TW202019468A - 誘導細胞性免疫之經鼻疫苗 - Google Patents
誘導細胞性免疫之經鼻疫苗 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明提供一種誘導細胞性免疫之奈米凝膠經鼻疫苗。具體而言,本發明係一種疫苗製劑,其係包含奈米凝膠、疫苗抗原及佐劑之複合體者,且可有效率地誘導細胞性免疫,並且誘導全身性及黏膜性免疫應答。
Description
本發明係關於一種誘導細胞性免疫之經鼻疫苗。
獲得免疫係由體液性免疫及細胞性免疫這兩個不同之機制負責。
體液性免疫主要係以血液中存在之抗體及補體等為中心之免疫系統。若外來抗原侵入體內,則樹狀細胞等抗原呈現細胞將其吸收並進行片段化後,經由MHC(major histocompatibility complex,主要組織相容性複合體)II類分子呈現於其細胞表面上。其後,自抗原呈現細胞受到刺激之Th2細胞經由T細胞抗原受體(TCR)識別出B細胞上所呈現之抗原片段,進行Th2細胞激素之釋放等。B細胞受到釋放之Th2細胞激素之作用而產生抗體。
另一方面,細胞性免疫係藉由巨噬細胞、細胞毒殺性T細胞(cytotoxic T Lymphocytes:CTL)及自然殺手細胞等將體內之異物排除之免疫系統。若藉由經由MHC II類分子而呈現於抗原呈現細胞上之抗原片段使Th1細胞活化,則釋放IFN(Interferon,干擾素)-γ,使巨噬細胞活化。又,亦考慮誘導ADCC(Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity,抗體依賴性細胞介導之細胞毒作用),其誘導並非中和抗體之於細胞表面結合之抗體,經由抗體之Fc受體,使巨噬細胞或NK(Natureal Killer,自然殺手)細胞活化,攻擊並破壞靶細胞。另外,經活化之Th1細胞釋放IL-2,使識別出與MHC I類分子一起呈現之抗原片段之CTL活化。經活化之巨噬細胞及CTL攻擊並排除感染病毒等之細胞或癌細胞等。由於細胞性免疫亦能夠排除感染細胞或癌細胞等,故而期待排除能夠寄生至細胞內之結核桿菌,或應用於癌症免疫療法。
此前,發明人等利用由加成有膽固醇之陽離子性聚三葡萄糖構成之自凝集性奈米尺寸水凝膠(cCHP;cationic type of cholesteryl group-bearing pullulan),開發出有效之疫苗傳遞系統(專利文獻1、非專利文獻1)。關於cCHP奈米凝膠,若其奈米基質內部內包蛋白抗原,則發揮作為人工伴侶之功能,防止抗原之凝集及變性,幫助抗原釋放後之重折迭。該奈米凝膠具有有效率地附著於負電荷之黏膜表面之性質,藉由持續地釋放抗原並將抗原傳遞至抗原呈現細胞,從而誘導免疫應答(非專利文獻2、非專利文獻3及專利文獻2)。又,於小鼠中,即便以經鼻之方式投予擔載[111
In]-標記BoHc/A(肉毒桿菌A型毒素之重鏈C末端區域無毒區域)或肺炎球菌表面抗原PspA(Pneumococcal surface protein A,肺炎球菌表面蛋白A)之cCHP奈米凝膠,亦不會於嗅球或腦等之中樞神經系統累積(非專利文獻2),其安全性亦得到確認(非專利文獻4)。
適於經鼻投予之奈米凝膠疫苗(奈米凝膠經鼻疫苗)於安全性及誘導體液性免疫這兩方面非常良好。
然而,迄今為止並未確認誘導細胞性免疫。
[先前技術文獻]
[專利文獻]
[專利文獻1]WO00/12564號
[專利文獻2]日本專利第5344558號
[非專利文獻]
[非專利文獻1]Ayame等人,Bioconjug Chem 19: 882 - 890 2008
[非專利文獻2]Nochi等人,Nat Mater 9: 572 - 578 2010
[非專利文獻3]Yuki等人,Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 29: 61 - 72 2013
[非專利文獻4]Kong等人,Infect Immun 81: 1625 - 1634 2013
[發明所欲解決之問題]
鑒於上述情況,本發明之目的在於提供一種誘導細胞性免疫之奈米凝膠經鼻疫苗。
[解決問題之技術手段]
本發明人等為了解決上述課題,製成除疫苗抗原以外,將STING(stimulator of interferon genes,干擾素基因刺激因子)配體封入至奈米凝膠而成之疫苗作為佐劑,對小鼠進行經鼻投予,結果,成功誘導抗原特異性Th1細胞。
即,本發明為以下之(1)~(11)。
(1)一種疫苗製劑,其包含奈米凝膠、疫苗抗原及佐劑之複合體。
(2)如上述(1)記載之疫苗製劑,其特徵在於:上述佐劑包含1種或複數種STING配體。
(3)如上述(2)記載之疫苗製劑,其特徵在於:上述STING配體之至少1種為環狀二核苷酸。
