CN112566656A - 诱导细胞性免疫的经鼻疫苗 - Google Patents
诱导细胞性免疫的经鼻疫苗 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种诱导细胞性免疫的纳米凝胶经鼻疫苗。具体而言,本发明是一种疫苗制剂,是包含纳米凝胶、疫苗抗原和佐剂的复合体的疫苗制剂,能够有效地诱导细胞性免疫,并且诱导全身性和粘膜性免疫应答。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种诱导细胞性免疫的经鼻疫苗。
背景技术
获得性免疫由体液免疫和细胞性免疫这两个不同的机制负责。
体液免疫主要是以血液中存在的抗体和补体等为中心的免疫系统。如果外来抗原侵入生物体内,则树状细胞等抗原呈递细胞将其吸收并进行片段化后,介由MHCII类分子呈现在其细胞表面上。其后,从抗原呈递细胞受到刺激的Th2细胞介由T细胞抗原受体(TCR)识别出呈现在B细胞上的抗原片段,进行Th2细胞因子的释放等。B细胞受到所释放的Th2细胞因子的作用而产生抗体。
另一方面,细胞性免疫是通过巨噬细胞、细胞毒性T细胞(cytotoxic TLymphocytes:CTL)和自然杀伤细胞等将生物体内的异物排除的免疫系统。如果Th1细胞因介由MHC II类分子呈现在抗原呈递细胞上的抗原片段而被活化,则释放IFN-γ,使巨噬细胞活化。另外,也考虑诱导ADCC(Antibody-Dependent-Cellular-Cytotoxicity),其诱导结合于细胞表面的抗体而并非中和抗体,介由抗体的Fc受体,使巨噬细胞、NK细胞活化,攻击并破坏靶细胞。此外,经活化的Th1细胞释放IL-2,使识别出与MHC I类分子一起呈现的抗原片段的CTL活化。经活化的巨噬细胞和CTL攻击并排除感染病毒等的细胞、癌细胞等。细胞性免疫也能够排除感染细胞、癌细胞等,因此可期待排除能够寄生在细胞内的结核杆菌,或应用于癌症免疫疗法。
迄今为止,发明人等利用由加成有胆固醇的阳离子性普鲁兰多糖构成的自凝集性纳米尺寸水凝胶(cCHP;cationic type of cholesteryl group-b earing pullulan),开发出了有效的疫苗传递系统(专利文献1、非专利文献1)。对于cCHP纳米凝胶,如果在其纳米基质内部内包蛋白质抗原,则作为人工伴侣发挥功能,防止抗原的凝集和变性,帮助抗原释放后的重折叠。该纳米凝胶具有有效地附着于负电荷的粘膜表面的性质,通过持续地释放抗原并将抗原传递至抗原呈递细胞,从而诱导免疫应答(非专利文献2、非专利文献3和专利文献2)。另外,在小鼠中,即便经鼻给药担载[111In]-标记BoHc/A(肉毒杆菌A型毒素的重链C末端区域无毒区域)或肺炎球菌表面抗原PspA的cCHP纳米凝胶,也不会在嗅球或脑等的中枢神经系统蓄积(非专利文献2),其安全性也得到了确认(非专利文献4)。
适于经鼻给药的纳米凝胶疫苗(纳米凝胶经鼻疫苗)在安全性和诱导体液免疫这两个方面非常良好。
然而,迄今为止尚未确认诱导细胞性免疫。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:WO00/12564号
专利文献2:日本专利第5344558号
非专利文献
非专利文献1:Ayame等人,Bioconjug Chem 19:882-890 2008
非专利文献2:Nochi等人,Nat Mater 9:572-578 2010
非专利文献3:Yuki等人,Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 29:61-72 2013
非专利文献4:Kong等人,Infect Immun 81:1625-1634 2013
发明内容
鉴于上述情况,本发明的目的在于提供一种诱导细胞性免疫的纳米凝胶经鼻疫苗。
本发明人等为了解决上述课题,制作了除疫苗抗原以外还将作为佐剂的STING配体封入纳米凝胶而成的疫苗,对小鼠进行经鼻给药,结果成功诱导了抗原特异性Th1细胞。
即,本发明为以下的(1)~(11)。
(1)一种疫苗制剂,包含纳米凝胶、疫苗抗原和佐剂的复合体。
(2)根据上述(1)所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述佐剂包含1种或多种STING配体。
(3)根据上述(2)所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述STING配体中的至少1种为环状二核苷酸。
(4)根据上述(3)所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述环状二核苷酸为环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸(cGAMP)、环二腺苷酸(cyclic-di AMP)、环二鸟苷酸(cyclic-di GMP)、环二胞苷酸(cyclic-di CMP)、环二尿苷酸(cyclic-di UMP)或环二肌苷酸(cyclic-di IMP)中的任一种。
