TW201605098A - 非水電解液二次電池、非水電解液及化合物 - Google Patents
非水電解液二次電池、非水電解液及化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201605098A TW201605098A TW104123578A TW104123578A TW201605098A TW 201605098 A TW201605098 A TW 201605098A TW 104123578 A TW104123578 A TW 104123578A TW 104123578 A TW104123578 A TW 104123578A TW 201605098 A TW201605098 A TW 201605098A
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- carbon atoms
- group
- secondary battery
- nonaqueous electrolyte
- bis
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- APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium docusate Chemical group [Na+].CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003258 trimethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Abstract
本案發明係一種使用含有過渡金屬與鋰之正極的非水電解液二次電池,其係抑制因自正極溶出之過渡金屬引起之非水電解液二次電池之劣化,即便經過高溫保存或高溫下之充放電,亦可維持較小之內部電阻及較高之電容者,具體而言,本案發明係一種具有可嵌脫鋰之負極、含有過渡金屬與鋰之正極、及使鋰鹽溶解於有機溶劑中而成之非水電解液的非水電解液二次電池,其中上述非水電解液中含有通式(1)所表示之雙羧酸酯化合物者。
Description
本發明係關於一種非水電解液二次電池,且係關於一種具有含有特定之雙羧酸酯化合物之非水電解液的非水電解液二次電池。
隨著近年來攜帶用電腦、手持式攝錄影機、資訊終端等可攜式電子機器之普及,具有高電壓、高能量密度之非水電解液二次電池已廣泛用作電源。又,就環境問題之觀點而言,正推進電池汽車或將電力用於動力之一部分之油電混合車之實用化。
關於非水電解液二次電池,為了提高非水電解液二次電池之穩定性或電特性,現提出有非水電解液用之各種添加劑。作為此種添加劑,提出有1,3-丙烷磺內酯(例如參照專利文獻1)、碳酸乙烯基伸乙酯(例如參照專利文獻2)、碳酸伸乙烯酯(例如參照專利文獻3)、1,3-丙烷磺內酯、丁烷磺內酯(例如參照專利文獻4)、碳酸伸乙烯酯(例如參照專利文獻5)、碳酸乙烯基伸乙酯(例如參照專利文獻6)等,其中,碳酸伸乙烯酯由於效果較高,故而被廣泛使用。認為該等添加劑係於負極之表面形成稱為SEI(Solid Electrolyte Interface:固體電解質膜)之穩定之覆膜,藉由該覆膜覆蓋負極之表面,而抑制電解液之還原分解者。
近年來,鈷及鎳等稀有金屬之價格高昂,並且使用與開發使用錳或鐵等廉價金屬材料之正極劑正迅速逐步推進。其中,含有錳之過渡金屬氧化物含鋰鹽由於在非水電解液二次電池之容量或輸出方面性
能優異,故而為受注目之正極劑之一。然而,對於將含有錳之過渡金屬氧化物含鋰鹽用作正極活性物質之非水電解液二次電池,已知容易自正極溶出錳,因該溶出之錳而引起副反應,而引起電池劣化,從而降低容量或輸出。
作為抑制自正極溶出錳之方法,提出有非水電解液用之各種添加劑。作為此種添加劑,提出有二磺酸酯等(例如參照專利文獻7),但業界謀求進一步之改良。
專利文獻1:日本專利特開昭63-102173號公報
專利文獻2:日本專利特開平4-87156號公報
專利文獻3:日本專利特開平5-74486號公報
專利文獻4:日本專利特開平10-50342號公報
專利文獻5:US5626981
專利文獻6:US6919145
專利文獻7:US2004/0043300
因此,本發明之目的在於:於使用有含有過渡金屬與鋰之正極的非水電解液二次電池中,抑制因自正極溶出之過渡金屬引起之非水電解液二次電池之劣化,即便經過高溫保存或高溫下之充放電,亦可維持較小之內部電阻及較高之電容。
本發明者等人經過努力研究,結果發現:藉由使用含有特定結構之雙羧酸酯化合物之非水電解液可達成上述目的,從而完成本發明。
本發明提供一種非水電解液二次電池,其係具有可嵌脫鋰之負極、含有過渡金屬與鋰之正極、及使鋰鹽溶解於有機溶劑中而成之非水電解液者,其特徵在於:使上述非水電解液中含有下述通式(1)所表示之雙羧酸酯化合物。