(4)如上述(3)記載之疫苗製劑,其特徵在於:上述環狀二核苷酸為cGAMP(Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate,環鳥苷單磷酸-腺苷單磷酸)、環二AMP(cyclic-di-adenosine monophosphate,環二腺苷單磷酸)、環二GMP(cyclic-di-guanosine monophosphate,環二鳥苷單磷酸)、環二CMP(cyclic-di-cytidine monophosphate,環二胞苷單磷酸)、環二UMP(cyclic-di-uridine monophosphate,環二尿苷單磷酸)或環二IMP(cyclic-di-inosine monophosphate,環二肉苷單磷酸)之任一者。
(5)如上述(1)至(4)中任一項所記載之疫苗製劑,其特徵在於:上述疫苗抗原為源自結核桿菌之抗原。
(6)如上述(5)記載之疫苗製劑,其特徵在於:上述源自結核桿菌之抗原至少包含Ag85B基因產物、Rv2608基因產物、Rv3619基因產物、Rv3620基因產物、Rv1813基因產物、MTB32A基因產物、MTB39A基因產物及/或MVA85A基因產物之整體或其一部分。
(7)如上述(5)記載之疫苗製劑,其特徵在於:上述源自結核桿菌之抗原為包含Rv3875基因產物、Rv0266基因產物及Rv0288基因產物之嵌合蛋白。
(8)如上述(1)至(4)中任一項所記載之疫苗製劑,其特徵在於:上述疫苗抗原為源自HPV(human papillomavirus,人類乳突病毒)之抗原。
(9)如上述(8)記載之疫苗製劑,其特徵在於:上述源自HPV之抗原至少包含E6基因產物及/或E7基因產物之整體或其一部分。
(10)如上述(1)至(4)中任一項所記載之疫苗製劑,其特徵在於:上述疫苗抗原為源自RSV(respiratory syncytial virus,呼吸道融合病毒)之抗原。
(11)如上述(10)記載之疫苗製劑,其特徵在於:上述源自RSV之抗原至少包含SH肽之整體或其一部分。
[發明之效果]
藉由投予本發明之奈米凝膠疫苗,可誘導細胞性免疫。
藉由投予本發明之奈米凝膠疫苗,可高效率地誘導全身性免疫應答及黏膜免疫應答兩者。
本發明之第1實施形態為包含奈米凝膠、疫苗抗原及佐劑之複合體之疫苗製劑(以下亦記為「本發明之疫苗製劑」)。
於本發明中,奈米凝膠係指於親水性之多糖(例如聚三葡萄糖)加成有疏水性之膽固醇作為側鏈而成之高分子凝膠奈米粒子。奈米凝膠可基於公知之方法、例如國際公開第WO00/12564號公報中記載之方法等進行製造。
具體而言,首先使碳數12~50之含羥基之烴或固醇與OCN-R1NCO(式中,R1為碳數1~50之烴基)所表示之二異氰酸酯化合物反應,製造碳數12~50之含羥基之烴或固醇以1分子參加反應所得之含異氰酸基之疏水性化合物。使獲得之含異氰酸基之疏水性化合物與多糖類反應,製造含有碳數12~50之烴基或固醇基之含疏水性基之多糖類。其次,利用酮系溶劑對獲得之生成物進行純化,藉此可製造純度高之含疏水性基之多糖類。
此處,作為多糖類,可利用聚三葡萄糖、支鏈澱粉、直鏈澱粉、葡聚糖、羥乙基葡聚糖、甘露聚糖、聚果糖、菊糖、幾丁質、幾丁聚醣、木葡聚糖或水溶性纖維素等,特佳為聚三葡萄糖。
作為本發明之第1實施形態所使用之奈米凝膠,可列舉經陽離子性膽固醇取代之聚三葡萄糖(稱為cationic cholesteryl-group-bearing pullulan:cCHP)及其衍生物。cCHP具有分子量3萬至20萬、例如分子量100,000之聚三葡萄糖中,每100單糖經1~10個、較佳為1~數個膽固醇取代的結構。再者,本發明中使用之cCHP可根據抗原之尺寸或疏水性之程度而適當變更膽固醇取代量。又,為了變更CHP之疏水性程度,亦可加成烷基(碳數10~30、較佳為碳數12~20左右)。本發明中使用之奈米凝膠之粒徑為10~40 nm,較佳為20~30 nm。奈米凝膠已廣泛市售,因此亦可使用該等市售品。
本發明之實施形態中使用之奈米凝膠為導入有具有正電荷之官能基、例如胺基之奈米凝膠,以便疫苗可侵入帶負電之鼻黏膜表面。作為胺基導入至奈米凝膠之方法,可列舉使用加成有胺基之膽固醇聚三葡萄糖(CHPNH2
)之方法。具體而言,將經減壓乾燥之CHP溶解於二甲基亞碸(DMSO),於氮氣氣流下向其添加1-1'羰基二咪唑,於室溫下反應數小時。向該反應溶液緩慢地添加乙二胺,攪拌數小時至數十小時左右。將獲得之反應溶液對蒸餾水透析數天。對透析後之反應溶液進行冷凍乾燥,獲得乳白色之固體。乙二胺之取代度可使用元素分析或H-NMR(H-nuclear magnetic resonance,氫核磁共振)等進行評估。
疫苗抗原無特別限定,可根據疫苗製劑之用途任意進行選擇。本發明之疫苗製劑尤其可高效率地誘導細胞性免疫,因此在疾病等之預防或治療上,非常適合用於細胞性免疫系統之活化。作為此種疾病,若斗膽例示,則可列舉:不存在對成人有效之疫苗之結核、疫苗本身不存在之無莢膜型流感嗜血桿菌(NTHi)、RSV(respiratory syncytial virus,呼吸道融合病毒)傳染病或者HSV(herpes simplex virus,疱疹單純型病毒)傳染病或其治療上認為誘導細胞性免疫較重要之HPV(human papilloma virus,人類乳突病毒)傳染病及因感染其而發病之子宮頸癌等。