(5)根据上述(1)~(4)中任一项所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述疫苗抗原为来自结核杆菌的抗原。
(6)根据上述(5)所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述来自结核杆菌的抗原至少包含Ag85B基因产物、Rv2608基因产物、Rv3619基因产物、Rv3620基因产物、Rv1813基因产物、MTB32A基因产物、MTB39A基因产物和/或MVA85A基因产物的整体或其一部分。
(7)根据上述(5)所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述来自结核杆菌的抗原为由Rv3875基因产物、Rv0266基因产物和Rv0288基因产物构成的嵌合蛋白质。
(8)根据上述(1)~(4)中任一项所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述疫苗抗原为来自HPV(human papillomavirus,人乳头瘤病毒)的抗原。
(9)根据上述(8)所述的疫苗制剂,其中,所述来自HPV的抗原至少包含E6基因产物和/或E7基因产物的整体或其一部分。
(10)根据上述(1)~(4)中任一项所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述疫苗抗原为来自RSV(respiratory syncytial virus,呼吸道合胞病毒)的抗原。
(11)根据上述(10)所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述来自RSV的抗原至少包含SH肽的整体或其一部分。
通过给药本发明的纳米凝胶疫苗,能够诱导细胞性免疫。
通过给药本发明的纳米凝胶疫苗,能够高效地诱导全身性免疫应答和粘膜免疫应答这两者。
附图说明
图1是通过纳米凝胶结核杆菌经鼻疫苗和STING配体诱导的Th1细胞应答的检测结果。cGMP、cGAMP和cAMP分别表示环二鸟苷酸、环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸和环二腺苷酸。-:无疫苗cCHP:阳离子性胆固醇取代的普鲁兰多糖(cationic cholesteryl-group-bearingpullulan)。
图2是通过纳米凝胶结核杆菌经鼻疫苗诱导的Th1细胞应答的检测结果。
图3是通过纳米凝胶结核杆菌经鼻疫苗诱导的Th17细胞应答的检测结果。
图4是由纳米凝胶结核杆菌经鼻疫苗得到的防御免疫效果的研究。(A)表示存活率,(B)表示从肺和脾脏检测出的结核杆菌数。“对照”为未免疫小鼠组,“BCG”为BCG疫苗接种组,“纳米凝胶”为cCHP-Ag85B+环二鸟苷酸接种组。
图5是通过纳米凝胶结核杆菌经鼻疫苗(嵌合抗原)诱导的Th1细胞应答的检测结果。
图6是通过纳米凝胶HPV经鼻疫苗诱导的CTL细胞应答的检测结果。
图7是通过纳米凝胶HPV经鼻疫苗诱导的Th1细胞应答的检测结果。
图8是通过使用3种STING配体作为佐剂的纳米凝胶HPV经鼻疫苗诱导的CTL细胞应答(左)和Th1细胞应答(右)的比较。
图9是通过纳米凝胶RSV经鼻疫苗诱导的免疫应答的检测结果。
图10是通过纳米凝胶RSV经鼻疫苗诱导的IgG亚型的检测结果。
具体实施方式
本发明的第1实施方式为包含纳米凝胶、疫苗抗原和佐剂的复合体的疫苗制剂(以下也记载为“本发明的疫苗制剂”)。
在本发明中,纳米凝胶是指在亲水性的多糖(例如普鲁兰多糖)加成有疏水性的胆固醇作为侧链而成的高分子凝胶纳米粒子。纳米凝胶例如可基于公知的方法、例如国际公开第WO00/12564号公报中记载的方法等进行制造。
具体而言,首先使碳原子数12~50的含羟基烃或固醇与OCN-R1 NCO(式中,R1为碳原子数1~50的烃基)所示的二异氰酸酯化合物反应,制造碳原子数12~50的含羟基烃或固醇以1分子反应而得的含异氰酸酯基的疏水性化合物。使得到的含异氰酸酯基的疏水性化合物与多糖类反应,制造含有碳原子数12~50的烃基或固醇基的含疏水性基团的多糖类。接着,利用酮系溶剂对得到的生成物进行纯化,由此能够制造纯度高的含疏水性基团的多糖类。
这里,作为多糖类,可以利用普鲁兰多糖、支链淀粉、直链淀粉、葡聚糖、羟乙基葡聚糖、甘露聚糖、聚果糖、菊糖、几丁质、壳聚糖、木葡聚糖或水溶性纤维素等,特别优选为普鲁兰多糖。
作为本发明的第1实施方式中使用的纳米凝胶,可举出阳离子性胆固醇取代的普鲁兰多糖(cationic cholesteryl-group-bearing pullulan:cCHP)和其衍生物。cCHP在具有分子量3万~20万、例如分子量100000的普鲁兰多糖中每100个单糖取代有1~10个、优选为1~几个胆固醇的结构。应予说明,本发明中使用的cCHP可以根据抗原的尺寸、疏水性的程度而适当变更胆固醇取代量。另外,为了变更CHP的疏水性程度,也可以加成烷基(碳原子数10~30、优选为碳原子数12~20左右)。本发明中使用的纳米凝胶的粒径为10~40nm,优选为20~30nm。纳米凝胶已广泛市售,因此,也可使用这些市售品。
