TW201618317A - 包含在高片電阻晶圓上形成的電極的太陽能電池 - Google Patents
包含在高片電阻晶圓上形成的電極的太陽能電池 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201618317A TW201618317A TW104127065A TW104127065A TW201618317A TW 201618317 A TW201618317 A TW 201618317A TW 104127065 A TW104127065 A TW 104127065A TW 104127065 A TW104127065 A TW 104127065A TW 201618317 A TW201618317 A TW 201618317A
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- Prior art keywords
- solar cell
- silver
- weight
- electrode
- substrate
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
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- 150000003379 silver compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
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- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
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- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- LFAGQMCIGQNPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver cyanide Chemical compound [Ag+].N#[C-] LFAGQMCIGQNPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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Abstract
本發明公開一種太陽能電池,包含p-n接面基底以及在其一個表面上形成的電極,其中p-n接面基底的片電阻爲85到150 Ω/sq,且粒徑爲10到1,000奈米的銀晶體存在於電極內,鄰接於p-n接面基底與電極之間的界面。太陽能電池在高片電阻基底上包含電極,其中電極由太陽能電池電極用的組成物形成。組成物包含來自銀化合物的玻璃料,銀化合物在1000℃或低於1000℃的溫度下分解成銀離子,從而增强電極與基底之間的接觸效率,且具有被降到最低的接觸電阻(Rc)和串聯電阻(Rs),由此展現極佳填充因數和轉化效率。
Description
本發明涉及一種太陽能電池,其包含在高片電阻晶圓上形成的電極。
用於提高太陽能電池效率的發射極厚度連續减少可引起可降低太陽能電池性能的分流。此外,太陽能電池的面積已逐漸增大以獲得高效率。然而,由於太陽能電池的接觸電阻增大,可産生效率降低的問題。
因此,需要用於太陽能電池電極的組成物,其可增强電極與晶圓之間的接觸效率以使接觸電阻(Rc)和串聯電阻(Rs)降到最低,由此提供極佳轉化效率。
所述太陽能電池可包含:依序形成於p-n接面基底的前表面上的抗反射膜和前電極;以及依序形成於p-n接面基底的後表面上的後表面場層和背電極。
p-n接面基底可具有其中p型基底的一個表面摻雜有n型摻雜物以形成n型發射極的結構。
p-n接面基底可具有其中n型基底的一個表面摻雜有p型摻雜物以形成p型發射極的結構。