作為結核之疫苗抗原,並無特別限定,例如可為源自結核桿菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)之Ag85B(Rv1886)基因產物、ESAT6(Rv3875)基因產物、Rv2660基因產物、Rv2608基因產物、Rv3619基因產物、Rv3620基因產物、Rv1813基因產物、MTB32A(Rv0125)基因產物、MTB39A(Rv1196)基因產物、MVA85A基因產物或Rv0288基因產物之整體或其一部分、或者選自該等蛋白之複數者之融合蛋白(例如ESAT6-Rv2660-Rv0288基因產物之嵌合蛋白)。
作為無莢膜型流感嗜血桿菌(NTHi)之疫苗抗原,可為D15、P1、P2、P4、P5、P6、Hmw/hia、Hap、蛋白E、蛋白F、蛋白D、Pil A、NucA、HtrA、OMP26、PCP、TbpB或LOS之整體或其一部分、或選自該等蛋白之複數者之融合蛋白。
作為RSV之疫苗抗原,並無特別限定,例如可為源自RSV之F蛋白(融合蛋白)或SH蛋白整體或其一部分、或者選自該等蛋白之複數者之融合蛋白。
作為HSV之疫苗抗原,並無特別限定,例如可為源自HSV之gD基因產物、gB基因產物、gC基因產物、gE基因產物、衣殼蛋白UL19、皮層蛋白UL47或gG基因產物之整體或其一部分、或選自該等蛋白之複數者之融合蛋白。
作為HPV之疫苗抗原,並無特別限定,例如可為源自HPV之E6基因產物、尤其是癌抑制基因產物P53之E6結合部位之變異或缺陷產物、源自HPV之E7基因產物、尤其是癌抑制基因產物Rb之E7結合部位之變異或缺陷產物等,更具體而言可為HPV6 E7(23-27缺陷)、HPV11 E7(23-27缺陷)、HPV16 E7(D21G、C24G、E26G變異)或HPV16 E7(21-24缺陷)、HPV18 E7(24-27缺陷)、HPV31 E7(22-26缺陷)、HPV33 E7(22-26缺陷)、HPV45 E7(26-30缺陷)、HPV52 E7(22-26缺陷)或HPV52 E7(22-26缺陷)或HPV58 E7(22-26缺陷)之整體或其一部分,或者選自該等蛋白之複數者之融合蛋白。
本發明之實施形態中使用之佐劑與稱為抗原性補強劑或免疫活化劑等者同義,於該領域中,用於該等劑之通常之使用目的。本發明之實施形態中使用之佐劑之有效成分並無特別限定,例如可列舉使STING(stimulator of interferon genes,干擾素基因刺激因子)活化之STING配體(例如cGAMP、環二AMP、環二GMP、環二CMP、環二UMP或環二IMP等環狀二核苷酸或DMXAA(5,6-二甲基XAA(xanthenone-4-acetic acid,𠮿酮-4-乙酸)、Vadimezan或ASA404)等𠮿酮(Xanthenone)衍生物)、聚IC或CpG ODN(oligodeoxynucleotide,寡脫氧核苷酸)等。該佐劑進而可含有醫藥上容許之載體或其他成分(例如穩定劑、pH調整劑、保存劑、防腐劑及緩衝劑等)。醫藥上容許之載體及其他成分必須為不對被投予疫苗之動物之健康產生不良影響之物質。
奈米凝膠、疫苗抗原及佐劑(或佐劑之有效成分,以下相同)之複合體可藉由使奈米凝膠、疫苗抗原及佐劑共存,且相互作用,使抗原及佐劑被納入奈米凝膠內而製作。此時,奈米凝膠與疫苗抗原、奈米凝膠與佐劑之混合比無特別限定,只要為業者,則可容易地藉由預先實驗決定。若斗膽列舉標準,則疫苗抗原:奈米凝膠以莫耳比計例如為0.1:10、1:5、1:2或1:1左右。又,佐劑之含量可相對於疫苗100重量%,含有0.01重量%~99.99重量%左右,可相對於抗原1重量,例如為0.01重量~10重量左右。
奈米凝膠、疫苗抗原及佐劑之複合體之形成可將奈米凝膠、疫苗抗原及佐劑加以混合,於4~50℃下、例如於40℃下,靜置30分鐘~48小時、例如1小時左右進行實施。用於奈米凝膠、疫苗抗原及佐劑之複合體形成之緩衝液並無特別限定,若斗膽例示,則可列舉Tris-HCl緩衝液等。
本發明之疫苗製劑可含有藥理學上容許之添加劑而作為組合物(本發明之疫苗組合物)。本發明之疫苗製劑適於經鼻投予,作為劑型,亦較理想為能夠經鼻投予之形體,可列舉液體製劑(滴鼻劑及注射劑等)等。
於本發明之疫苗製劑為液體製劑之情形時,可視需要將有效成分與鹽酸、氫氧化鈉、乳糖、乳酸、鈉、磷酸一氫鈉及磷酸二氫鈉等pH調整劑、氯化鈉及葡萄糖等等張劑一起溶解於製劑用蒸餾水,進行無菌過濾並填充於安瓿,或者進而添加甘露醇、糊精、環糊精及明膠等進行真空冷凍乾燥,製成用時溶解型製劑。該液體製劑可含有藥學上可容許之公知之穩定劑、防腐劑、抗氧化劑等,作為穩定劑,例如可列舉:明膠、葡聚糖及山梨醇等,作為防腐劑,例如可列舉乙汞硫柳酸鈉及β丙內酯等,作為抗氧化劑,例如可列舉α-生育酚等。