本发明的实施方式中使用的纳米凝胶是导入了具有正电荷的官能团、例如氨基以便疫苗能够侵入带负电的鼻粘膜表面的纳米凝胶。作为向纳米凝胶导入氨基的方法,可举出使用加成了氨基的胆固醇普鲁兰多糖(CHPNH2)的方法。具体而言,将经减压干燥的CHP溶解于二甲基亚砜(DMSO),在氮气气流下向其加入1,1’羰基二咪唑,在室温下反应数小时。向该反应溶液缓慢地添加乙二胺,搅拌数小时~数十小时左右。将得到的反应溶液相对于蒸馏水透析数天。将透析后的反应溶液冷冻干燥,得到乳白色的固体。乙二胺的取代度可以使用元素分析或H-NMR等进行评价。
疫苗抗原没有特别限定,可以根据疫苗制剂的用途而任意地选择。尤其是本发明的疫苗制剂能够高效地诱导细胞性免疫,因此在疾病等的预防或治疗上非常适合用于细胞性免疫系统的活化。作为这样的疾病,如果硬要例示,则可举出不存在对成人有效的疫苗的结核、疫苗本身不存在的无荚膜型流感嗜血杆菌(NTHi)、RSV(respiratory syncytialvirus)传染病或HSV(herpes simplex virus)传染病或其治疗上认为诱导细胞性免疫较为重要的HPV(human papilloma virus)传染病和由其感染而发病的宫颈癌等。
作为结核的疫苗抗原,没有特别限定,例如可以为来自结核杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)的Ag85B(Rv1886)基因产物、ESAT6(Rv3875)基因产物、Rv2660基因产物、Rv2608基因产物、Rv3619基因产物、Rv3620基因产物、Rv1813基因产物、MTB32A(Rv0125)基因产物、MTB39A(Rv1196)基因产物、MVA85A基因产物或Rv0288基因产物的整体或其一部分、或者选自这些蛋白质中的多种的融合蛋白(例如ESAT6-Rv2660-Rv0288基因产物的嵌合蛋白质)。
作为无荚膜型流感嗜血杆菌(NTHi)的疫苗抗原,可以为D15、P1、P2、P4、P5、P6、Hmw/hia、Hap、蛋白E、蛋白F、蛋白D、Pil A、NucA、HtrA、OMP26、PCP、TbpB或LOS的整体或其一部分、或者选自这些蛋白质中的多种的融合蛋白。
作为RSV的疫苗抗原,没有特别限定,例如可以为来自RSV的F蛋白(融合蛋白)或SH蛋白整体或其一部分、或者选自这些蛋白中的多种的融合蛋白。
作为HSV的疫苗抗原,没有特别限定,例如可以为来自HSV的gD基因产物、gB基因产物、gC基因产物、gE基因产物、衣壳蛋白UL19、间层蛋白UL47或gG基因产物的整体或其一部分、或者选自这些蛋白中的多种的融合蛋白。
作为HPV的疫苗抗原,没有特别限定,例如可以为来自HPV的E6基因产物、特别是癌抑制基因产物P53的E6结合部位的变异或缺陷产物、来自HPV的E7基因产物、特别是癌抑制基因产物Rb的E7结合部位的变异或缺陷产物等,更具体而言,可以为HPV6 E7(23-27缺陷)、HPV11 E7(23-27缺陷)、HPV16 E7(D21G、C24G、E26G变异)或HPV16 E7(21-24缺陷)、HPV18E7(24-27缺陷)、HPV31 E7(22-26缺陷)、HPV33 E7(22-26缺陷)、HPV45 E7(26-30缺陷)、HPV52 E7(22-26缺陷)或HPV52 E7(22-26缺陷)或HPV58 E7(22-26缺陷)的整体或其一部分,或者选自这些蛋白中的多种的融合蛋白。
本发明的实施方式中使用的佐剂与被称为抗原性补强剂或免疫活化剂等的情况同义,在该领域中,用于这些试剂的通常的使用目的。本发明的实施方式中使用的佐剂的有效成分没有特别限定,例如可举出使STING(stimulator of interferon genes,干扰素基因刺激蛋白)活化的STING配体(例如环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸、环二腺苷酸、环二鸟苷酸、环二胞苷酸、环二尿苷酸或环二肌苷酸等环状二核苷酸、DMXAA(5,6-二甲基XAA(xanthenone-4-acetic acid)、Vadimezan或ASA404)等呫吨酮(Xanthenone)衍生物)、聚IC或CpG ODN等。该佐剂可以进一步含有医药上可允许的载体或其它成分(例如稳定剂、pH调节剂、保存剂、防腐剂和缓冲剂等)。医药上可允许的载体和其它成分需要为不对被给予疫苗的动物的健康造成不良影响的物质。
纳米凝胶、疫苗抗原和佐剂(或佐剂的有效成分,以下相同)的复合体可通过使纳米凝胶、疫苗抗原和佐剂共存,相互作用,使抗原和佐剂纳入纳米凝胶内而制作。此时,纳米凝胶与疫苗抗原、纳米凝胶与佐剂的混合比没有特别限定,只要为本领域技术人员,则可容易地通过预备实验而决定。如果硬要举出标准,则疫苗抗原:纳米凝胶以摩尔比计例如为0.1:10、1:5、1:2或1:1左右。另外,佐剂的含量相对于疫苗100重量%,可以含有0.01重量%~99.99重量%左右,相对于抗原1重量,例如可以为0.01重量~10重量左右。