p-n接面基底可具有在其前表面上形成的紋理結構。
電極可由用於太陽能電池電極的組成物形成,所述組成物包含銀(Ag)粉末;含有元素銀(Ag)和元素碲(Te)的玻璃料;以及有機媒劑,其中,在所述玻璃料中,Ag與Te的莫耳比在1:0.1到1:25範圍內。
元素銀(Ag)可來源於選自氰化銀、硝酸銀、鹵化銀、碳酸銀、硫酸銀和乙酸銀中的至少一種銀化合物。
玻璃料可含有以玻璃料的總莫耳計0.1莫耳%到50莫耳%的元素銀(Ag)。
玻璃料的平均粒徑(D50)可爲0.1微米到10微米。
本發明的一個目的是提供在電極與晶圓表面之間展現極佳接觸效率的太陽能電池。
本發明的另一個目的是提供可展現被降到最低的接觸電阻和串聯電阻的太陽能電池。
本發明的另一個目的是提供具有極佳填充因數和轉化效率的太陽能電池。
這些和其它目的可由本文所述的本發明的一或多個實施例實現。
根據本發明的太陽能電池在高片電阻基底上包含電極,其中所述電極由包含來自銀化合物的玻璃料的用於太陽能電池電極的組成物形成,所述銀化合物在1000℃或低於1000℃的溫度下分解成銀(Ag)離子,以便增强電極與基底之間的接觸效率,且太陽能電池具有高開路電壓(Voc)和被降到最低的接觸電阻(Rc)和串聯電阻(Rs),由此確保極佳填充因數和轉化效率。
圖1是根據本發明的一個實施例的太陽能電池的示意圖。參看圖1,根據本發明的一個實施例的太陽能電池包含p-n接面基底100、在p-n接面基底100的前表面上形成的前電極230以及在p-n接面基底100的後表面上形成的背電極210,其中p-n接面基底100包含p層(或n層)101以及n層(或p層)102,其將作爲發射極。
如本文中所用,p-n接面基底是指其中p型基底的一個表面摻雜有n型摻雜物以形成n型發射極由此提供p-n接面的基底,或其中n型基底的一個表面摻雜有p型摻雜物以形成p型發射極由此提供p-n接面的基底。
具體來說,基底100具有接收入射光的前表面以及與前表面相對的後表面,且可由單晶或多晶矽半導體或化合物半導體形成。當使用晶體矽半導體時,基底可爲矽晶圓。可使用摻雜有p型摻雜物的p型基底作爲基底100。或者,可使用摻雜有n型摻雜物的n型基底作爲基底。此處,p型摻雜物可爲包含如硼(B)、鋁(Al)或鎵(Ga)的第三族元素的材料,且n型摻雜物可爲包含如磷(P)、砷(As)或銻(Sb)的第五族元素的材料,但不限於此。
根據本發明的一個實施例的p-n接面基底100是具有高片電阻的基底,並且具體地說,可具有85 Ω/sq到150 Ω/sq的片電阻。
在p-n接面基底100的前表面或後表面上形成的電極210、電極230可藉由印刷和烘烤下文所述的用於太陽能電池電極的組成物來形成。
在根據本發明的一個實施例的太陽能電池電極中,銀晶體鄰接於電極與p-n接面基底之間的界面形成,且可具有10奈米到1000奈米的粒徑。在此範圍內,有可能使甚至高片電阻基底上的串聯電阻降到最低,且提供極佳填充因數和轉化效率,同時確保即使片電阻不同p-n接面也穩定。
圖2是根據本發明的另一個實施例的太陽能電池的示意圖。參看圖2,根據本發明的這一實施例的太陽能電池可包含:p-n接面基底110,藉由在基底110a的前表面上形成發射極110b來獲得;抗反射膜130和前電極160,依序形成於p-n接面基底110的前表面上;以及後表面場層140、抗反射膜150和背電極170,依序形成於p-n接面基底110的後表面上。在下文中,爲解釋方便起見,每一組件將按基底110a是p型基底的假設描述。
p型基底110a的一個表面摻雜有n型摻雜物以形成n型發射極110b,使得p-n接面在其間界面處形成,且p-n接面中産生的電子可易於由前電極160收集。
p-n接面基底110可在其前表面上具有紋理結構(未繪示)。所述紋理結構可藉由使用所屬領域中已知的典型方法(如蝕刻)表面處理p-n接面基底110的前表面來形成。紋理結構用以减少進入基底前表面的光的反射且聚集光,且可具有錐體形狀、方形蜂窩形狀、三角形蜂窩形狀等。因此,紋理結構允許增加量的光到達在p型基底與發射極之間的界面處的p-n接面,同時使光損失减到最少。