(式中,R1表示碳原子數1~6之伸烷基、碳原子數2~6之伸烯基、碳原子數2~6之伸炔基或碳原子數6~12之伸芳基,R2~R7分別獨立地表示碳原子數1~20之烴基,R2~R7之至少1個表示碳原子數2~20之烴基)
又,本發明提供一種下述通式(1')所表示之化合物。
(式中,R1'表示碳原子數1~6之伸烷基、碳原子數2~6之伸烯基、碳原子數2~6之伸炔基或碳原子數6~12之伸芳基,於為碳原子數2~6之伸烯基而存在幾何異構體之情形時,為E體,R2'~R7'分別獨立地表示碳原子數1~10之烴基,R2'~R7'之至少1個為乙烯基)
根據本發明,於使用有含有過渡金屬與鋰之正極之非水電解液二次電池中,即便經過高溫保存或高溫充放電,亦可實現維持較小之內部電阻及較高之電容。
1‧‧‧正極
1a‧‧‧正極集電體
2‧‧‧負極
2a‧‧‧負極集電體
3‧‧‧電解液
4‧‧‧正極殼體
5‧‧‧負極殼體
6‧‧‧墊片
7‧‧‧隔離膜
10‧‧‧硬幣型之非水電解液二次電池
10'‧‧‧圓柱型之非水電解液二次電池
11‧‧‧負極
12‧‧‧負極集電體
13‧‧‧正極
14‧‧‧正極集電體
15‧‧‧電解液
16‧‧‧隔離膜
17‧‧‧正極端子
18‧‧‧負極端子
19‧‧‧負極板
20‧‧‧負極導線
21‧‧‧正極
22‧‧‧正極導線
23‧‧‧殼體
24‧‧‧絕緣板
25‧‧‧墊片
26‧‧‧安全閥
27‧‧‧PTC元件
圖1係概略性地表示本發明之非水電解液二次電池之硬幣型電池之結構之一例的縱剖視圖。
圖2係表示本發明之非水電解液二次電池之圓柱型電池之基本構成的概略圖。
圖3係將本發明之非水電解液二次電池之圓柱型電池之內部結構以剖面表示之立體圖。
以下,針對本發明之非水電解液二次電池,基於其較佳實施形態進行詳細說明。
<非水電解液>
對本發明中所使用之使鋰鹽溶解於有機溶劑中而成之非水電解液(以下,亦稱為本發明之非水電解液)進行說明。本發明之非水電解液含有上述通式(1)所表示之雙羧酸酯化合物。以下,對該雙羧酸酯化合物進行說明。
作為上述通式(1)中之R1所表示之碳原子數1~6之伸烷基,可列舉亞甲基、伸乙基、伸丙基、三亞甲基、伸丁基等,作為碳原子數2~6之伸烯基,可列舉伸乙烯基、伸丙烯基、伸異丙烯基、伸丁烯基、伸戊烯基、伸己烯基、2-丙烯-1,2-二基等,作為碳原子數2~6之伸炔基,可列舉乙炔-1,2-二基、丙炔-1,3-二基,作為碳原子數6~12之伸芳基,可列舉1,2-伸苯基、1,3-伸苯基、1,4-伸苯基等。
於R1為碳原子數2~6之伸烯基之情形時,於通式(1)所表示之化
合物具有幾何異構體之情形時,可為E體,亦可為Z異構體。
作為R1,就形成不易因與正極之作用發生變質而耐久性較高之表面結構之方面而言,較佳為伸乙烯基、2-丙烯-1,2-二基、乙炔-1,2-二基、丙炔-1,3-二基及1,2-伸苯基,更佳為伸乙烯基、2-丙烯-1,2-二基、乙炔-1,2-二基。
上述通式(1)中之R2~R7表示碳原子數1~20之烴基,R2~R7之至少1個為碳原子數2~20之烴基。作為該碳原子數1~20之烴基,可列舉:碳原子數1~20之飽和及不飽和之脂肪族烴基、碳原子數6~20之芳香族烴基。作為碳原子數1~20之飽和及不飽和之烴基,可列舉:甲基、乙基、丙基、2-丙炔基、丁基、異丁基、第二丁基、第三丁基、戊基、異戊基、己基、癸基、十二烷基、十八烷基、乙烯基、乙炔基、烯丙基、炔丙基、3-丁烯基、異丁烯基、3-丁炔基、4-戊烯基、5-己烯基等。作為碳原子數6~20之芳香族烴基,可列舉:苯基、萘基、環己基苯基、聯苯基、茀基、2'-苯基-丙基苯基、苄基、萘基甲基等。
就抑制非水電解液之氣體產生量之方面而言,較佳為R2~R7之至少1個為碳數4~20之烴基。
又,就容易形成保護正極之覆膜之方面而言,較佳為R2~R7之至少1個為碳原子數2~20之烯基,其中尤佳為乙烯基。
又,上述通式(1)所表示之雙羧酸酯化合物中,R2、R3及R4之組合與R5、R6及R7之組合相同(分子相對稱)之化合物由於容易製造,故而較佳。
作為上述通式(1)所表示之雙羧酸酯化合物之具體例,可列舉:丙二酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯、丙二酸雙(正丁基二甲基矽烷基)酯、琥珀酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯、琥珀酸雙(正丁基二甲基矽烷基)酯、戊二酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯、戊二酸雙(正丁基二甲基
