor processing |
IL147235A0 (en) * | 1999-08-13 | 2002-08-14 | Cabot Microelectronics Corp | Chemical mechanical polishing systems and methods for their use |
JP2002075927A (ja) * | 2000-08-24 | 2002-03-15 | Fujimi Inc | 研磨用組成物およびそれを用いた研磨方法 |
US6551935B1 (en) * | 2000-08-31 | 2003-04-22 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Slurry for use in polishing semiconductor device conductive structures that include copper and tungsten and polishing methods |
US6524167B1 (en) * | 2000-10-27 | 2003-02-25 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Method and composition for the selective removal of residual materials and barrier materials during substrate planarization |
JP3768401B2 (ja) * | 2000-11-24 | 2006-04-19 | Necエレクトロニクス株式会社 | 化学的機械的研磨用スラリー |
JP2002231666A (ja) * | 2001-01-31 | 2002-08-16 | Fujimi Inc | 研磨用組成物およびそれを用いた研磨方法 |
JP2004071674A (ja) * | 2002-08-02 | 2004-03-04 | Nec Electronics Corp | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
-
2002
- 2002-08-02 JP JP2002225734A patent/JP2004071673A/ja active Pending
-
2003
- 2003-07-21 US US10/622,735 patent/US20040020135A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-08-01 KR KR20030053470A patent/KR100566537B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2003-08-01 TW TW092121118A patent/TWI235761B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-08-01 CN CNB031524915A patent/CN1289620C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TW200406483A (en) | 2004-05-01 |
KR20040012600A (ko) | 2004-02-11 |
US20040020135A1 (en) | 2004-02-05 |
CN1289620C (zh) | 2006-12-13 |
CN1497029A (zh) | 2004-05-19 |
KR100566537B1 (ko) | 2006-03-31 |
JP2004071673A (ja) | 2004-03-04 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
TWI235761B (en) | Slurry for polishing copper-based metal | |
JP3768402B2 (ja) | 化学的機械的研磨用スラリー | |
JP3768401B2 (ja) | 化学的機械的研磨用スラリー | |
KR100450985B1 (ko) | 화학적 기계적 연마용 슬러리 | |
JP3450247B2 (ja) | 金属配線形成方法 | |
EP1909312A1 (en) | Abrasive and process for producing semiconductor integrated-circuit unit | |
JP5760317B2 (ja) | Cmp研磨液及びこのcmp研磨液を用いた研磨方法 | |
KR20120023712A (ko) | Cmp 연마액 및 연마 방법 | |
US20080171441A1 (en) | Polishing compound and method for producing semiconductor integrated circuit device | |
KR100406165B1 (ko) | 화학적 기계적 연마용 슬러리 | |
JP2014007415A (ja) | Cmp研磨液 | |
JP2008124377A (ja) | 化学機械研磨用水系分散体および化学機械研磨方法、ならびに化学機械研磨用水系分散体を調製するためのキット | |
JP5585220B2 (ja) | Cmp研磨液及びこのcmp研磨液を用いた研磨方法 | |
KR100450986B1 (ko) | 화학적 기계적 연마용 슬러리 | |
JP2008112969A (ja) | 研磨液及びこの研磨液を用いた研磨方法 | |
US7067427B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of semiconductor device | |
JP5573234B2 (ja) | Cmp研磨液及びこのcmp研磨液を用いた基板の研磨方法 | |
JP2006066851A (ja) | 化学的機械研磨用組成物 | |
WO2011077887A1 (ja) | パラジウム研磨用cmp研磨液及び研磨方法 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
MM4A | Annulment or lapse of patent due to non-payment of fees |