p型基底可在其後表面上形成後表面場(back surface field,BSF)層140,且所述後表面場層140能夠誘導後表面場(BSF)效應。
後表面場層140藉由用p型摻雜物摻雜p型基底的後表面來形成,且藉由提供由摻雜物濃度差異産生的電位差來使得電子難以朝著p型基底的後表面偏移,以便防止與p型基底的後表面中的金屬再結合,由此經由增加開路電壓(Voc)和填充因數來提高太陽能電池效率。
抗反射膜130、抗反射膜150可分別在n型發射極110b的上表面和後表面場層140的下表面上形成。
抗反射膜130在被配置成接收日光的p-n接面基底110的前表面上形成,且可减少光的反射,同時增加關於特定波長區域的選擇性。另外,抗反射膜可增强與存在於p-n接面基底110的前表面上的矽的接觸效率,從而提高太陽能電池效率。因此,抗反射膜130可包含反射較少光且展現電氣絕緣的材料,例如氧化物,包含氧化鋁(Al2
O3
)、氧化矽(SiO2
)、氧化鈦(TiO2
或TiO4
)、氧化鎂(MgO)、氧化鈰(CeO2
)或其組合;氮化物,包含氮化鋁(AlN)、氮化矽(SiNx
)、氮化鈦(TiN)或其組合;以及氮氧化物,包含氮氧化鋁(AlON)、氮氧化矽(SiON)、氮氧化鈦(TiON)或其組合,且可具有單層或多層結構。
另外,不同於使用鋁糊料形成後表面場層的典型方法,當進行硼(B)摻雜以形成後表面場層時,可另外形成抗反射膜150。抗反射膜150可進一步增加開路電壓。
抗反射膜130、150可藉由電漿增强式化學氣相沈積(plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition,PECVD)由氮化矽(SiNx
)等形成。抗反射膜可藉由PECVD由氮化矽(SiNx
)形成,或可藉由原子層沈積(atomic layer deposition,ALD)由氧化鋁(Al2
O3
)形成。
接著,形成電連接到n型發射極層的前電極160和電連接到p型基底的背電極170。前電極160與n型發射極層電連通,且允許電子由n型發射極收集以移動到其中。背電極170與p型基底電連通,且充當電流流動通過的路徑。
舉例來說,背電極的初步製備方法藉由以下方式進行:將用於太陽能電池電極的組成物印刷在p-n接面基底的後表面上,接著在200℃到400℃下乾燥10秒到60秒。另外,前電極的初步製備方法可藉由以下方式進行:將用於電極的組成物印刷在p-n接面基底的前表面上,接著乾燥所印刷的組成物。接著,前電極和背電極可藉由在400℃到950℃下、優選地在750℃到950℃下烘烤30秒到180秒來形成。
具體來說,藉由使用下文所述的用於太陽能電池電極的組成物形成前電極或背電極,有可能藉由具有高片電阻的p-n接面基底的高開路電壓(Voc)與用於太陽能電池電極的組成物的低接觸電阻(Rc)和串聯電阻(Rs)之間的協同效應來提高填充因數和轉化效率,所述用於太陽能電池電極的組成物包含來源於銀化合物的玻璃料,所述銀化合物在1000℃或低於1000℃的溫度下分解成銀(Ag)離子。
用於
太陽能電池電極的組成物
根據本發明的用於太陽能電池電極的組成物可包含:(A)銀(Ag)粉末;(B)來源於銀化合物的玻璃料;以及(C)有機媒劑。現在,將更詳細地描述根據本發明的用於太陽能電池電極的組成物的每一組分。
(
A
)
銀粉
根據本發明的用於太陽能電池電極的組成物包含銀(Ag)粉末作爲導電粉末。銀粉的粒子大小可爲奈米或微米級。舉例來說,銀粉的粒子大小可爲幾十奈米到數百奈米,或數微米到幾十微米。或者,銀粉可爲具有不同粒子大小的兩種或多於兩種類型的銀粉的混合物。
銀粉的形狀可爲球形、片狀或非晶形。
在一個實施例中,銀粉的平均粒徑(D50)可爲0.1微米到10微米,例如0.5微米到5微米。在經由超聲波處理在25℃下在異丙醇(isopropyl alcohol,IPA)中分散導電粉末3分鐘之後使用例如型號1064LD(西萊斯有限公司(CILAS Co., Ltd.))測量平均粒徑。在此平均粒徑範圍內,組成物可提供低接觸電阻和低線路電阻。