矽烷基)酯、己二酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯、己二酸雙(正丁基二甲基矽烷基)酯、反丁烯二酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯、反丁烯二酸雙(正丁基二甲基矽烷基)酯、反丁烯二酸雙(第三丁基二甲基矽烷基)酯、反丁烯二酸雙(三乙基矽烷基)酯、反丁烯二酸雙(三異丙基矽烷基)酯、反丁烯二酸雙(二甲基苯基矽烷基)酯、反丁烯二酸雙(苄基二甲基矽烷基)酯、反丁烯二酸雙(烯丙基二甲基矽烷基)酯、順丁烯二酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯、順丁烯二酸(正丁基二甲基矽烷基)酯、順丁烯二酸(二甲基苯基矽烷基)酯、鄰苯二甲酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯、鄰苯二甲酸(正丁基二甲基矽烷基)酯、鄰苯二甲酸(二甲基苯基矽烷基)酯、間苯二甲酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯、間苯二甲酸(正丁基二甲基矽烷基)酯、間苯二甲酸(二甲基苯基矽烷基)酯、對苯二甲酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯、對苯二甲酸(正丁基二甲基矽烷基)酯、對苯二甲酸(二甲基苯基矽烷基)酯、伊康酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯、伊康酸雙(正丁基二甲基矽烷基)酯、伊康酸雙(第三丁基二甲基矽基)酯、伊康酸雙(三乙基矽烷基)酯、伊康酸雙(二甲基苯基矽烷基)酯、伊康酸雙(苄基二甲基矽烷基)酯、伊康酸雙(烯丙基二甲基矽烷基)酯、乙炔二羧酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯、乙炔二羧酸雙(正丁基二甲基矽烷基)酯、乙炔二羧酸雙(第三丁基二甲基矽烷基)酯、乙炔二羧酸雙(三乙基矽烷基)酯、乙炔二羧酸雙(二甲基苯基矽烷基)酯、乙炔二羧酸雙(苄基二甲基矽烷基)酯、乙炔二羧酸雙(烯丙基二甲基矽烷基)酯等。
於本發明之非水電解液中,上述通式(1)所表示之雙羧酸酯化合物可僅使用1種,亦可組合2種以上而使用。
又,於本發明之非水電解液中,於上述通式(1)所表示之雙羧酸酯化合物之含量過少之情形時,無法發揮出充分之效果,又,於其含量過多之情形時,有時不但無法獲得與調配量相應之增量效果,反而
會對非水電解液之特性產生不良影響,因此通式(1)所表示之雙羧酸酯化合物之含量於非水電解液中較佳為0.001~5質量%,進而較佳為0.01~3質量%,最佳為0.03~1.5質量%。
較佳為本發明之非水電解液進而添加分子內含有2個以上之二氟矽烷基之氟矽烷化合物、含有不飽和基之環狀碳酸酯化合物、鏈狀碳酸酯化合物、除上述通式(1)以外所表示之不飽和雙酯化合物(尤其是除上述通式(1)以外所表示之不飽和雙羧酸烷氧基矽烷基酯)、環狀硫酸酯、環狀亞硫酸酯、磺內酯、或鹵化環狀碳酸酯化合物。
作為上述分子內含有2個以上之二氟矽烷基之氟矽烷化合物,可列舉:雙(二氟甲基矽烷基)甲烷、1,2-雙(二氟甲基矽烷基)乙烷、1,3-雙(二氟甲基矽烷基)丙烷、1,4-雙(二氟甲基矽烷基)丁烷、1,4-(雙二氟甲基矽烷基)苯、三(二氟甲基矽烷基)甲烷、四(二氟甲基矽烷基)甲烷等,較佳為1,2-雙(二氟甲基矽烷基)乙烷、1,3-雙(二氟甲基矽烷基)丙烷、1,4-雙(二氟甲基矽烷基)丁烷、及三(二氟甲基矽烷基)甲烷,作為上述含有不飽和基之環狀碳酸酯化合物,可列舉碳酸伸乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯基伸乙酯、碳酸亞丙酯、碳酸伸乙烯基亞乙酯、碳酸伸乙烯基亞異丙酯等,較佳為碳酸伸乙烯酯及碳酸乙烯基伸乙酯,作為上述鏈狀碳酸酯化合物,可列舉碳酸二炔丙酯、碳酸炔丙酯甲酯、碳酸乙酯炔丙酯、碳酸雙(1-甲基炔丙基)酯、碳酸雙(1-二甲基炔丙基)酯等。作為上述不飽和雙酯化合物,可列舉:順丁烯二酸二甲酯、順丁烯二酸二乙酯、順丁烯二酸二丙酯、順丁烯二酸二丁酯、順丁烯二酸二戊酯、順丁烯二酸二己酯、順丁烯二酸二庚酯、順丁烯二酸二辛酯、反丁烯二酸二甲酯、反丁烯二酸二乙酯、反丁烯二酸二丙酯、反丁烯二酸二丁酯、反丁烯二酸二戊酯、反丁烯二酸二己酯、反丁烯二酸二庚酯、反丁烯二酸二辛酯、乙炔二羧酸二甲酯、乙炔二羧酸二乙酯、乙炔二羧酸二丙酯、乙炔二羧酸二丁酯、乙炔二羧酸二戊酯、乙炔二羧
酸二己酯、乙炔二羧酸二庚酯、乙炔二羧酸二辛酯、乙炔二羧酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、乙炔二羧酸雙(乙基二甲基矽烷基)酯、乙炔二羧酸雙(二甲基丙基矽烷基)酯、乙炔二羧酸雙(二甲基丁基矽烷基)酯、乙炔二羧酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯、反丁烯二酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、順丁烯二酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、鄰苯二甲酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