本發明之第2實施形態係一種疾病之預防及/或治療方法,其包括向患者經鼻投予包含奈米凝膠、疫苗抗原及佐劑之複合體之疫苗製劑(第1實施形態)。
第2實施形態之治療或預防之目標疾病取決於使用之疫苗抗原,無特別限定,除由病原體所致之傳染病(例如結核、HSV及RSV等)以外,可為癌症(例如子宮頸癌)等,包括藉由細胞性免疫而期待治癒等之所有疾病。
本發明之疫苗製劑可經由鼻黏膜進行投予。作為其方法,例如可列舉藉由對鼻黏膜進行噴霧、塗抹、滴加等而向鼻腔內投予之方法。
黏膜疫苗製劑之投予量可視投予對象之年齡或體重等適當決定,但應當包含藥學上有效量之疫苗抗原。藥學上有效量係指誘導對該疫苗抗原之免疫反應所必需之抗原量。例如,1次之疫苗抗原投予量為數μg~數10 mg,1天投予1次~數次,間隔1~數週合計投予數次,例如1~5次左右即可。
本說明書中引用之所有文獻之揭示內容作為整體藉由參照併入至說明書。又,於本說明書整體中,於含有單數形式之「一個」、「一種」及「該」這些單詞之情形時,只要從上下文未明確示出並非如此,則不僅包含單數,亦包含複數。
以下示出實施例進一步進行本發明之說明,但實施例僅係本發明之實施形態之例示,並不限定本發明之範圍。
[實施例]
方法
1.結核桿菌疫苗
1-1.抗原蛋白之製備
人工合成源自結核桿菌(ATCC25618)之Ag85B基因(987 bp)(序列編號1),插入至具有組胺酸標籤序列之基因的pET-20b(+)載體(Novagen)之EcoRI-HinIII(TAKARA BIO公司)位點。藉由慣例將製作之表現載體轉形至Rosetta2(DE3)pLysS-大腸桿菌。於含有100 μg/mL安比西林及34 μg/mL氯黴素之培養基中,於37℃下培養獲得之轉形體直至OD600 nm成為0.5-0.8。其後,添加1.0 mM異丙基-β-D-1-硫代哌喃半乳糖苷(和光純藥)培養4小時。藉由離心分離(5,000 rpm,15分鐘)回收培養之大腸桿菌。藉由含有10 mM咪唑與蛋白酶抑制劑(Roche Diagnostics)之溶液將回收之大腸桿菌洗淨,藉由含有20 mM Tris-HCl、500 mM NaCl、10 mM咪唑及6 M尿素之吸附緩衝液提取蛋白。將提取之蛋白組份填充至鎳親和管柱(GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences公司),藉由吸附緩衝液洗淨直至OD280 nm成為0.01以下,藉由含有20 mM Tris-HCl、500 mM NaCl、500 mM咪唑及6 M尿素之溶液溶出蛋白。其次,藉由AMICON將溶出液濃縮,藉由經6 M-尿素PBS(Phosphate Buffered Saline,磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水)進行平衡之Sephacryl S-100管柱(GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences公司)進行凝膠過濾,回收Ag85B組份,以4 M-尿素PBS、2 M-尿素PBS、1 M-尿素PBS、PBS階梯性地透析,製備自然Ag85B。於12 L之大腸桿菌培養中回收50 mg之Ag85B(序列編號2),純度藉由SDS-PAGE(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis,十二烷基硫酸鈉聚丙烯醯胺凝膠電泳)測得為95%。
1-2.抗原之奈米凝膠化(疫苗之製備)
根據先前刊登(非專利文獻2)之方法製備cCHP奈米凝膠。
將製備之cCHP奈米凝膠與純化之Ag85B蛋白以分子比1:1加以混合,進而,分別添加3種STING配體(環二GMP、環二AMP及cGAMP)作為佐劑,其後,藉由40℃之加熱塊培養1小時。
又,將cCHP奈米凝膠與嵌合純化蛋白(ESAT6-Rv2660c-Rv0288)(胺基酸序列:序列編號8,核酸序列:序列編號9)以分子比1:1加以混合,進而,添加STING配體(環二AMP)作為黏膜佐劑,其後,藉由40℃之加熱塊培養1小時。
1-3.對小鼠之經鼻免疫
將cCHP-Ag85B+STING配體混合溶液經鼻投予至7週齡雌性Balb/c小鼠。關於投予抗原量,每隻每次換算成Ag85B蛋白量投予10 μg。又,STING配體以每隻每次1 μg~10 μg之範圍進行製備並投予。經鼻免疫以1週為間隔實施共計3次。
又,對7週齡雌性Balb/c小鼠經鼻投予cCHP-嵌合體+STING配體溶液。關於投予抗原量,每隻每次以嵌合蛋白量計投予10 μg,以STING配體計投予10 μg。經鼻免疫以1週為間隔實施共計3次。
1-4.抗原特異性T細胞之純化及計數
(1)Ag85B抗原
自最終投予疫苗後之第2週藉由ELISPOT(Enzyme-Linked Immunospot,酶聯免疫斑點)法對抗原特異性Th1細胞(IFNγ產生細胞)或Th17細胞(IL-17產生細胞)進行計數。全身性之免疫應答係藉由脾臟進行評估,黏膜面之免疫應答係藉由肺組織中生成之抗原特異性T細胞進行評估。