纳米凝胶、疫苗抗原和佐剂的复合体的形成可以将纳米凝胶、疫苗抗原和佐剂混合,在4~50℃例如40℃静置30分钟~48小时例如1小时左右而实施。纳米凝胶、疫苗抗原和佐剂的复合体形成中使用的缓冲液没有特别限定,如果硬要例示,则可举出Tris-HCl缓冲液等。
本发明的疫苗制剂可以含有药理学上可允许的添加剂作为组合物(本发明的疫苗组合物)。本发明的疫苗制剂适于经鼻给药,作为剂型,也优选能够经鼻给药的剂型,可举出液体制剂(滴鼻剂和注射剂等)等。
本发明的疫苗制剂为液体制剂的情况时,可根据需要将有效成分与盐酸、氢氧化钠、乳糖、乳酸、钠、磷酸一氢钠和磷酸二氢钠等pH调节剂、氯化钠和葡萄糖等等张剂一起溶解于制剂用蒸馏水,进行无菌过滤并填充于安瓿,或者进一步添加甘露醇、糊精、环糊精和明胶等进行真空冷冻干燥,制成用时溶解型制剂。该液体制剂可以含有药学上可允许的公知的稳定剂、防腐剂、抗氧化剂等,作为稳定剂,例如可举出明胶、葡聚糖和山梨醇等,作为防腐剂,例如可举出硫柳汞和β丙内酯等,作为抗氧化剂,例如可举出α-生育酚等。
本发明的第2实施方式是一种疾病的预防和/或治疗方法,包括向患者经鼻给药包含纳米凝胶、疫苗抗原和佐剂的复合体的疫苗制剂(第1实施方式)。
第2实施方式的治疗或预防的对象疾病取决于使用的疫苗抗原,没有特别限定,除由病原体引起的传染病(例如结核、HSV和RSV等)以外,还可以为癌症(例如宫颈癌)等,包括通过细胞性免疫而期待治愈等的所有疾病。
本发明的疫苗制剂可以介由鼻粘膜进行给药。作为其方法,例如可举出通过对鼻粘膜进行喷雾、涂抹、滴加等而向鼻腔内给药的方法。
粘膜疫苗制剂的给药量可以根据给药对象的年龄、体重等适当决定,但包含药学上有效量的疫苗抗原。药学上有效量是指诱导对该疫苗抗原的免疫反应所需的抗原量。例如,以1次的疫苗抗原给药量几μg~几10mg,1天给药1次~几次,以1~几周间隔合计给药几次,例如1~5次左右即可。
本说明书中引用的所有文献的公开内容作为整体通过参照并入到说明书中。另外,在本说明书整体中,在包含单数形式的“一个”、“一种”和“该”这样的单词的情况下,只要从上下文未明确指出并非如此,则不仅包含单数,也包含复数。
以下示出实施例进一步进行本发明的说明,但实施例仅是本发明的实施方式的例示,并不限定本发明的范围。
实施例
方法
1.结核杆菌疫苗
1-1.抗原蛋白的制备
人工合成来自结核杆菌(ATCC25618)的Ag85B基因(987bp)(序列号1),插入至具有His-tag序列的基因的pET-20b(+)载体(Novagen)的EcoRI-HinIII(TAKARABIO公司)位点。通过常规方法将制作的表达载体转化至Rosetta2(DE3)pLysS-大肠杆菌。将得到的转化体在含有100μg/mL氨苄青霉素(ampicillin)和34μg/mL氯霉素(chloramphenicol)的培养基中在37℃培养直至OD600nm成为0.5-0.8。其后,加入1.0mM异丙基-β-D-1-硫代半乳糖吡喃糖苷(和光纯药)培养4小时。通过离心分离(5000rpm,15分钟)回收经培养的大肠杆菌。将所回收的大肠杆菌用含有10mM咪唑和蛋白酶抑制剂(Roche Diagnostics)的溶液清洗,用含有20mM Tris-HCl、500mM NaCl、10mM咪唑和6M尿素的吸附缓冲液提取蛋白质。将所提取的蛋白质馏分填充至镍亲和柱(GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences公司),用吸附缓冲液清洗直至OD280nm成为0.01以下,用含有20mM Tris-HCl、500mM NaCl、500mM咪唑和6M尿素的溶液溶出蛋白。接着,通过AMICON将溶出液浓缩,通过经6M-尿素PBS平衡化的Sephacryl S-100柱(GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences公司)进行凝胶过滤,回收Ag85B馏分,以4M-尿素PBS、2M-尿素PBS、1M-尿素PBS、PBS阶段性地进行透析,制备自然Ag85B。在12L的大肠杆菌培养中回收50mg的Ag85B(序列号2),纯度在SDS-PAGE中为95%。
1-2.抗原的纳米凝胶化(疫苗的制备)
cCHP纳米凝胶依照已经报告(非专利文献2)的方法制备。
将制备的cCHP纳米凝胶与纯化的Ag85B蛋白质以分子比1:1混合,进一步分别加入3种STING配体(环二鸟苷酸、环二腺苷酸和环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸)作为佐剂,其后,通过40℃的加热块孵育1小时。
另外,将cCHP纳米凝胶与嵌合纯化蛋白质(ESAT6-Rv2660c-Rv0288)(氨基酸序列:序列号8,核酸序列:序列号9)以分子比1:1混合,进一步添加STING配体(环二腺苷酸)作为粘膜佐剂,其后,通过40℃的加热块孵育1小时。
1-3.对小鼠的经鼻免疫