銀粉可以按組成物的總重量計以60重量%(wt%)到95重量%的量存在。在此範圍內,導電粉末可防止因電阻增加以及由於有機媒劑量相對减少而難以形成糊料所引起的轉化效率降低。舉例來說,銀粉可以70重量%到90重量%的量存在。在一個實施例中,以組成物的總重量計,銀粉的存在量可以是60重量%、61重量%、62重量%、63重量%、64重量%、65重量%、66重量%、67重量%、68重量%、69重量%、70重量%、71重量%、72重量%、73重量%、74重量%、75重量%、76重量%、77重量%、78重量%、79重量%、80重量%、81重量%、82重量%、83重量%、84重量%、85重量%、86重量%、87重量%、88重量%、89重量%、90重量%、91重量%、92重量%、93重量%、94重量%或95重量%。
(
B
)
玻璃料
玻璃料用來增加導電粉末與晶圓之間的黏著性並且藉由蝕刻抗反射膜並熔融銀粉來在發射極區中形成銀晶體粒,以便在用於電極的組成物的烘烤方法期間降低接觸電阻。另外,在烘烤方法期間,玻璃料軟化並且降低烘烤溫度。
當爲了提高太陽能電池的效率而增大太陽能電池的面積時,可産生太陽能電池的接觸電阻增大的問題。因此,有必要使串聯電阻(Rs)和對p-n接面的影響兩者降到最低。另外,由於在使用越來越多具有不同片電阻的各種晶圓的情况下,烘烤溫度在廣泛範圍內變化,因此需要玻璃料保證充分的熱穩定性以耐受廣泛範圍的烘烤溫度。
玻璃料可由銀(Ag)化合物和金屬氧化物形成。具體來說,玻璃料可藉由混合、熔融並粉碎在1000℃或低於1000℃的溫度下分解成銀(Ag)離子的銀化合物以及金屬氧化物來製備。金屬氧化物可包含至少一種金屬氧化物。
銀化合物是離子化合物,且可包含氰化銀(AgCN)、硝酸銀(AgNO3
)、鹵化銀(Ag-X)、碳酸銀(Ag2
CO3
)、硫酸銀(Ag2
SO4
)、乙酸銀或其混合物。在鹵化銀(Ag-X)中,X可爲碘、氟、氯或溴,優選地爲碘。
在一個實施例中,金屬氧化物可包含鉛(Pb)氧化物和鉍(Bi)氧化物中的至少一者。
在另一實施例中,金屬氧化物可更包含至少一種選自以下氧化物的金屬氧化物:碲(Te)氧化物、磷(P)氧化物、鍺(Ge)氧化物、鎵(Ga)氧化物、鈰(Ce)氧化物、鐵(Fe)氧化物、鋰(Li)氧化物、矽(Si)氧化物、鋅(Zn)氧化物、鎢(W)氧化物、鎂(Mg)氧化物、銫(Cs)氧化物、鍶(Sr)氧化物、鉬(Mo)氧化物、鈦(Ti)氧化物、錫(Sn)氧化物、銦(In)氧化物、釩(V)氧化物、鋇(Ba)氧化物、鎳(Ni)氧化物、銅(Cu)氧化物、鈉(Na)氧化物、鉀(K)氧化物、砷(As)氧化物、鈷(Co)氧化物、鋯(Zr)氧化物、錳(Mn)氧化物和鋁(Al)氧化物。
玻璃料可包含銀(Ag)和碲(Te)。在藉由印刷和烘烤來製備的電極中,用於太陽能電池電極的組成物包含玻璃料,Ag與Te的莫耳比可在1:0.1到1:25範圍內。在此範圍內,有可能保證低串聯電阻和低接觸電阻。
在另一實施例中,玻璃料可包含選自以下的至少一者:磷(P)、鍺(Ge)、鎵(Ga)、鈰(Ce)、鐵(Fe)、鋰(Li)、矽(Si)、鋅(Zn)、鎢(W)、鎂(Mg)、銫(Cs)、鍶(Sr)、鉬(Mo)、鈦(Ti)、錫(Sn)、銦(In)、釩(V)、鋇(Ba)、鎳(Ni)、銅(Cu)、鈉(Na)、鉀(K)、砷(As)、鈷(Co)、鋯(Zr)、錳(Mn)和鋁(Al)。
另外,玻璃料可含有以玻璃料的總莫耳計0.1莫耳%到50莫耳%的元素銀,例如0.5莫耳%到40莫耳%的元素銀。
玻璃料中包含的每一金屬組分的含量可藉由感應耦合電漿-光發射光譜測定(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry,ICP-OES)測量。ICP-OES使用極小量的樣品,且由此可縮短樣品裝配時間且减少因樣品預處理所致的錯誤,同時提供極佳分析靈敏度。