、間苯二甲酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、對苯二甲酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、丙二酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、琥珀酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、戊二酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、己二酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯等,作為上述環狀硫酸酯,可列舉:1,3,2-二氧硫雜環戊烷-2,2-二氧化物、1,3-丙二醇環硫酸鹽、丙烷-1,2-環硫酸鹽等,作為上述環狀亞硫酸酯,可列舉:亞硫酸乙二酯,亞硫酸丙二酯等,作為上述磺內酯,可列舉:丙烷磺內酯、丁烷磺內酯、1,5,2,4-二氧雜二硫雜環戊烷-2,2,4,4-四氧化物等。作為上述鹵化環狀碳酸酯化合物,可列舉:碳酸氯伸乙酯、二碳酸氯伸乙酯、碳酸氟伸乙酯、二碳酸氟伸乙酯等。
該等添加劑中,較佳為1,2-雙(二氟甲基矽烷基)乙烷、1,4-雙(二氟甲基矽烷基)丁烷、三(二氟甲基矽烷基)甲烷、碳酸伸乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯基伸乙酯、碳酸二炔丙酯、乙炔二羧酸二甲酯、乙炔二羧酸二乙酯、乙炔二羧酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、反丁烯二酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、順丁烯二酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、丙烷磺內酯、丁烷磺內酯、碳酸氯伸乙酯、二碳酸氯伸乙酯、及碳酸氟伸乙酯,進而較佳為1,2-雙(二氟甲基矽烷基)乙烷、1,4-雙(二氟甲基矽烷基)丁烷、三(二氟甲基矽烷基)甲烷、碳酸伸乙烯酯、碳酸二炔丙酯、乙炔二羧酸二甲酯、反丁烯二酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、順丁烯二酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、丙烷磺內酯、及碳酸氟伸乙酯,最佳為1,2-雙(二氟甲基矽烷基)乙烷、1,4-雙(二氟甲基矽烷基)丁烷、三(二氟甲基矽烷基)甲烷、碳酸伸乙烯酯、反丁烯二酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯、順丁烯二酸雙(三甲基矽烷
基)酯及碳酸氟伸乙酯。
該等添加劑可僅使用1種,亦可組合2種以上而使用。於本發明之非水電解液中,於該等添加劑之含量過少之情形時,無法發揮出充分之效果,且於該等添加劑之含量過多之情形時,不但無法獲得與調配量相應之增量效果,反而會對非水電解液之特性產生不良影響,因此該等添加劑之含量於非水電解液中合計較佳為0.005~10質量%,進而較佳為0.02~5質量%,最佳為0.05~3質量%。
作為本發明所使用之非水電解液之有機溶劑,可使用通常用於非水電解液者之1種或將2種以上組合而使用。具體而言,可列舉:飽和環狀碳酸酯化合物、飽和環狀酯化合物、亞碸化合物、碸化合物、醯胺化合物、飽和鏈狀碳酸酯化合物、鏈狀醚化合物、環狀醚化合物、飽和鏈狀酯化合物等。
上述有機溶劑中,飽和環狀碳酸酯化合物、飽和環狀酯化合物、亞碸化合物、碸化合物及醯胺化合物由於相對介電常數較高,故而發揮出提高非水電解液之介電常數之作用,尤佳為飽和環狀碳酸酯化合物。作為此種飽和環狀碳酸酯化合物,例如可列舉:碳酸乙二酯、碳酸1,2-丙二酯、碳酸1,3-丙二酯、碳酸1,2-丁二酯、碳酸1,3-丁二酯、碳酸1,1-二甲基乙二酯等。作為上述飽和環狀酯化合物,可列舉:γ-丁內酯、γ-戊內酯、γ-己內酯、δ-己內酯、δ-辛內酯等。作為上述亞碸化合物,可列舉:二甲基亞碸、二乙基亞碸、二丙基亞碸、二苯基亞碸、噻吩等。作為上述碸化合物,可列舉:二甲基碸、二乙基碸、二丙基碸、二苯基碸、環丁碸(亦稱為四亞甲基碸)、3-甲基環丁碸、3,4-二甲基環丁碸、3,4-二苯基甲基環丁碸、環丁烯碸、3-甲基環丁烯碸、3-乙基環丁烯碸、3-溴甲基環丁烯碸等,較佳為環丁碸、四甲基環丁碸。作為上述醯胺化合物,可列舉:N-甲基吡咯啶酮、二甲基甲醯胺、二甲基乙醯胺等。