使小鼠安樂死後,摘出肺及脾臟製備細胞懸濁液。自製備之細胞懸濁液使用MACS(Magnetic-activated cell sorting,磁性細胞分選)系統(MiltenyiBiotec)純化出CD4陽性T細胞。另一方面,自未免疫之小鼠脾臟同樣地純化出CD90.2陰性細胞,作為抗原呈現細胞。於純化Ag85B抗原刺激下將CD4陽性T細胞及經γ射線照射之抗原呈現細胞共同培養48~72小時。此處,於培養孔之底部預先吸附抗IFNγ或抗IL-17抗體作為捕獲抗體。
去除培養上清液及細胞,將孔洗淨,其後,添加生物素標記之抗IFNγ抗體或抗IL-17抗體,於室溫下反應2小時。其後,將孔洗淨,使抗生蛋白鏈菌素HRP(Horseradish Peroxidase,辣根過氧化酶)反應,洗淨後添加作為HRP之受質之3-胺基-9-乙基咔唑(AEC)進行顯色,以斑點檢測出抗原特異性Th1細胞或Th17細胞。斑點數係藉由酶聯免疫斑點計數器進行測量。
(2)ESAT6-Rv2660c-Rv0288嵌合抗原
自最終投予後2週藉由ELISPOT法對抗原特異性Th1細胞(IFNγ產生細胞)進行計數。全身性之免疫應答係藉由脾臟進行評估,黏膜面之免疫應答係藉由肺組織中生成之抗原特異性T細胞進行評估。
使小鼠安樂死後,摘出肺及脾臟,調整細胞懸濁液。自其中使用磁珠純化出CD4陽性T細胞。另一方面,自未免疫之小鼠脾臟同樣地純化出CD90.2陰性細胞,作為抗原呈現細胞。將CD4陽性T細胞及經γ射線照射之抗原呈現細胞於純化嵌合抗原或重組ESAT6(Abcam公司)刺激下共同培養48~72小時。於培養孔之底部鋪上抗IFNγ作為捕獲抗體,檢測產生細胞。
去除培養上清液,將孔洗淨,其後,使生物素標記之抗IFNγ抗體反應。進而洗淨後,使抗生蛋白鏈菌素HRP反應,於洗淨後使作為HRP之受質之3-胺基-9-乙基咔唑(AEC)反應而進行顯色,以斑點檢測出抗原特異性Th1。斑點係藉由酶聯免疫斑點計數器進行測量。
1-5.防禦免疫效果之研究
(1)對小鼠投予疫苗
小鼠使用7週齡雌性Balb/c。使陽性對照之BCG疫苗懸濁於PBS溶液,於對小鼠進行初次免疫時皮下投予1次。將cCHP-Ag85B+環二GMP之混合溶液對每隻每次以Ag85B蛋白量計10 μg以1週為間隔共計經鼻投予3次。向未免疫對照小鼠每隔1週經鼻投予3次PBS,以及於初次免疫時皮下投予1次。
(2)結核桿菌強毒株之經呼吸道感染
於自疫苗之最終免疫後8週後,使每1隻以100 CFU經呼吸道感染結核桿菌強毒株Erdman。
(3)脾臟及肺組織中之結核桿菌數之測量
於感染後12週使小鼠安樂死,摘出肺及脾臟,於PBS中使組織破碎並懸濁,製備6個稀釋系列,分別接種至瓊脂培養基。於厭氧之環境下培養4週,測量菌落,算出各組織中之結核桿菌數。
2.HPV疫苗之製備
2-1.抗原蛋白之製備
人工合成HPV16病毒之癌抑制基因產物之3種胺基酸D21G、C24G及E26G變異E7(Van der Burg SH et. al. Vaccine 19: 3652 - 3660, 2001)基因(307 bp)(序列編號3),插入至具有組胺酸標籤序列之基因的pET-20b(+)載體(Novagen)之EcoRI-HinIII(TAKARA BIO公司)位點。藉由慣例將製作之表現載體轉形至Rosetta2(DE3)pLysS-大腸桿菌。於含有100 μg/mL安比西林及34 μg/mL氯黴素之培養基中,於37℃下培養獲得之轉形體直至OD600 nm成為0.5-0.8。其後,添加1.0 mM異丙基-β-D-1-硫代哌喃半乳糖苷(和光純藥)培養4小時。藉由離心分離(5,000 rpm,15分鐘)回收培養之大腸桿菌。藉由含有10 mM咪唑與蛋白酶抑制劑(Roche Diagnostics)之溶液將回收之大腸桿菌洗淨,藉由含有20 mM Tris-HCl、500 mM NaCl、10 mM咪唑及6 M尿素之吸附緩衝液提取蛋白。將提取之蛋白組份填充至鎳親和管柱(GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences公司),藉由吸附緩衝液洗淨直至OD280 nm成為0.01以下,藉由含有20 mM Tris-HCl、500 mM NaCl、500 mM咪唑及6 M尿素之溶液溶出蛋白。其次,藉由6 M尿素-PBS(0.15 M NaCl)透析溶出液,使之吸附於經相同緩衝液進行平衡之DEAE(diethylaminoethyl,二乙胺基乙基)-瓊脂糖管柱(GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences K.K),藉由含有0.5 M NaCl-PBS-6 M尿素之液體溶出。藉由AMICON將該溶出液濃縮,藉由經6 M-尿素PBS進行平衡之Sephacryl S-100管柱(GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences公司)進行凝膠過濾,回收變異型E7組份,以4 M-尿素PBS、2 M-尿素PBS、1 M-尿素PBS、PBS階梯性地透析,製備自然變異型E7(序列編號4)。於12 L之大腸桿菌培養中回收60 mg之變異型E7,純度藉由SDS-PAGE測得為95%。