具體來說,ICP-OES可包含預處理樣品,製備標準溶液,且藉由測量並轉換欲測量的金屬組分的濃度來計算玻璃料中每一金屬組分的含量,由此使得能够精確測量玻璃料中每一金屬組分的含量。
在預處理樣品的操作中,可將預定量的樣品溶解於能够溶解分析目標(即,樣品玻璃料中的每一金屬組分)的酸溶液中,並接著加熱以便碳化。酸溶液可包含硫酸(H2
SO4
)溶液。
經碳化樣品可用溶劑(如蒸餾水或過氧化氫(H2
O2
))稀釋到允許對分析目標進行分析的適當程度。鑒於ICP-OES測試儀的元素檢測能力,經碳化樣品可被稀釋到10000倍。
在使用ICP-OES測試儀的測量中,預處理的樣品可使用標準溶液(例如待分析的金屬組分的標準溶液)校準以便測量元素。
藉由舉例,玻璃料中每一金屬組分的含量和莫耳比的計算可藉由以下方式實現:將標準溶液引入到ICP-OES測試儀中,並用外部標準方法繪製校準曲綫,接著使用ICP-OES測試儀測量並轉換預處理樣品中分析目標的濃度(ppm)。
玻璃料可藉由所屬領域中已知的任何典型方法由如上文所闡述的銀化合物和金屬氧化物製備。舉例來說,銀化合物和金屬氧化物可以預定比率混合。可使用球磨機或行星式磨機進行混合。混合物在800℃到1300℃下熔融,接著驟冷到25℃。使用盤磨機、行星式磨機等對獲得的所得物進行粉碎,進而製備玻璃料。
玻璃料可具有0.1微米到10微米的平均粒徑(D50),並可具有球形或非晶形的形狀。
玻璃料可以按用於太陽能電池電極的組成物的總重量計以0.1重量%到20重量%的量存在。在此範圍內,有可能保證即使片電阻不同p-n接面也穩定,同時使串聯電阻降到最低,以便提高太陽能電池效率。舉例來說,以用於太陽能電池電極的組成物的總重量計,玻璃料的存在量可以是0.5重量%到10重量%。在一個實施例中,玻璃料的存在量可以是0.1重量%、0.5重量%、1重量%、1.5重量%、2重量%、2.5重量%、3重量%、3.5重量%、4重量%、5重量%、6重量%、7重量%、8重量%、9重量%、10重量%、11重量%、12重量%、13重量%、14重量%、15重量%、16重量%、17重量%、18重量%、19重量%或20重量%。
(
C
)
有機媒劑
有機媒劑賦予合適的黏度和流變學特徵以藉由與用於太陽能電池電極的組成物的無機組分機械混合印刷到所述組成物中。
有機媒劑可以是任何在用於太陽能電池電極的組成物中使用的典型有機媒劑,並且可包含黏合劑樹脂、溶劑等。
黏合劑樹脂可選自丙烯酸酯樹脂或纖維素樹脂。乙基纖維素一般用作黏合劑樹脂。此外,黏合劑樹脂可自以下各者之中選出:乙基羥乙基纖維素、硝化纖維、乙基纖維素與酚樹脂的混合物、醇酸樹脂、酚、丙烯酸酯、二甲苯、聚丁烯、聚酯、尿素、三聚氰胺、乙酸乙烯酯樹脂、木松香、醇的聚甲基丙烯酸酯等。
溶劑可選自例如己烷、甲苯、乙基溶纖劑(ethyl cellosolve)、環己酮、丁基溶纖劑、丁基卡必醇(butyl carbitol)(二甘醇單丁基醚)、二丁基卡比醇(二甘醇二丁基醚)、丁基卡必醇乙酸酯(二甘醇單丁基醚乙酸酯)、丙二醇單甲基醚、己二醇、萜品醇(terpineol)、甲基乙基酮、苯甲醇、γ-丁內酯、乳酸乙酯以及其組合。
有機媒劑可以按用於太陽能電池電極的組成物的總重量計以1重量%到30重量%的量存在。在此範圍內,有機媒劑可以爲組成物提供充足膠黏强度和極佳的可印刷性。在一個實施例中,以用於太陽能電池電極的組成物的總重量計,有機媒劑的存在量可以是1重量%、2重量%、3重量%、4重量%、5重量%、6重量%、7重量%、8重量%、9重量%、10重量%、11重量%、12重量%、13重量%、14重量%、15重量%、16重量%、17重量%、18重量%、19重量%、20重量%、21重量%、22重量%、23重量%、24重量%、25重量%、26重量%、27重量%、28重量%、29重量%或30重量%。
(
D
)添加劑
組成物可視需要更包含典型添加劑以增加流動性和方法特性和穩定性。添加劑可包含分散劑、觸變劑、增塑劑、黏度穩定劑、消泡劑、色素、紫外綫穩定劑、抗氧化劑、偶合劑等,但不限於此。可以單獨或以其混合物形式使用這些添加劑。