将cCHP-Ag85B+STING配体混合溶液经鼻给药至7周龄雌性Balb/c小鼠。对于给药抗原量,每只每次换算成Ag85B蛋白量给药10μg。另外,STING配体以每只每次1μg~10μg的范围进行制备并给药。经鼻免疫以1周间隔实施合计3次。
另外,对7周龄雌性Balb/c小鼠经鼻给药cCHP-嵌合体+STING配体溶液。对于给药抗原量,每只每次以嵌合蛋白质量计给药10μg,以STING配体计给药10μg。经鼻免疫以1周间隔实施合计3次。
1-4.抗原特异性T细胞的纯化和计数
(1)Ag85B抗原
从疫苗最终给药后第2周通过ELISPOT法对抗原特异性Th1细胞(IFNγ产生细胞)或Th17细胞(IL-17产生细胞)进行计数。全身性的免疫应答通过脾脏进行评价,粘膜面的免疫应答通过肺组织中生成的抗原特异性T细胞进行评价。
使小鼠安乐死后,摘除肺和脾脏而制备细胞悬浮液。使用MACS系统(MiltenyiBiotec)从制备的细胞悬浮液纯化出CD4阳性T细胞。另一方面,从未免疫的小鼠脾脏同样地纯化出CD90.2阴性细胞,作为抗原呈递细胞。在纯化Ag85B抗原刺激下将CD4阳性T细胞和经γ射线照射的抗原呈递细胞共培养48~72小时。这里,在培养孔的底部预先吸附抗IFNγ或抗IL-17抗体作为捕获抗体。
将培养上清液和细胞除去,将孔清洗后,加入生物素标记的抗IFNγ抗体或抗IL-17抗体,在室温下反应2小时。其后,将孔清洗,使链霉亲和素HRP反应,清洗后添加作为HRP的底物的3-氨基-9-乙基咔唑(AEC)进行显色,以斑点的形式检测抗原特异性Th1细胞或Th17细胞。斑点数利用Elispot计数器测量。
(2)ESAT6-Rv2660c-Rv0288嵌合抗原
在最终给药后2周通过ELISPOT法对抗原特异性Th1细胞(IFNγ产生细胞)进行计数。全身性的免疫应答通过脾脏进行评价,粘膜面的免疫应答通过肺组织中生成的抗原特异性T细胞进行评价。
使小鼠安乐死后,摘除肺和脾脏,制备细胞悬浮液。使用磁珠从其中纯化出CD4阳性T细胞。另一方面,从未免疫的小鼠脾脏同样地纯化出CD90.2阴性细胞作为抗原呈递细胞。将CD4阳性T细胞和经γ射线照射的抗原呈递细胞在纯化嵌合抗原或重组ESAT6(Abcam公司)刺激下共培养48~72小时。在培养孔的底部铺上抗IFNγ作为捕获抗体,检测产生细胞。
除去培养上清液,将孔清洗后,使生物素标记的抗IFNγ抗体反应。进一步清洗后,使链霉亲和素HRP反应,在清洗后使作为HRP的底物的3-氨基-9-乙基咔唑(AEC)反应而进行显色,以斑点的形式检测抗原特异性Th1。斑点利用Elispot计数器测量。
1-5.防御免疫效果的研究
(1)对小鼠给药疫苗
小鼠使用7周龄雌性Balb/c。阳性对照的BCG疫苗悬浮于PBS溶液,对小鼠进行初次免疫时皮下给药1次。将cCHP-Ag85B+环二鸟苷酸的混合溶液以每只每次Ag85B蛋白量计为10μg以1周间隔合计经鼻给药3次。向未免疫对照小鼠每隔1周经鼻给药3次PBS以及在初次免疫时皮下给药1次。
(2)结核杆菌强毒株的经呼吸道感染
在自疫苗的最终免疫后8周后,使每只以100CFU经呼吸道感染结核杆菌强毒株Erdman。
(3)脾脏和肺组织中的结核杆菌数的测量
在感染后12周使小鼠安乐死,摘除肺和脾脏,在PBS中将组织破碎并悬浮,制备6个稀释系列,分别接种于琼脂培养基。在厌氧的环境下培养4周,测量菌落,算出各个组织中的结核杆菌数。
2.HPV疫苗的制备
2-1.抗原蛋白的制备
人工合成HPV16病毒的癌抑制基因产物的3种氨基酸D21G、C24G和E26G变异E7(Vander Burg SH et.al.Vaccine 19:3652-3660,2001)基因(307bp)(序列号3),插入至具有His-tag序列的基因的pET-20b(+)载体(Novagen)的EcoRI-HinIII(TAKARA BIO公司)位点。通过常规方法将制作的表达载体转化至Rosetta2(DE3)pLysS-大肠杆菌。将得到的转化体在含有100μg/mL氨苄青霉素和34μg/mL氯霉素的培养基中,在37℃下培养直至OD600nm成为0.5-0.8。其后,加入1.0mM异丙基-β-D-1-硫代半乳糖吡喃糖苷(和光纯药)培养4小时。通过离心分离(5000rpm,15分钟)回收所培养的大肠杆菌。用含有10mM咪唑和蛋白酶抑制剂(Roche Diagnostics)的溶液将回收的大肠杆菌清洗,用含有20mM Tris-HCl、500mM NaCl、10mM咪唑和6M尿素的吸附缓冲液提取蛋白质。将所提取的蛋白质馏分填充至镍亲和柱(GEHealthcare Bio-Sciences公司),用吸附缓冲液清洗直至OD280nm成为0.01以下,用含有20mM Tris-HCl、500mM NaCl、500mM咪唑和6M尿素的溶液溶出蛋白。接着,用6M尿素-PBS(0.15M NaCl)透析溶出液,使其吸附于经相同缓冲液平衡化的DEAE-琼脂糖柱(GEHealthcare Bio-Sciences K.K),用含有0.5M NaCl-PBS-6M尿素的液体溶出。通过AMICON将该溶出液浓缩,通过经6M-尿素PBS平衡化的Sephacryl S-100柱(GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences公司)进行凝胶过滤,回收变异型E7馏分,以4M-尿素PBS、2M-尿素PBS、1M-尿素PBS、PBS阶段性地透析,制备自然变异型E7(序列号4)。在12L的大肠杆菌培养中回收60mg的变异型E7,纯度在SDS-PAGE中为95%。
