TW201602725A - 光增感劑及光電轉換元件 - Google Patents
光增感劑及光電轉換元件 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201602725A TW201602725A TW104119487A TW104119487A TW201602725A TW 201602725 A TW201602725 A TW 201602725A TW 104119487 A TW104119487 A TW 104119487A TW 104119487 A TW104119487 A TW 104119487A TW 201602725 A TW201602725 A TW 201602725A
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- Prior art keywords
- group
- aldehyde
- hydrogen atom
- alkyl group
- synthesis
- Prior art date
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000003504 photosensitizing agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004453 alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004414 alkyl thio group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 96
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 55
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 44
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 38
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- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 24
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 16
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- -1 alkali metal salt Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 15
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
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- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000019646 color tone Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-bromosuccinimide Chemical compound BrN1C(=O)CCC1=O PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000002178 anthracenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- QQVDYSUDFZZPSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M chloromethylidene(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)=CCl QQVDYSUDFZZPSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000004440 column chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N deoxycholic acid Natural products C1CC2CC(O)CCC2(C)C2C1C1CCC(C(CCC(O)=O)C)C1(C)C(O)C2 KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 3
- CCGKOQOJPYTBIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ketene group Chemical group C=C=O CCGKOQOJPYTBIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 3
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000000147 tetrahydroquinolinyl group Chemical group N1(CCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- BHQCQFFYRZLCQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3alpha,5alpha,7alpha,12alpha)-3,7,12-trihydroxy-cholan-24-oic acid Natural products OC1CC2CC(O)CCC2(C)C2C1C1CCC(C(CCC(O)=O)C)C1(C)C(O)C2 BHQCQFFYRZLCQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YSHMQTRICHYLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-tert-butylpyridine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=NC=C1 YSHMQTRICHYLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004380 Cholic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000007239 Wittig reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005882 aldol condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004183 alkoxy alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005210 alkyl ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004448 alkyl carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BIVUUOPIAYRCAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N aminoazanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.NN BIVUUOPIAYRCAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043376 ammonium acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019257 ammonium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001000 anthraquinone dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005129 aryl carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001164 benzothiazolyl group Chemical group S1C(=NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004541 benzoxazolyl group Chemical group O1C(=NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- WGQKYBSKWIADBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzylamine Chemical compound NCC1=CC=CC=C1 WGQKYBSKWIADBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003613 bile acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 1
- 238000009933 burial Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- VTJUKNSKBAOEHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N calixarene Chemical compound COC(=O)COC1=C(CC=2C(=C(CC=3C(=C(C4)C=C(C=3)C(C)(C)C)OCC(=O)OC)C=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)OCC(=O)OC)C=C(C(C)(C)C)C=C1CC1=C(OCC(=O)OC)C4=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C1 VTJUKNSKBAOEHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003739 carbamimidoyl group Chemical group C(N)(=N)* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001728 carbonyl compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012295 chemical reaction liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006880 cross-coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003983 crown ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006165 cyclic alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229960002997 dehydrocholic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N deoxycholic acid Chemical compound C([C@H]1CC2)[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@H]([C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C)[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C1 KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003964 deoxycholic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000004663 dialkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005266 diarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002147 dimethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])N(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003754 ethoxycarbonyl group Chemical group C(=O)(OCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005448 ethoxyethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])OC([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229940093499 ethyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019439 ethyl acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000031 ethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N([H])[*] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004705 ethylthio group Chemical group C(C)S* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002140 halogenating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002198 insoluble material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007733 ion plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002462 isocyano group Chemical group *[N+]#[C-] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009766 low-temperature sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002816 methylsulfanyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])S[*] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002757 morpholinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002896 organic halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000005561 phenanthryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000286 phenylethyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005496 phosphonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000243 photosynthetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003386 piperidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium tert-butoxide Chemical compound [K+].CC(C)(C)[O-] LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005493 quinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003303 ruthenium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N schardinger α-dextrin Chemical compound O1C(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(O)C2O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC2C(O)C(O)C1OC2CO HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035807 sensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019615 sensations Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NRHMKIHPTBHXPF-TUJRSCDTSA-M sodium cholate Chemical compound [Na+].C([C@H]1C[C@H]2O)[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@H]([C@@H](CCC([O-])=O)C)[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C1 NRHMKIHPTBHXPF-TUJRSCDTSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- NONOKGVFTBWRLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioisocyanate group Chemical group S(N=C=O)N=C=O NONOKGVFTBWRLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- SRPWOOOHEPICQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimellitic anhydride Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 SRPWOOOHEPICQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SWGJCIMEBVHMTA-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium;6-oxido-4-sulfo-5-[(4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].C1=CC=C2C(N=NC3=C4C(=CC(=CC4=CC=C3O)S([O-])(=O)=O)S([O-])(=O)=O)=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C2=C1 SWGJCIMEBVHMTA-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001429 visible spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
- C09B23/0066—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes the polymethine chain being part of a carbocyclic ring,(e.g. benzene, naphtalene, cyclohexene, cyclobutenene-quadratic acid)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
- C09B23/0075—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes the polymethine chain being part of an heterocyclic ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
- C09B23/02—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes the polymethine chain containing an odd number of >CH- or >C[alkyl]- groups
- C09B23/04—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes the polymethine chain containing an odd number of >CH- or >C[alkyl]- groups one >CH- group, e.g. cyanines, isocyanines, pseudocyanines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