這些添加劑可以按用於太陽能電池電極的組成物的總重量計以0.1重量%到5重量%的量存在。添加劑的含量可視需要改變。在一個實施例中,以用於太陽能電池電極的組成物的總重量計,添加劑的存在量可以是0.1重量%、0.2重量%、0.3重量%、0.4重量%、0.5重量%、0.6重量%、0.7重量%、0.8重量%、0.9重量%、1重量%、1.5重量%、2重量%、2.5重量%、3重量%、3.5重量%、4重量%、4.5重量%或5重量%。
背電極的初步製備方法藉由在p-n接面基底的後表面上印刷用於太陽能電池電極的組成物並將所印刷的組成物在200℃到400℃下乾燥10秒到60秒來進行。另外,前電極的初步製備方法可藉由在p-n接面基底的前表面上印刷用於電極的組成物並乾燥所印刷的組成物來進行。接著,前電極和背電極可藉由在400℃到950℃下、優選地在750℃到950℃下烘烤30秒到180秒來形成。
接著,將參考實例更詳細地描述本發明。但是,應注意提供這些實例僅爲了說明,且不應以任何方式理解爲限制本發明。
實例
1
到
實例
7
和
比較例
1
:
製備用於太陽能電池電極的組成物
實
例
1
作爲有機黏合劑,將3.0重量%乙基纖維素(STD4,陶氏化學公司(Dow Chemical Company))在60℃下充分溶解於6.5重量%丁基卡必醇中,並將86.90重量%平均粒徑爲2.0微米的球形銀粉(AG-4-8,多瓦高科技有限公司(Dowa Hightech Co., Ltd.))、3.1重量%使用AgNO3
作爲銀化合物根據如表1中列出的組成製備的玻璃料、0.2重量%分散劑BYK102(畢克化學(BYK-Chemie))和0.3重量%觸變劑Thixatrol ST(海名斯有限公司(Elementis Co., Ltd.))加入到黏合劑溶液中,接著在3輥捏合機中混合並捏合,由此製備用於太陽能電池電極的組成物。
實例
2
到實例
7
以與實例1相同的方式製備用於太陽能電池電極的組成物,除了根據如表1中列出的組成製備玻璃料。
比
較
例
1
以與實例1相同的方式製備用於太陽能電池電極的組成物,除了根據如在表1中列出的組成製備玻璃料。
使用
ICP-OES
測量玻璃料中
Ag:Te
的莫耳比
預處理樣品 :
將0.5 g待分析的玻璃料樣品置放於燒杯中並正確稱重到0.0001 g。將5 ml硫酸(H2
SO4
)加入燒杯,接著使用熱板在220℃下加熱3小時,由此完全碳化樣品。將過氧化氫(H2
O2
)加入燒杯,直到含有經碳化樣品的燒杯變得透明,由此完成預處理。
製備標準溶液 :
製備待分析的金屬組分的相應標準溶液。
測量金屬組分的莫耳比 :
將硝酸(HNO3
)加入含有預處理樣品的燒杯,接著加熱5分鐘並空氣冷却。將所製備的標準溶液引入到ICP-OES測試儀(珀金埃爾默公司(PerkinElmer, Inc.))中,並藉由外部標準方法繪製校準曲綫,接著使用ICP-OES測試儀測量並轉換樣品中的銀(Ag)和碲(Te)的元素濃度(ppm),由此計算玻璃料中的Ag:Te莫耳比。結果展示在表1中。 每一金屬組分的含量(%)=每一金屬組分的元素濃度(ppm)×稀釋因子(Dilution Factor,DF)/10000 每一金屬組分的莫耳=每一金屬組分的含量/每一金屬組分的分子量 每一金屬組分的莫耳%=每一金屬組分的莫耳/所有金屬組分的總莫耳表 1
◎ 實例1:銀化合物-硝酸銀(AgNO3
,大中(Daejung)) ◎ 實例2:銀化合物-氧化銀(Ag2
O,安可樂斯(Acros)) ◎ 實例3:銀化合物-碳酸銀(Ag2
CO3
,安可樂斯) ◎ 實例4:銀化合物-硫酸銀(Ag2
SO4
,兒島(Kojima)) ◎ 實例5:銀化合物-碘化銀(AgI,西格瑪-奧德裏奇(Sigma-Aldrich)) ◎ 實例6:銀化合物-碘化銀(AgI,西格瑪-奧德裏奇) ◎ 實例7:銀化合物-氰化銀(AgCN,西格瑪-奧德裏奇)
填充因數和轉化效率的測量方法