2-2.抗原之奈米凝膠化(疫苗之製備)
根據先前刊載(非專利文獻2)之方法製備cCHP奈米凝膠。
將製備之cCHP奈米凝膠與純化之變異型E7蛋白以分子比1:1加以混合,進而,分別添加僅環二AMP、3種STING配體(環二GMP、環二AMP、cGAMP)或聚I:C、CpG ODN K3型或D35型作為佐劑,其後,藉由40℃之加熱塊培養1小時。
2-3.對小鼠之經鼻免疫
將cCHP-變異E7+各黏膜佐劑之混合溶液經鼻投予至7週齡雌性Balb/c小鼠。關於投予抗原量,每隻每次換算成變異型E7蛋白量投予10 μg。又,關於各黏膜佐劑,每隻每次投予5 μg或10 μg。經鼻免疫以1週為間隔共計實施3次。
2-4.抗原特異性T細胞之純化及計數
(1)將環二AMP作為佐劑之情形
自最終投予疫苗後之第1週藉由ELISPOT法對抗原特異性CTL細胞(顆粒酶B產生細胞)或Th1細胞(IFNγ產生細胞)進行計數。全身性之免疫應答係藉由脾臟進行評估,生殖器黏膜中之免疫應答係藉由誘導至子宮頸部之抗原特異性T細胞進行評估。
使小鼠安樂死後,摘出脾臟及子宮頸部,製備細胞懸濁液。自製備之細胞懸濁液使用MACS系統(MiltenyiBiotec)純化出T細胞(CD90.2陽性)。另一方面,自未免疫之小鼠脾臟同樣地純化出CD90.2陰性細胞,作為抗原呈現細胞。於純化變異E7抗原刺激下將純化之T細胞及經γ射線照射之抗原呈現細胞共同培養48~72小時。此處,於培養孔之底部,預先吸附抗顆粒酶B抗體或抗IFNγ抗體作為捕獲抗體。
去除培養上清液及細胞,將孔洗淨,其後,添加生物素標記之抗顆粒酶B抗體或抗IFNγ抗體,於室溫下反應2小時。其後,將孔洗淨,使抗生蛋白鏈菌素HRP反應,於洗淨後添加作為HRP之受質之3-胺基-9-乙基咔唑(AEC)進行顯色,以斑點檢測出抗原特異性CTL細胞或Th1細胞。斑點數係藉由酶聯免疫斑點計數器進行測量。
(2)將3種STING配體(環二GMP、環二AMP、cGAMP)作為佐劑之情形
自最終投予後1週藉由ELISPOT法對子宮頸部中之抗原特異性Th1細胞(IFNγ產生細胞)及CTL(顆粒酶B產生細胞)進行計數。使小鼠安樂死後,摘出子宮頸部,調整細胞懸濁液。自其中使用磁珠純化出T細胞(CD90.2陽性)。另一方面,自未免疫之小鼠脾臟同樣地純化出CD90.2陰性細胞,作為抗原呈現細胞。將純化T細胞及經γ射線照射之抗原呈現細胞於純化變異E7抗原刺激下共同培養48~72小時。於培養孔之底部鋪上抗IFNγ抗體或抗顆粒酶B抗體作為捕獲抗體,檢測產生細胞。
去除培養上清液,將孔洗淨,其後,使生物素標記之抗IFNγ抗體或抗顆粒酶B抗體反應。進而洗淨後,使抗生蛋白鏈菌素HRP反應,洗淨後使作為HRP之受質之AEC反應而進行顯色,以斑點檢測出抗原特異性Th1或CTL。斑點係藉由酶聯免疫斑點計數器進行測量。
3.RSV疫苗之製備
3-1.抗原蛋白之製備
人工合成於RSV病毒之SH肽(序列編號5)上經由連接子(GGGGS)(序列編號7)重複3個PspA而成之DNA序列(1172 bp),使用限制酶EcoRV與NotI(TAKARA BIO公司),插入至具有組胺酸標籤序列之基因的pET-20b(+)載體(Novagen)。藉由慣例將該質體轉形至Rosetta2(DE3)pLysS-大腸桿菌。於含有100 μg/mL安比西林及34 μg/mL氯黴素之培養基中,於37℃下培養該大腸桿菌直至OD600 nm成為0.5-0.8。其後,添加1.0 mM異丙基-β-D-1-硫代哌喃半乳糖苷(和光純藥)培養4小時後,藉由離心分離(5000 rpm,15分鐘)回收大腸桿菌。藉由含有20 mM咪唑及蛋白酶抑制劑(Roche Diagnostics)之液體清洗菌,藉由含有20 mM Tris-HCl、500 mM NaCl、10 mM咪唑之吸附緩衝液提取蛋白。於提取液中以成為80%飽和之方式添加飽和硫酸銨溶液,進行硫酸銨沈澱。對沈澱物進行離心回收,將與提取時相同之緩衝液作為外液進行透析。將透析後之液體填充至鎳親和管柱(GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences公司),藉由吸附緩衝液清洗直至OD280 nm成為0.01以下,藉由含有20 mM Tris-HCl、500 mM NaCl、500mM咪唑之液體進行溶出。藉由AMICON將該溶出液濃縮,藉由經PBS進行平衡之Sephadex G-100管柱(GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences公司)進行凝膠過濾,回收PspΑ-SH3組份,進行濃縮、純化。於20 L之大腸桿菌培養中回收70 mg之PspΑ-SH3,純度藉由SDS-PAGE測得為95%。