- C09B23/02—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes the polymethine chain containing an odd number of >CH- or >C[alkyl]- groups
- C09B23/06—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes the polymethine chain containing an odd number of >CH- or >C[alkyl]- groups three >CH- groups, e.g. carbocyanines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
- C09B23/02—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes the polymethine chain containing an odd number of >CH- or >C[alkyl]- groups
- C09B23/08—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes the polymethine chain containing an odd number of >CH- or >C[alkyl]- groups more than three >CH- groups, e.g. polycarbocyanines
- C09B23/083—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes the polymethine chain containing an odd number of >CH- or >C[alkyl]- groups more than three >CH- groups, e.g. polycarbocyanines five >CH- groups
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/656—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising two or more different heteroatoms per ring
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
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- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/10—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors
- H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
- H10K30/151—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2 the wide bandgap semiconductor comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
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Abstract
本發明提供一種轉換效率及耐久性優異的光增感劑。本發明的光增感劑的特徵在於:其為下述式所表示的色素或其鹽。□(m為0~4的整數。n為0或1的整數。p為0~2的整數。R1
、R2
、R3
表示氫原子、烷基或芳基等,R4
、R4
'、R4
''、R5
、R6
、R7
、R8
、R9
為氫原子、烷基等。X為羰基等。Z1
、Z2
表示羧基等)
Description
本發明是有關於一種光增感劑及使用該光增感劑的光電轉換元件。
近年來作為下一代型太陽電池而受到關注的有機系太陽電池中,大致區分而存在有機薄膜型與色素增感型。有機薄膜太陽電池是將有機材料組合來製作p-n接合並加以利用,工作機制(mechanism)與矽所代表的無機系太陽電池完全相同。相對於此,色素增感太陽電池(Dye Sensitized Solar Cell,DSC)於使用修飾電極的方面具有特徵,所述修飾電極是將有機色素作為光增感劑組合至氧化鈦或氧化鋅等無機半導體中而成,另外色素增感太陽電池的工作機制亦與無機系太陽電池完全不同,不如說接近光合成。該亦應稱為無機·有機混合型分子元件的太陽電池尤其作為低成本型太陽電池而受到關注(非專利文獻1)。
另外,先前的太陽電池均是色調為單色而缺乏設計性,相較於此,色素增感太陽電池僅藉由改變色素的種類便可製作紅色、藍色、黃色等各種色調。該豐富的顏色變化(variation)於設計性方面亦非常優異,期待多種用途及市場擴大。
色素增感太陽電池的作用電極是於導電性基板上燒結積層氧化鈦或氧化鋅等無機半導體並吸附增感色素而成,具有以碘系電解液將該作用電極與鉑等的相對電極之間充滿的簡單結構,故製造容易。另外,製造時無需真空線(line)等特殊的設備,與先前型的太陽電池相比容易降低成本。尤其被稱為格雷策爾(Graetzel)方式DSC的色素增感太陽電池除了電極等的材料價廉以外,亦無需特殊的設備投資,可實現高度的低成本化的可能性高。對於所述電極,使用藉由奈米粒子的高溫燒結所製作的粗糙因數(roughness factor)高的多孔質的氧化鈦,目前藉由在其中組合釕色素作為光增感劑,已達成了12%以上的高轉換效率,產品化亦可謂近在眼前。
然而,於該格雷策爾型DSC的實用化方面亦留有必須解決(clear)的課題。例如,目前處於實用化水準的高轉換效率色素大部分為釕錯合物(例如專利文獻1),但釕為埋藏量少的稀少金屬,存在資源方面的問題。進而,成本方面的問題亦大,而且亦存在金屬特有的毒性的問題。為了克服該情況,無金屬(metal free)有機色素的開發於世界上正在盛行,但現狀為於轉換效率及耐久性的方面尚未達到實用水準(例如專利文獻2)。另外,該些高性能型有機色素大多為黃色至紫紅色,強烈期望開發出於更長的波長範圍內具有吸收的高性能且耐久性高的藍色色素。 [現有技術文獻] [專利文獻]
[專利文獻1]日本專利第3731752號公報 [專利文獻2]日本專利第4080288號公報 [非專利文獻]
[非專利文獻1]「自然(Nature)」(353,p737-740(1991))
[發明所欲解決之課題]
如上所述,目前已報告的無金屬有機色素於轉換效率、耐久性方面均性能不充分,進而賦予設計性所必需的顏色變化亦不足,而期望開發出新穎的色素。
另外,已知與所述氧化鈦相比,作為良好電極材料的氧化鋅的增感格外困難。於氧化鈦中為高性能的色素大部分即便沿用於氧化鋅電極,亦未發揮充分的性能,進而非常不穩定。因此,迫切期望開發出可用於氧化鈦以外的電極材料、特別是氧化鋅或氧化錫的增感的高性能且通用性高的新穎有機色素。另外,於DSC的輕量化方面而言,必須利用塑膠基板而非玻璃基板,必須開發出藉由低溫燒結可製作的無機電極材料及組合至其中的高性能的新穎有機色素。
本發明是鑒於所述課題而成,其目的在於提供一種用於氧化鈦或氧化鋅電極的增感的高轉換效率、耐久性高且富於顏色變化的價廉的光增感劑(新穎有機色素)。另外,本發明的目的在於提供一種具有含有該光增感劑的光吸收層的光電轉換元件。 [解決課題之手段]
本發明者等人進行了努力研究,結果新開發出了於施體部中具有吲哚啉骨架或四氫喹啉骨架、於受體部中具有烯酮結構的下述通式(I)所表示的色素,且發現藉由使用該色素作為光增感劑,可於紫紅色至藍綠色的廣泛的可見光譜範圍內獲得高轉換效率的光電轉換元件,從而完成了發明。