2-2.抗原的纳米凝胶化(疫苗的制备)
cCHP纳米凝胶依照已经报告(非专利文献2)的方法制备。
将制备的cCHP纳米凝胶和纯化的变异型E7蛋白以分子比1:1混合,进一步分别加入仅环二腺苷酸、3种STING配体(环二鸟苷酸、环二腺苷酸、环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸)或者聚I:C、CpG ODN K3型或D35型作为佐剂,其后,通过40℃的加热块孵育1小时。
2-3.对小鼠的经鼻免疫
将cCHP-变异E7+各粘膜佐剂的混合溶液经鼻给药至7周龄雌性Balb/c小鼠。对于给药抗原量,每只每次换算成变异型E7蛋白量给药10μg。另外,对于各粘膜佐剂,每只每次给药5μg或10μg。经鼻免疫以1周间隔合计实施3次。
2-4.抗原特异性T细胞的纯化和计数
(1)将环二腺苷酸作为佐剂的情况
在疫苗最终给药后第1周通过ELISPOT法对抗原特异性CTL细胞(颗粒酶B产生细胞)或Th1细胞(IFNγ产生细胞)进行计数。全身性的免疫应答通过脾脏进行评价,生殖器粘膜中的免疫应答通过诱导至宫颈部的抗原特异性T细胞进行评价。
使小鼠安乐死后,摘除脾脏和宫颈部,制备细胞悬浮液。使用MACS系统(MiltenyiBiotec)从制备的细胞悬浮液纯化出T细胞(CD90.2阳性)。另一方面,从未免疫的小鼠脾脏同样地纯化出CD90.2阴性细胞作为抗原呈递细胞。在纯化变异E7抗原刺激下将纯化的T细胞和经γ射线照射的抗原呈递细胞共培养48~72小时。这里,在培养孔的底部预先吸附抗颗粒酶B抗体或抗IFNγ抗体作为捕获抗体。
将培养上清液和细胞除去,将孔清洗后,加入生物素标记的抗颗粒酶B抗体或抗IFNγ抗体,在室温下反应2小时。其后,将孔清洗,使链霉亲和素HRP反应,在清洗后添加作为HRP的底物的3-氨基-9-乙基咔唑(AEC)进行显色,以斑点的形式检测抗原特异性CTL细胞或Th1细胞。斑点数利用Elispot计数器测量。
(2)将3种STING配体(环二鸟苷酸、环二腺苷酸、环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸)作为佐剂的情况
在最终给药后1周通过ELISPOT法对宫颈部中的抗原特异性Th1细胞(IFNγ产生细胞)和CTL(颗粒酶B产生细胞)进行计数。使小鼠安乐死后,摘除宫颈部,制备细胞悬浮液。使用磁珠从其中纯化出T细胞(CD90.2阳性)。另一方面,从未免疫的小鼠脾脏同样地纯化出CD90.2阴性细胞作为抗原呈递细胞。将纯化T细胞和经γ射线照射的抗原呈递细胞在纯化变异E7抗原刺激下共培养48~72小时。在培养孔的底部铺上抗IFNγ抗体或抗颗粒酶B抗体作为捕获抗体,检测产生细胞。
将培养上清液除去,将孔清洗后,使生物素标记的抗IFNγ抗体或抗颗粒酶B抗体反应。进一步清洗后,使链霉亲和素HRP反应,清洗后使作为HRP的底物的AEC反应而进行显色,以斑点的形式检测抗原特异性Th1或CTL。斑点利用Elispot计数器测量。
3.RSV疫苗的制备
3-1.抗原蛋白的制备
人工合成在RSV病毒的SH肽(序列号5)上介由连接子(GGGGS)(序列号7)重复3个PspA而成的DNA序列(1172bp),使用限制酶EcoRV和NotI(TAKARA BIO公司)插入至具有His-tag序列的基因的pET-20b(+)载体(Novagen)中。通过常规方法将该质粒转化至Rosetta2(DE3)pLysS-大肠杆菌。将该大肠杆菌在含有100μg/mL氨苄青霉素和34μg/mL氯霉素的培养基中,在37℃培养直至OD600nm成为0.5-0.8。其后,加入1.0mM异丙基-β-D-1-硫代半乳糖吡喃糖苷(和光纯药)培养4小时后,通过离心分离(5000rpm,15分钟)回收大肠杆菌。用含有20mM咪唑和蛋白酶抑制剂(Roche Diagnostics)的液体清洗菌,用含有20mM Tris-HCl、500mM NaCl、10mM咪唑的吸附缓冲液提取蛋白质。在提取液中加入饱和硫酸铵溶液以达到80%饱和,进行硫酸铵沉淀。对沉淀物进行离心回收,将与提取时同样的缓冲液作为外液进行透析。将透析后的液体填充至镍亲和柱(GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences公司),用吸附缓冲液清洗直至OD280nm成为0.01以下,用含有20mM Tris-HCl、500mM NaCl、500mM咪唑的液体进行溶出。通过AMICON将该溶出液浓缩,通过经PBS平衡化的Sephadex G-100柱(GEHealthcare Bio-Sciences公司)进行凝胶过滤,回收PspΑ-SH3馏分,进行浓缩、纯化。在20L的大肠杆菌培养中回收70mg的PspΑ-SH3,纯度在SDS-PAGE中为95%。