3-2.抗原之奈米凝膠化(疫苗之製備)
將cCHP奈米凝膠與PspΑ-SH3純化蛋白(序列編號6)以分子比1:1加以混合,進而,添加環二AMP作為黏膜佐劑,其後,藉由40℃之加熱塊培養1小時。
3-3.對小鼠之經鼻免疫
向7週齡雌性Balb/c小鼠經鼻投予cCHP-PspΑ-SH3+環二AMP之混合溶液。關於投予抗原量,每隻每次以PspΑ-SH3蛋白量計投予10 μg。又,環二AMP投予10 ug。經鼻免疫以1週為間隔實施3次,其後,隔4週實施1次,進而隔4週實施1次,共計進行5次。
3-4.抗體效價測定
每週自頜下靜脈採血約100 μl,以15000 rpm於4℃下進行離心分離,回收血清。
PspA或SH特異性血清中IgG抗體效價之測定、IgG亞型之測定係藉由ELISA(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay,酵素結合免疫吸附分析)法實施。於ELISA實施前一天,藉由PBS對PspA或者BSA(Bovine Serum Albumin,牛血清白蛋白)複合SH以成為1 μg/ml之方式進行稀釋,以每孔100 μl向96孔板(Thermo scientific,3355)分注作為捕獲抗體,於4℃下培養一晩。使用洗板機藉由300 μl之含有0.05%Tween(nacalai tesque,28353-85)之PBS(PBS-T)將培養板洗淨4次,以200 μl/孔添加含有1%BSA(nacalai tesque,01863-48)之PBS-T,於室溫下培養1小時,將孔封閉。其次,使用洗板機藉由300 μl之PBS-T洗淨3次。將藉由含1%BSA之PBS-T對各樣品稀釋28
倍所得者放入至培養板一端之孔,進行2倍階梯稀釋至另一端,製作階梯稀釋系列,於室溫下培養2小時。空白樣品設為含1%BSA之PBS-T。培養結束後,使用洗板機藉由300 μl之PBS-T將培養板洗淨4次。繼而,以100 μl/孔添加藉由含1%BSA之PBS-T將山羊抗人IgG、IgG1、IgG2a、IgG2b、IgG2c、IgG3(Southern Biotech)這6種任一種稀釋4000倍所得者,於室溫下培養1.5小時。其後,使用洗板機藉由300 μl之PBS-T將培養板洗淨4次。以100 μl/孔添加將TMB受質與TMB溶液(seracare,5120-0050)等量混合而成者,進行30分鐘顯色反應後,添加50 μl之2NH2
SO4
(nacalai tesque,32520-55),停止反應。藉由讀板儀測定OD450之值,算出log2效價之值。臨界值設為空白孔之平均值+0.1。
結 果
1.結核桿菌疫苗
(1)Ag85B抗原
與添加已知發揮佐劑活性之CpGK3 10 μg與作為1種STING配體之cGAMP 1 μg的混合物之情形相比較,在環二GMP 10 μg下觀察到誘導相同程度之抗原特異性Th1細胞性免疫(圖1)。於STING配體單獨(cAMP、GMP及cGAMP)之比較中,認為環二AMP(cAMP)相對有效。
其次,對使用STING配體作為佐劑之情形之Th1細胞及Th17細胞之誘導效果進行研究。使用環二GMP作為STING配體。可知於投予不含環二GMP之疫苗抗原之小鼠中,抗原特異性Th1細胞及Th17細胞幾乎未被誘導(圖2及圖3「cCHP-Ag85B」)。又,於未藉由抗原刺激抗原呈現細胞之情形時,T細胞幾乎未被誘導。另一方面,可知於肺及脾臟中,藉由cCHP-Ag85B+環二GMP之經鼻投予,抗原特異性Th1及Th17明顯被誘導,全身性免疫應答及黏膜免疫應答兩者被高效率地誘導(圖2及圖3)。
關於將使用STING配體作為佐劑之本發明之奈米凝膠經鼻疫苗向小鼠投予之情形之存活率與對結核桿菌之增殖產生之影響,將BCG疫苗作為陽性對照進行調查。自感染後至12週之間觀察到數例死亡例,由此算出存活率,結果,未免疫小鼠(陰性對照)為56%,BCG疫苗群(陽性對照)為67%,與之相比,奈米凝膠群(投予cCHP-Ag85B+環二GMP)為89%,對感染顯示抵抗性(圖4A)。又,關於脾臟中之結核桿菌數,與未免疫小鼠相比較,BCG及奈米凝膠疫苗群中同等有意義地抑制菌之增殖,於肺中亦觀察到同樣之傾向(圖4B)。
(2)ESAT6-Rv2660c-Rv0288嵌合抗原
可知藉由cCHP-嵌合體+環二AMP之經鼻投予,於脾臟及子宮頸部中誘導抗原特異性Th1細胞(圖5)。又,於僅投予cCHP-嵌合體之情形時,抗原特異性Th1於任一臟器中未被誘導,由此認為對於該Th1必需環二AMP。
2.HPV疫苗
(1)將環二AMP作為佐劑之情形
將HPV之變異型E7蛋白作為抗原,製作本發明之奈米凝膠經鼻疫苗,對該疫苗之T細胞等之誘導效果進行研究。