上述有機溶劑中,飽和鏈狀碳酸酯化合物、鏈狀醚化合物、環狀醚化合物及飽和鏈狀酯化合物可降低非水電解液之黏度,提高電解質離子之移動性等,而可使輸出密度等電池特性優異。又,由於為低黏度,故而可提高低溫下之非水電解液之性能,尤佳為飽和鏈狀碳酸酯化合物。作為此種飽和鏈狀碳酸酯化合物,例如可列舉:碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸乙酯甲酯(EMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸乙酯丁酯、碳酸甲酯第三丁酯、碳酸二異丙酯、碳酸第三丁酯丙酯等。作為上述鏈狀醚化合物或環狀醚化合物,例如可列舉:二甲氧基乙烷(DME)、乙氧基甲氧基乙烷、二乙氧基乙烷、四氫呋喃、二氧雜環戊烷、二烷、1,2-雙(甲氧基羰氧基)乙烷、1,2-雙(乙氧基羰氧基)乙烷、1,2-雙(乙氧基羰氧基)丙烷、乙二醇雙(三氟乙基)醚、丙二醇雙(三氟乙基)醚、乙二醇雙(三氟甲基)醚、二乙二醇雙(三氟乙基)醚等,該等中尤佳為二氧雜環戊烷。
作為上述飽和鏈狀酯化合物,較佳為分子中之碳數之合計為2~8之單酯化合物及雙酯化合物,作為具體化合物,可列舉:甲酸甲酯、甲酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸異丁酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丁酸甲酯、異丁酸甲酯、三甲基乙酸甲酯、三甲基乙酸乙酯、丙二酸甲酯、丙二酸乙酯、琥珀酸甲酯、琥珀酸乙酯、3-甲氧基丙酸甲酯、3-甲氧基丙酸乙酯、乙二醇雙乙醯、丙二醇雙乙醯等,較佳為甲酸甲酯、甲酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸異丁酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酸甲酯、及丙酸乙酯。
此外,亦可使用乙腈、丙腈、硝基甲烷或該等之衍生物作為有機溶劑。
作為本發明所使用之非水電解液之鋰鹽,使用先前公知之鋰鹽,例如可列舉:LiPF6、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiB(CF3SO3)4、LiB(C2O4)2、
LiBF2(C2O4)、LiSbF6、LiSiF5、LiAlF4、LiSCN、LiClO4、LiCl、LiF、LiBr、LiI、LiAlF4、LiAlCl4、及該等之衍生物等,該等中,使用選自由LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3、及LiC(CF3SO2)3及LiCF3SO3之衍生物、及LiC(CF3SO2)3之衍生物所組成之群之1種以上者由於電特性優異,故而較佳。
上述鋰鹽較佳為以本發明之非水電解液中之濃度成為0.1~3.0mol/L、特別是0.5~2.0mol/L之方式溶解於上述有機溶劑中。若該鋰鹽之濃度小於0.1mol/L,則有無法獲得充分之電流密度之情況,若大於3.0mol/L,則有損害非水電解液之穩定性之虞。上述鋰鹽亦可將2種以上之鋰鹽組合而使用。
又,為了對本發明之非水電解液賦予阻燃性,可適當添加鹵素系、磷系、及其他之阻燃劑。於阻燃劑之添加量過少之情形時,無法發揮出充分之阻燃化效果,又,於該添加量過多之情形時,不但無法獲得與調配量相應之增量效果,反而會對非水電解液之特性產生不良影響,因此相對於構成本發明之非水電解液之有機溶劑,較佳為1~50質量%,進而較佳為3~10質量%。
本發明之非水電解液可用作一次電池或二次電池中之任一種電池之非水電解液,如本發明般之非水電解液二次電池係藉由用作尤其是構成鋰離子二次電池之非水電解液而發揮出上述效果者。
<負極>
本發明所使用之可嵌脫鋰之負極只要可嵌脫鋰則無特別限定,較佳為如下所述。即,作為本發明之非水電解液二次電池之負極,使用將利用有機溶劑或水將負極活性物質與黏合劑漿化而成者塗佈於集電體上,進行乾燥而製成片狀者,視需要調配導電材料。
作為負極活性物質,使用天然石墨、人造石墨、難石墨化碳、易石墨化碳、鋰、鋰合金、錫合金、矽合金、氧化矽、氧化鈦等,但
並不限定於該等。
作為負極之黏合劑,例如可列舉:聚偏二氟乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、EPDM(Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer,乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物)、SBR(Styrene Butadiene Rubber,苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠)、NBR(Nitrile Butadiene Rubber,腈基-丁二烯橡膠)、氟橡膠、聚丙烯酸等,但並不限定於該等。負極之黏合劑之使用量相對於負極活性物質100質量份,較佳為0.001~5質量份,進而較佳為0.05~3質量份,最佳為0.01~2質量份。