3-2.抗原的纳米凝胶化(疫苗的制备)
将cCHP纳米凝胶和PspΑ-SH3纯化蛋白(序列号6)以分子比1:1混合,进一步加入环二腺苷酸作为粘膜佐剂,其后,通过40℃的加热块孵育1小时。
3-3.对小鼠的经鼻免疫
向7周龄雌性Balb/c小鼠经鼻给药cCHP-PspΑ-SH3+环二腺苷酸的混合溶液。对于给药抗原量,每只每次以PspΑ-SH3蛋白量计给药10μg。另外,环二腺苷酸给药10ug。经鼻免疫以1周间隔实施3次,其后,隔4周实施1次,进一步隔4周实施1次,合计进行5次。
3-4.抗体效价测定
每周从下颚静脉采血约100μl,以15000rpm在4℃进行离心分离,回收血清。
PspA或SH特异性血清中IgG抗体效价的测定、IgG亚型的测定通过ELISA法实施。在ELISA实施前一天,利用PBS对PspA或BSA偶联SH以成为1μg/ml的方式稀释,以每孔100μl向96孔板(Thermo scientific,3355)分注作为捕获抗体,在4℃孵育一晩。使用洗板机用300μl的含有0.05%Tween(nacalai tesque,28353-85)的PBS(PBS-T)将培养板清洗4次,以200μl/孔加入含有1%BSA(nacalai tesque,01863-48)的PBS-T,在室温下孵育1小时,将孔封闭。接着,使用洗板机用300μl的PBS-T清洗3次。将利用含1%BSA的PBS-T对各样品稀释28倍而得的稀释样品放入至培养板一端的孔,进行2倍阶段稀释至另一端,制作阶段稀释系列,在室温下孵育2小时。空白设为含1%BSA的PBS-T。孵育结束后,使用洗板机用300μl的PBS-T将培养板清洗4次。接着,以100μl/孔加入用含1%BSA的PBS-T将山羊抗人(Goat anti-Human)IgG、IgG1、IgG2a、IgG2b、IgG2c、IgG3(Southern Biotech)这6种任一种稀释4000倍而得的稀释样品,在室温下孵育1.5小时。其后,使用洗板机用300μl的PBS-T将培养板清洗4次。以100μl/孔加入将TMB底物和TMB溶液(seracare,5120-0050)等量混合而成的物质,进行30分钟显色反应后,加入50μl的2N H2SO4(nacalai tesque,32520-55),停止反应。通过读板仪测定OD450的值,算出log2效价的值。临界值设为空白孔的平均值+0.1。
结果
1.结核杆菌疫苗
(1)Ag85B抗原
与添加已知发挥佐剂活性的CpGK3 10μg与作为1种STING配体的环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸1μg的混合物的情况相比,在环二鸟苷酸10μg下观察到诱导相同程度的抗原特异性Th1细胞性免疫(图1)。在STING配体单独(cAMP、GMP和cGAMP)的比较中,认为环二腺苷酸(cAMP)相对有效。
接着,对使用STING配体作为佐剂的情况的Th1细胞和Th17细胞的诱导效果进行研究。使用环二鸟苷酸作为STING配体。可知在给药不含环二鸟苷酸的疫苗抗原的小鼠中,抗原特异性Th1细胞和Th17细胞几乎未被诱导(图2和图3“cCHP-Ag85B”)。另外,在未通过抗原刺激抗原呈递细胞的情况下,T细胞几乎未被诱导。另一方面,可知在肺和脾脏中,通过cCHP-Ag85B+环二鸟苷酸的经鼻给药,抗原特异性Th1和Th17明显被诱导,全身性免疫应答和粘膜免疫应答两者被高效地诱导(图2和图3)。
关于将使用STING配体作为佐剂的本发明的纳米凝胶经鼻疫苗向小鼠给药时的存活率与对结核杆菌的增殖造成的影响,将BCG疫苗作为阳性对照进行调查。从感染后至12周为止的期间观察到几例死亡例,由此算出存活率,结果,未免疫小鼠(阴性对照)为56%,BCG疫苗组(阳性对照)为67%,与其相比,纳米凝胶组(给药cCHP-Ag85B+环二鸟苷酸)为89%,对感染显示抵抗性(图4A)。另外,脾脏中的结核杆菌数,与未免疫小鼠相比,BCG和纳米凝胶疫苗组中同等地显著抑制了菌的增殖,在肺中也观察到同样的趋势(图4B)。
(2)ESAT6-Rv2660c-Rv0288嵌合抗原
可知通过cCHP-嵌合体+环二腺苷酸的经鼻给药,在脾脏和宫颈部中诱导了抗原特异性Th1细胞(图5)。另外,仅给药cCHP-嵌合体时,抗原特异性Th1在任一脏器中均未被诱导,因此,认为对该Th1而言环二腺苷酸是必须的。
2.HPV疫苗
(1)将环二腺苷酸作为佐剂的情况
将HPV的变异型E7蛋白作为抗原,制作本发明的纳米凝胶经鼻疫苗,对该疫苗的T细胞等的诱导效果进行研究。
可知通过cCHP-变异型E7+环二腺苷酸的经鼻给药,在脾脏和宫颈部中抗原特异性CTL被诱导(图6)。另外,可知通过cCHP-变异型E7+环二腺苷酸的经鼻给药,在脾脏和宫颈部中抗原特异性Th1细胞被诱导(图7)。