將實例和比較例中製備的每一組成物藉由以預定圖案絲網印刷,接著在紅外線乾燥爐中乾燥來沈積在如表2中所示的具有不同片電阻的每一結晶單層晶圓的前表面上。接著,將鋁糊料印刷在晶圓的後表面上,並如上以相同方式乾燥。將根據此程序形成的電池在600℃到1000℃下在帶型烘烤爐中烘烤30秒到180秒,並且使用太陽能電池效率測試儀CT-801(帕山有限公司(Pasan Co., Ltd.))關於開路電壓(Voc)、串聯電阻(Rs)和轉化效率(%)評估。結果展示在表2中。表 2
如表2中所示,可見與使用包含無任何銀的玻璃料的組成物製備的電極相比,使用實例1到實例7的包含其中Ag:Te莫耳比在1:0.1到1:25範圍內的玻璃料的組成物在85 Ω/sq到150 Ω/sq的高片電阻的p-n接面基底上形成的電極具有低串聯電阻並且展示極佳填充因數和轉化效率。
應理解,所屬領域的技術人員可在不脫離本發明的精神和範圍的情况下進行各種修改、變化、更改和等效實施例。
100‧‧‧p-n接面基底
101‧‧‧基底
102‧‧‧n層
110‧‧‧p-n接面基底
110a‧‧‧基底
110b‧‧‧發射極
130‧‧‧抗反射膜
140‧‧‧後表面場層
150‧‧‧抗反射膜
160‧‧‧前電極
170‧‧‧背電極
210‧‧‧背電極
230‧‧‧前電極
101‧‧‧基底
102‧‧‧n層
110‧‧‧p-n接面基底
110a‧‧‧基底
110b‧‧‧發射極
130‧‧‧抗反射膜
140‧‧‧後表面場層
150‧‧‧抗反射膜
160‧‧‧前電極
170‧‧‧背電極
210‧‧‧背電極
230‧‧‧前電極
100、101‧‧‧基底
102‧‧‧n層
210‧‧‧背電極
230‧‧‧前電極
Claims (9)
- 一種太陽能電池,包括p-n接面基底以及在所述p-n接面基底的一個表面上形成的電極,其中所述p-n接面基底的片電阻爲85 Ω/sq到150 Ω/sq,且粒徑爲10奈米到1000奈米的銀晶體存在於所述電極內,鄰接於所述p-n接面基底與所述電極之間的界面。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的太陽能電池,包括:依序形成於所述p-n接面基底的前表面上的抗反射膜以及前電極;以及依序形成於所述p-n接面基底的後表面上的後表面場層以及背電極。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的太陽能電池,其中所述p-n接面基底具有其中p型基底的一個表面摻雜有n型摻雜物以形成n型發射極的結構。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的太陽能電池,其中所述p-n接面基底具有其中n型基底的一個表面摻雜有p型摻雜物以形成p型發射極的結構。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的太陽能電池,其中所述p-n接面基底具有在其前表面上形成的紋理結構。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的太陽能電池,其中所述電極由用於太陽能電池電極的組成物形成,所述組成物包括:銀粉末;含有元素銀以及元素碲的玻璃料;以及有機媒劑,所述玻璃料中的所述元素銀與所述元素碲的莫耳比在1:0.1到1:25範圍內。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項所述的太陽能電池,其中所述元素銀源自選自氰化銀、硝酸銀、鹵化銀、碳酸銀、硫酸銀以及乙酸銀之中的至少一種銀化合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項所述的太陽能電池,其中所述玻璃料含有以所述玻璃料的總莫耳計0.1莫耳%到50莫耳%的所述元素銀。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項所述的太陽能電池,其中所述玻璃料的平均粒徑爲0.1微米到10微米。
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