作為負極之漿化之溶劑,例如可列舉:N-甲基吡咯啶酮、二甲基甲醯胺、二甲基乙醯胺、甲基乙基酮、環己酮、乙酸甲酯、丙烯酸甲酯、二乙基三胺、N,N-二甲胺基丙基胺、聚環氧乙烷、四氫呋喃等,但並不限定於該等。溶劑之使用量相對於負極活性物質100質量份,較佳為30~300質量份,進而較佳為50~200質量份。
負極集電體通常使用銅、鎳、不鏽鋼、鍍鎳鋼等。
又,作為視需要調配之導電材料,使用石墨之微粒子、乙炔黑、科琴黑等碳黑、針狀焦等無定形碳之微粒子等、碳奈米纖維等,但並不限定於該等。
<正極>
作為本發明所使用之含有過渡金屬與鋰之正極,與通常之二次電池同樣地使用利用有機溶劑或水將正極活性物質、黏合劑、導電材料等漿化而成者塗佈於集電體上,進行乾燥而製成片狀者。正極活性物質係含有過渡金屬與鋰者,較佳為含有1種過渡金屬與鋰之物質,例如可列舉:鋰過渡金屬複合氧化物、含鋰過渡金屬磷酸化合物等,亦可將該等混合而使用。作為上述鋰過渡金屬複合氧化物之過渡金屬,較佳為釩、鈦、鉻、錳、鐵、鈷、鎳、銅等。作為鋰過渡金屬複合氧化物之具體例,可列舉:LiCoO2等鋰鈷複合氧化物、LiNiO2等鋰
鎳複合氧化物、LiMnO2、LiMn2O4、Li2MnO3等鋰錳複合氧化物、將成為該等鋰過渡金屬複合氧化物之主體之過渡金屬原子之一部分置換為鋁、鈦、釩、鉻、錳、鐵、鈷、鋰、鎳、銅、鋅、鎂、鎵、鋯等其他金屬者等。作為經置換者之具體例,例如可列舉:LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2、LiNi0.80Co0.17Al0.03O2、LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2、LiMn1.8Al0.2O4、LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4等。作為上述含鋰過渡金屬磷酸化合物之過渡金屬,較佳為釩、鈦、錳、鐵、鈷、鎳等,作為具體例,例如可列舉:LiFePO4等磷酸鐵類、LiCoPO4等磷酸鈷類、將成為該等鋰過渡金屬磷酸化合物之主體之過渡金屬原子之一部分置換為鋁、鈦、釩、鉻、錳、鐵、鈷、鋰、鎳、銅、鋅、鎂、鎵、鋯、鈮等其他金屬者。
作為本發明所使用之非水電解液二次電池之正極之正極活性物質,就容易出現含有上述非水電解液之上述通式(1)所表示之雙羧酸酯化合物之添加效果而言,較佳為含有錳之含鋰金屬氧化物。於含有錳之含鋰化合物中,就作為正極活性物質之性能優異之方面而言,較佳為Li1.1Mn1.8Mg0.1O4、Li1.1Mn1.85Al0.05O4、LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/5O2、及LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2。
作為正極之黏合劑及漿化之溶劑,與上述負極所使用者相同。正極之黏合劑之使用量相對於正極活性物質100質量份,較佳為0.001~20質量份,進而較佳為0.01~10質量份,最佳為0.02~8質量份。正極之溶劑之使用量相對於正極活性物質100質量份,較佳為30~300質量份,進而較佳為50~200質量份。
作為正極之導電材料,使用石墨之微粒子、乙炔黑、科琴黑等碳黑、針狀焦炭等無定形碳之微粒子等、碳奈米纖維等,但並不限定於該等。正極之導電材料之使用量相對於正極活性物質100質量份,較佳為0.01~20質量份,進而較佳為0.1~10質量份。
作為正極之集電體,通常使用鋁、不鏽鋼、鍍鎳鋼等。
於本發明之非水電解液二次電池中,較佳為於正極與負極之間使用隔離膜,作為該隔離膜,並無特別限定,可使用通常使用之高分子微多孔膜。作為該膜,例如可列舉:包含以聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚偏二氯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚丙烯醯胺、聚四氟乙烯、聚碸、聚醚碸、聚碳酸酯、聚醯胺、聚醯亞胺、聚環氧乙烷或聚環氧丙烷等聚醚類、羧甲基纖維素或羥丙基纖維素等各種纖維素類、聚(甲基)丙烯酸及其各種酯類等作為主體之高分子化合物或其衍生物、該等之共聚物或混合物的膜等。該等膜可單獨使用,亦可將該等膜重疊而以複層膜之形式使用。進而,該等膜中可使用各種添加劑,其種類及含量並無特別限定。該等膜中,本發明之非水電解液二次電池較佳為使用包含聚乙烯或聚丙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚碸之膜。
該等膜係以電解液滲透而離子容易透過之方式進行微多孔化。作為該微多孔化之方法,可列舉:一面使高分子化合物與溶劑之溶液進行微相分離,一面製膜,萃取去除溶劑並進行多孔化之「相分離法」;以及,將熔融之高分子化合物以高拉伸比擠出而製膜後,進行熱處理,使結晶沿著一方向排列,進而藉由延伸於結晶間形成間隙而實現多孔化之「延伸法」等,根據所使用之膜而適當選擇。