(2)将3种STING配体(环二鸟苷酸、环二腺苷酸、环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸)作为佐剂的情况
可知在与cCHP-变异型E7蛋白质抗原组合的粘膜佐剂中,特别是与3种STING配体组合的经鼻免疫中,分别在宫颈部中抗原特异性Th1(图8右)和CTL(图8左)被诱导。在Th1诱导中,在STING配体间未观察到较大差异,在CTL中,明显观察到由环二腺苷酸进行的诱导。
3.RSV疫苗
可知针对SH肽的抗体和针对作为载体蛋白的PspA的抗体均随着经鼻免疫的次数而经时上升(图9)。另外,在SH肽特异性免疫应答中,在加入环二腺苷酸的组中,IgG诱导更显著(图9左),但在没有环二腺苷酸而仅给药cCHP-PspΑ-SH3的组中,也观察到依赖于免疫次数的特异性抗体的诱导。
在IgG亚型中,在抗SH肽和抗PspA抗体的任一种中,均在没有环二腺苷酸佐剂时IgG1占优势,在存在佐剂时,IgG1和IgG2b被诱导(图10)。
如上所述,如果向纳米凝胶疫苗封入佐剂(在本实施例中为STING配体)进行给药,则诱导Th1细胞或CLT等细胞性免疫特征性的T细胞。此外,也明确了不仅诱导全身性免疫,而且除诱导上呼吸道下呼吸道粘膜组织以外还诱导生殖器粘膜组织中的粘膜免疫。
产业上的可利用性
本发明的纳米凝胶经鼻疫苗能够诱导细胞性免疫,因此,可期待在免疫细胞疗法等医学领域中利用。
序列表
<110> 国立大学法人东京大学
和纳生物股份有限公司
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Claims (11)
1.一种疫苗制剂,包含纳米凝胶、疫苗抗原和佐剂的复合体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述佐剂包含1种或多种STING配体。
3.根据权利要求2所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述STING配体中的至少1种为环状二核苷酸。
4.根据权利要求3所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述环状二核苷酸为环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸、环二腺苷酸、环二鸟苷酸、环二胞苷酸、环二尿苷酸和环二肌苷酸中的任一种。
5.根据权利要求1~4中任一项所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述疫苗抗原为来自结核杆菌的抗原。
6.根据权利要求5所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述来自结核杆菌的抗原至少包含Ag85B基因产物、Rv2608基因产物、Rv3619基因产物、Rv3620基因产物、Rv1813基因产物、MTB32A基因产物、MTB39A基因产物和/或MVA85A基因产物的整体或其一部分。
7.根据权利要求5所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述来自结核杆菌的抗原为由Rv3875基因产物、Rv0266基因产物和Rv0288基因产物构成的嵌合蛋白质。
8.根据权利要求1~4中任一项所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述疫苗抗原为来自HPV即人乳头瘤病毒的抗原。
9.根据权利要求8所述的疫苗制剂,其中,所述来自HPV的抗原至少包含E6基因产物和/或E7基因产物的整体或其一部分。
10.根据权利要求1~4中任一项所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述疫苗抗原为来自RSV即呼吸道合胞病毒的抗原。
11.根据权利要求10所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述来自RSV的抗原至少包含SH肽的整体或其一部分。
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JP7445897B2 (ja) | 2024-03-08 |
AU2019313996A1 (en) | 2021-03-11 |
WO2020027309A1 (ja) | 2020-02-06 |
EP3831403A1 (en) | 2021-06-09 |
TW202019468A (zh) | 2020-06-01 |
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EP3831403A4 (en) | 2022-07-20 |
JPWO2020027309A1 (ja) | 2021-08-12 |
US11564993B2 (en) | 2023-01-31 |
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