可知藉由cCHP-變異型E7+環二AMP之經鼻投予,於脾臟及子宮頸部中誘導抗原特異性CTL(圖6)。又,可知藉由cCHP-變異型E7+環二AMP之經鼻投予,於脾臟及子宮頸部中誘導抗原特異性Th1細胞(圖7)。
(2)將3種STING配體(環二GMP、環二AMP、cGAMP)作為佐劑之情形
可知於與cCHP-變異型E7蛋白抗原組合之黏膜佐劑中,尤其是與3種STING配體組合之經鼻免疫中,分別於子宮頸部誘導抗原特異性Th1(圖8右)及CTL(圖8左)。於Th1誘導中STING配體間未觀察到較大差異,於CTL中,明顯觀察到由環二AMP進行之誘導。
3.RSV疫苗
可知針對SH肽之抗體及針對作為載體蛋白之PspA之抗體皆隨著經鼻免疫之次數經時上升(圖9)。又,於SH肽特異性免疫應答中,於添加環二AMP之群中,IgG誘導更加顯著(圖9左),但於無環二AMP而僅投予cCHP-PspΑ-SH3之群中,亦觀察到依存於免疫之次數之特異性抗體之誘導。
於IgG亞型中,於抗SH肽及抗PspA抗體之任一者中,均於無環二AMP佐劑之情形時IgG1佔優勢,於存在佐劑之情形時,誘導IgG1及IgG2b(圖10)。
如上所述,若向奈米凝膠疫苗封入佐劑(於本實施例中為STING配體)進行投予,則誘導Th1細胞或CLT等細胞性免疫之特徵性之T細胞。進而亦明確,不僅誘導全身性免疫以及上呼吸道下呼吸道黏膜組織,亦誘導生殖器黏膜組織中之黏膜免疫。
[產業上之可利用性]
本發明之奈米凝膠經鼻疫苗可誘導細胞性免疫,因此,期待用於免疫細胞療法等醫學領域。
圖1係藉由奈米凝膠結核桿菌經鼻疫苗及STING配體誘導之Th1細胞應答之檢測結果。cGMP、cGAMP及cAMP分別表示環二GMP、環GMP-AMP(Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate,環鳥苷單磷酸-腺苷單磷酸)及環二AMP。-:無疫苗 cCHP:cationic cholesteryl-group-bearing pullulan(經陽離子性膽固醇取代之聚三葡萄糖)。
圖2係藉由奈米凝膠結核桿菌經鼻疫苗誘導之Th1細胞應答之檢測結果。
圖3係藉由奈米凝膠結核桿菌經鼻疫苗誘導之Th17細胞應答之檢測結果。
圖4係由奈米凝膠結核桿菌經鼻疫苗獲得之防禦免疫效果之研究。(A)表示存活率,(B)表示自肺及脾臟檢測出之結核桿菌數。「對照」為未免疫小鼠群,「BCG(Bacillus Calmette-Guérin,卡介苗)」為BCG疫苗接種群,「奈米凝膠」為cCHP-Ag85B+環二GMP接種群。
圖5係藉由奈米凝膠結核桿菌經鼻疫苗(嵌合抗原)誘導之Th1細胞應答之檢測結果。
圖6係藉由奈米凝膠HPV經鼻疫苗誘導之CTL細胞應答之檢測結果。
圖7係藉由奈米凝膠HPV經鼻疫苗誘導之Th1細胞應答之檢測結果。
圖8係藉由使用3種STING配體作為佐劑之奈米凝膠HPV經鼻疫苗誘導之CTL細胞應答(左)及Th1細胞應答(右)之比較。
圖9係藉由奈米凝膠RSV經鼻疫苗誘導之免疫應答之檢測結果。
圖10係藉由奈米凝膠RSV經鼻疫苗誘導之IgG(Immunoglobulin G,免疫球蛋白G)亞型之檢測結果。
Claims (11)
- 一種疫苗製劑,其包含奈米凝膠、疫苗抗原及佐劑之複合體。
- 如請求項1之疫苗製劑,其中上述佐劑包含1種或複數種STING配體。
- 如請求項2之疫苗製劑,其中上述STING配體之至少1種為環狀二核苷酸。
- 如請求項3之疫苗製劑,其中上述環狀二核苷酸為cGAMP、環二AMP、環二GMP、環二CMP、環二UMP或環二IMP之任一者。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之疫苗製劑,其中上述疫苗抗原為源自結核桿菌之抗原。
- 如請求項5之疫苗製劑,其中上述源自結核桿菌之抗原至少包含Ag85B基因產物、Rv2608基因產物、Rv3619基因產物、Rv3620基因產物、Rv1813基因產物、MTB32A基因產物、MTB39A基因產物及/或MVA85A基因產物之整體或其一部分。
- 如請求項5之疫苗製劑,其中上述源自結核桿菌之抗原係包含Rv3875基因產物、Rv0266基因產物及Rv0288基因產物之嵌合蛋白。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之疫苗製劑,其中上述疫苗抗原為源自HPV(human papillomavirus,人類乳突病毒)之抗原。
- 如請求項8之疫苗製劑,其中上述源自HPV之抗原至少包含E6基因產物及/或E7基因產物之整體或其一部分。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之疫苗製劑,其中上述疫苗抗原為源自RSV(respiratory syncytial virus,呼吸道融合病毒)之抗原。
- 如請求項10之疫苗製劑,其中上述源自RSV之抗原至少包含SH肽之整體或其一部分。
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