於本發明之非水電解液二次電池中,對於正極材料、非水電解液及隔離膜,為了進一步提高安全性,亦可添加酚系抗氧化劑、磷系抗氧化劑、硫醚系抗氧化劑、受阻胺化合物等。
關於包含上述構成之本發明之非水電解液二次電池,其形狀並無特別限定,可製成硬幣型、圓柱型、方型等各種形狀。圖1係表示本發明之非水電解液二次電池之硬幣型電池之一例者,圖2及圖3係分別表示圓柱型電池之一例者。
於圖1所示之硬幣型非水電解液二次電池10中,1為可釋放鋰離子之正極,1a為正極集電體,2為包含可吸藏、釋放自正極釋放之鋰
離子之碳質材料的負極,2a為負極集電體,3為本發明之非水電解液,4為不鏽鋼製之正極殼體,5為不鏽鋼製之負極殼體,6為聚丙烯製之墊片,7為聚乙烯製之隔離膜。
又,於圖2及圖3所示之圓柱型非水電解液二次電池10'中,11為負極,12為負極集電體,13為正極,14為正極集電體,15為本發明之非水電解液,16為隔離膜,17為正極端子,18為負極端子,19為負極板,20為負極導線,21為正極板,22為正極導線,23為殼體,24為絕緣板,25為墊片,26為安全閥,27為PTC(Positive Temperature Coefficient,正溫度係數)元件。
其次,對本發明之新穎化合物進行詳細說明。本發明之新穎化合物係通式(1')所表示之化合物,係上述通式(1)所表示之化合物中R2~R7(R2'~R7')分別獨立為碳原子數1~10之烴基,且R2'~R7'之至少1個為乙烯基之化合物,
並且係上述通式(1')中之R1'表示碳原子數1~6之伸烷基、碳原子數2~6之伸烯基、碳原子數2~6之伸炔基或碳原子數6~12之伸芳基,於為碳原子數2~6之伸烯基而存在幾何異構體之情形時,本發明之新穎化合物為E體之化合物。
再者,R2'、R3'、R4'、R5'、R6'、R7'表示與上述通式(1)中之R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7相同之基中滿足特定碳原子數者。
作為本發明之新穎化合物,較佳為R1'為(E)-乙烯-1,2-二基、2-丙烯-1,2-二基、乙炔-1,2-二基之化合物。
本發明之新穎化合物並無特別限定,例如可藉由下述[化3]之方法製造。即,可藉由在鹼性條件下使雙羧酸(2')與鹵化矽烷化合物(3')進行反應而製造。
(式中,R1'~R7'與上述通式(1')相同,X為鹵素原子)
本發明之新穎化合物除上述非水電解液用之添加劑以外,亦可使用防污劑、脫模劑等。
實施例
以下,藉由實施例及比較例更詳細地說明本發明。但是,本發明不受以下實施例等之任何限定。再者,實施例中之「份」及「%」只要未特別預先說明,則為基於質量者。
下述製造例1~4係通式(1)所表示之雙羧酸酯化合物(以下,亦稱為本發明之化合物)之合成例,下述實施例1~2及比較例1~2係本發明之非水電解液二次電池之實施例及其比較例。
[製造例1]反丁烯二酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯(化合物A1)之合成
於燒瓶中添加反丁烯二酸(9.29g,0.0800mmol),減壓乾燥後,進行氬氣置換。添加250mL四氫呋喃,於冰浴冷卻下添加三乙胺(24.5mL,0.176mmol)後,滴加氯二甲基乙烯基矽烷(23.8mL,0.176mmol),於室溫下攪拌3小時。於氬氣下進行過濾、蒸發,對所獲得之粗產物(4mmHg,油浴135~140℃,氣體105~110℃)進行蒸餾,而獲得無色液體18.4g(產率81%)。藉由1H-NMR(1Hydrogen-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,氫核磁共振)、IR(Infrared Radiation,紅外線輻射)確認所獲得之液體為目標物。將資料示於[表1]。
[製造例2]反丁烯二酸雙(正丁基二甲基矽烷基)酯(化合物A2)之合成
於燒瓶中添加反丁烯二酸(11.6g,0.100mmol),減壓乾燥後,進行氬氣置換。添加200mL四氫呋喃,於冰浴冷卻下添加三乙胺(28.6mL,0.205mmol)後,滴加氯丁基二甲基矽烷(35.5mL,0.205mmol),於室溫下攪拌1小時。於氬氣下進行過濾、蒸發,對所獲得之粗產物進行蒸餾(2mmHg,油浴180℃,氣體150℃),而獲得無色液體26.0g(產率75%)。藉由1H-NMR、IR確認所獲得之液體為目標物。將資料示於[表1]。
[製造例3]伊康酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯(化合物A3)之合成
除了將反丁烯二酸變更為伊康酸以外,藉由與製造例1相同之方法進行合成。藉由1H-NMR、IR確認所獲得之液體為目標物(產率72%)。將資料示於[表1]。
[製造例4]乙炔二羧酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯(化合物A4)之合成
除了將反丁烯二酸變更為乙炔二羧酸以外,藉由與製造例1相同之方法進行合成。藉由1H-NMR、IR確認所獲得之液體為目標物(產率70%)。將資料示於[表1]。
[實施例1~7及比較例1~2]非水電解液二次電池之製作及評價
於實施例及比較例中,非水電解液二次電池(非水電解液二次電池)係依據以下製作順序而製作。
<製作順序>
[正極之製作]
將作為活性物質之LiMn2O4 90質量份、作為導電材料之乙炔黑5質量份、及作為黏合劑之聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)5質量份混合後,使之分散於N-甲基-2-吡咯啶酮(NMP)140質量份中而製成漿料狀。將該漿料塗佈於鋁製之集電體上,乾燥後進行加壓成形。其後,將該正極切割為特定大小而製作圓盤狀正極。
[負極之製作]
將作為活性物質之人造石墨97.0質量份、作為黏合劑之苯乙烯丁二烯橡膠1.5質量份、及作為增黏劑之羧甲基纖維素1.5質量份混合,使之分散於水120質量份中而製成漿料狀。將該漿料塗佈於銅製之負極集電體上,乾燥後進行加壓成形。其後,將該負極切割為特定大小而製作圓盤狀負極。
[電解質溶液之製備]
於包含碳酸乙二酯30體積%、碳酸乙酯甲酯40體積%、碳酸二甲酯30體積%之混合溶劑中,以1mol/L之濃度溶解LiPF6,而製備電解質溶液。
[非水電解液之製備]
將作為電解液添加劑之化合物A1~A6或下述所示之比較化合物A'1如[表2]所記載般溶解於電解質溶液中,而製備本發明之非水電解液及比較非水電解液。再者,[表2]中之( )內之數字表示於非水電解液中之濃度(質量%)。
[化合物A5]順丁烯二酸雙(二甲基乙烯基矽烷基)酯
[化合物A6]順丁烯二酸雙(三乙烯基矽烷基)酯
[化合物A'1]
反丁烯二酸雙(三甲基矽烷基)酯
[電池之組裝]
將所獲得之圓盤狀正極與圓盤狀負極隔著厚度為25μm之聚乙烯製之微多孔膜保持於殼體內。其後,將上述所製備之非水電解液注入殼體內,密閉、密封殼體,而製作實施例1~2及比較例1~2之非水電解液二次電池(Φ20mm,厚度為3.2mm之硬幣型)。
針對上述所製造之非水電解液二次電池,藉由下述試驗法進行評價。將該等之結果示於[表3]及[表4]。
<覆膜形成能力評價>
將非水電解液二次電池放入25℃之恆溫槽內,進行1次如下操作:以充電電流0.3mA/cm2(相當於0.2C之電流值)定電流定電壓充電至4.2V,以放電電流0.3mA/cm2(相當於0.2C之電流值)定電流放電至3.0V。其後,拆解非水電解液二次電池,取出圓盤狀負極。利用Keithley公司製造之電源電錶測定所取出之圓盤狀負極之表面電阻(電解液接觸側)。
根據上述試驗表明,本發明中所使用之通式(1)所表示之化合物於電極上之覆膜形成能力較高,保護電極之效果較高。
<初期放電容量試驗>
將非水電解液二次電池放入20℃之恆溫槽內,進行5次如下操作:以充電電流0.3mA/cm2(相當於0.2C之電流值)定電流定電壓充電至4.3V,以放電電流0.3mA/cm2(相當於0.2C之電流值)定電流放電至3.0V。其後,以充電電流0.3mA/cm2定電流定電壓充電至4.3V,以放電電流0.3mA/cm2定電流放電至3.0V。將該第6次所測得之放電容量設為電池之初期放電容量。將比較例1之非水電解液二次電池之初期放電容量設為100,求出其他非水電解液二次電池之初期放電容量比(%)。
根據初期放電容量試驗表明,即便使用本發明中所使用之通式(1)所表示之化合物,亦不會降低初期特性。
根據上述結果明確,本發明之化合物於保持非水電解液二次電池之特性之情況下容易形成抑制自電極之金屬溶出的覆膜。
1‧‧‧正極
1a‧‧‧正極集電體
2‧‧‧負極
2a‧‧‧負極集電體
3‧‧‧電解液
4‧‧‧正極殼體
5‧‧‧負極殼體
6‧‧‧墊片
7‧‧‧隔離膜
10‧‧‧硬幣型之非水電解液二次電池
Claims (5)
- 一種非水電解液二次電池,其係具有可嵌脫鋰之負極、含有過渡金屬與鋰之正極、及使鋰鹽溶解於有機溶劑中而成之非水電解液者,其特徵在於:上述非水電解液中含有下述通式(1)所表示之雙羧酸酯化合物,
- 如請求項1之非水電解液二次電池,其中上述通式(1)中之R2~R7中之至少1個為碳原子數2~6之烯基。
- 一種非水電解液二次電池用非水電解液,其係具有可嵌脫鋰之負極、含有過渡金屬與鋰之正極、及使鋰鹽溶解於有機溶劑中而成之非水電解液的非水電解液二次電池用之非水電解液,其特徵在於:上述非水電解液中含有下述通式(1)所表示之雙羧酸酯化合物,
- 如請求項3之非水電解液二次電池用非水電解液,其中上述通式(1)中之R2~R7中之至少1個為碳原子數2~6之烯基。
- 一種化合物,其以下述通式(1')表示,
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