即,本發明的光增感劑的特徵在於其為下述通式(I)所表示的色素或其鹽,更詳細而言,所述光增感劑的特徵在於在電子受體部位中具有新穎烯酮結構。
[化1](式(I)中,m表示0~4的整數。n表示0或1的整數。p表示0~2的整數。R1
、R2
表示氫原子、烷基或芳基,亦可鍵結而形成芳香環、脂肪環。R3
表示烷基、芳基、芳烷基或雜環殘基。R4
、R4
'、R4
''表示氫原子、烷基、芳烷基、烷氧基、經取代的胺基或鹵素原子,亦可由R4
'與R4
''鍵結而形成環狀結構。R5
、R6
表示氫原子、烷基、烷氧基或烷硫基,亦可由R5
與R6
鍵結而形成環狀結構。R7
、R8
、R9
表示氫原子、烷基、芳烷基、烯基或芳基,亦可由R7
與R8
或R8
與R9
鍵結而形成脂肪環。X表示氧原子、硫原子、伸烷基、經取代的胺基、羰基、磺醯基或脂肪族螺環。Z1
、Z2
表示氫原子、羥基、羧基、烷氧基羰基、磺酸基或經取代的胺基。其中,分子內的取代基中至少一個具有酸基(acidic group))
本發明的光電轉換元件的特徵在於具有含有所述通式(I)所表示的色素或其鹽的光增感劑的光吸收層。 [發明的效果]
與先前已知的色素相比,作為本發明的光增感劑的所述通式(I)所表示的色素或其鹽可提高光電轉換效率,並且提高色素的吸附穩定性。其作用機制雖未必明確,但可認為,由吲哚啉骨架或四氫喹啉骨架的施體部與新穎烯酮結構的受體部之間的π電子的有效率的推挽(push-pull)作用所致的光電子移動的效率化影響高轉換效率。
另外,本發明的光增感劑與現有色素相比亦有以下優點:因導入長的連結子(linker)而長波長化的效果極高,及可藉由取代基來進行色調的微調整。進而可認為,現有的藍色色素為假吲哚(indolenine)或苯并噻唑等將氮加以四級鹽化而成的具有陽離子性的受體,故受到空氣中的氧的強烈影響,但本發明的色素為非離子性化合物,色素的氧化電位高而難以受到由空氣氧化所致的分解,故耐久性格外提高。因該共軛結構的導入而推挽效果增強,藉此莫耳吸光係數變高,同時亦可達成長波長化,故可成為最適於光電轉換元件的光增感劑。
進而,若使用本發明的光增感劑作為光電轉換元件的光吸收層,則可獲得實用化水準的轉換效率。本發明的光增感劑可於廣範圍的波長範圍內提高光電轉換效率,對於設計性亦受到重視的色素增感太陽電池發揮特別優異的效果。
以下,對本發明的光增感劑加以詳細說明。 本發明的光增感劑的所述通式(I)所表示的化合物可為所述通式(I)所表示的自由(free)酸及其鹽的任一種。所述通式(I)所表示的化合物的鹽例如可列舉:羧酸的鋰、鈉、鉀、鎂、鈣等鹼金屬鹽或鹼土金屬鹽,或四甲基銨、四丁基銨、吡啶鎓、哌啶鎓、咪唑鎓等烷基銨鹽。
通式(I)中的R1
、R2
表示氫原子、烷基或芳基,烷基例如可列舉:甲基、乙基、丙基等直鏈烷基,異丙基、異丁基等分支烷基,環戊基、環己基等環狀烷基,該些烷基亦可經後述取代基進一步取代。芳基例如可列舉:苯基、萘基、蒽基、菲基、芘基、茚基、薁基、茀基等,該些基團亦可更具有取代基。R1
與R2
亦可相互鍵結而形成芳香環、脂肪環,此時形成的環狀結構例如可列舉:苯、萘、環戊烷、環戊酮、吡啶、哌啶、哌嗪、吡唑、吡咯、咪唑、噻唑、吲哚、喹啉、咔唑等,該些環狀結構亦可更具有取代基,或亦可更具有環狀結構作為取代基。
取代基可列舉以下基團作為例子:氰基、異氰基、硫代異氰酸基、異硫代異氰酸基、硝基、亞硝醯基、磺基、鹵素原子、羥基、磷酸基、磷酸酯基、經取代或未經取代的巰基、經取代或未經取代的胺基、經取代或未經取代的醯胺基、烷氧基、烷氧基烷烴基、羧基、烷氧基羰基、烷基、芳基、醯基等,但並無特別限定。
詳細而言,醯基較佳為例如碳數1~10的烷基羰基、芳基羰基。鹵素原子可列舉氯、溴、碘等的原子,磷酸酯基例如可列舉磷酸烷基(C1-C4)酯基等。經取代的巰基例如可列舉甲硫基、乙硫基等烷硫基等。
經取代的胺基例如可列舉單烷基胺基或二烷基胺基、單芳基胺基或二芳基胺基等,且可列舉:單甲基胺基或二甲基胺基、單乙基胺基或二乙基胺基、單丙基胺基或二丙基胺基、單苯基胺基或單苄基胺基等。經取代的醯胺基例如可列舉烷基醯胺基、芳香族醯胺基等。烷氧基例如可列舉碳數1~10的烷氧基等。烷氧基烷基例如可列舉乙氧基乙基等(C1-C10)烷氧基(C1-C4)烷基等。
烷氧基羰基例如可列舉乙氧基羰基等碳數1~10的烷氧基羰基等。另外,羧基、磺基及磷酸基等酸基亦可形成鋰、鈉、鉀、鎂、鈣等的金屬鹽或四甲基銨、四丁基銨、吡啶鎓、哌啶鎓、咪唑鎓等銨鹽般的有機鹽。
R3
表示烷基、芳基、芳烷基或雜環殘基,烷基、芳基的例子與上文所述的情況相同。芳烷基是指經如後述般的芳基所取代的烷基,例如可列舉苄基、苯基乙基、甲基萘基等,該些基團亦可更具有取代基。所謂雜環殘基,是指自雜環式化合物中去掉一個氫原子所得的基團,例如可列舉:吡啶基、吡嗪基、哌啶基、吡唑基、嗎啉基、吲哚基、噻吩基、呋喃基、噁唑基、噻唑基、吲哚基、苯并噻唑基、苯并噁唑基、喹啉基、若丹林基(rhodanyl)等,該些基團亦可更具有取代基。
通式(I)中的R4
、R4
'、R4
''表示氫原子、烷基、芳烷基、烷氧基、經取代的胺基或鹵素原子,該些基團的例子與上文所述的情況相同。R4
'與R4
''亦可相互鍵結而形成環狀結構,該些環狀結構的例子與上文所述的情況相同。
通式(I)中的R5
、R6
表示氫原子、烷基、烷氧基或烷硫基,該些基團的例子與上文所述的情況相同。R5
與R6
亦可相互鍵結而形成環狀結構,該些環狀結構的例子與上文所述的情況相同。
通式(I)中的R7
、R8
、R9
表示氫原子、烷基、芳烷基、烯基或芳基,烷基、芳烷基、芳基的例子與上文所述的情況相同。烯基例如可列舉乙烯基、烯丙基,該些基團亦可更具有取代基。該些基團的例子與上文所述的情況相同。R7
與R8
或R8
與R9
亦可相互鍵結而形成脂肪環,該些脂肪環的例子與上文所述的情況相同。
通式(I)中的X表示氧原子、硫原子、伸烷基、經取代的胺基、羰基、磺醯基或脂肪族螺環。伸烷基例如可列舉二甲基亞甲基、二丁基亞甲基等。脂肪族螺環例如可列舉環戊烷、環己烷、環己烯、環己二烯等,該些脂肪族螺環亦可更具有取代基。 通式(I)中的Z1
、Z2
表示氫原子、羥基、羧基、烷氧基羰基、磺酸基或經取代的胺基,該些基團的例子與上文所述的情況相同。
通式(I)所表示的化合物的分子內的取代基中至少一個具有酸基。酸基較佳為羧基、磺酸基、磺醯基或磷醯基或該些酸基的鹽的任一種。所謂酸基,亦可為經由連結基而鍵結的基團,例如可列舉羧基伸乙烯基、二羧基伸乙烯基、氰基羧基伸乙烯基、羧基苯基等作為較佳基團。
於通式(I)所表示的化合物的共軛鏈部位上可取E型、Z型的幾何異構物,另外於吲哚啉骨架或四氫喹啉骨架的3a位上可取光學異構物,無論為哪一種均具有作為光增感劑的效果,可用作本發明的色素。 以下具體示出通式(I)的化合物的例子,但本發明當然不限定於該些例子。
[化2]
[化3][化4]
[化5]
[化6]
[化7]
[化8]
[化9]
[化10]
[化11]
[化12]
[化13]
[化14]
繼而,以下示出通式(I)所表示的色素的合成路徑。
[化15]
合成中間體(1)的方法可利用將由酮與芳基肼所生成的芳基腙於硫酸等酸觸媒下加熱的所謂費歇爾(Fischer)的吲哚合成方法等,另外喹啉環的合成時可利用斯克勞普(Skraup)法等。該些雜環可利用催化還原等適當的方法而還原成中間體(1)。
中間體(2)可藉由中間體(1)與中間體(3)的使用鈀觸媒的偶合反應而容易地合成。 由中間體(2)來合成中間體(4)的方法(m=0)可列舉維爾斯邁爾(Vilsmeier)反應所代表的甲醛化反應。
於導入共軛鏈的情形時(m≠0),可首先藉由N-溴丁二醯亞胺(N-bromo succinimide,NBS)等鹵化劑將中間體(2)製成溴取代體(5),繼而藉由鈴木偶合等將共軛鏈延長後,經由維爾斯邁爾(Vilsmeier)反應的甲醛化而合成中間體(4)。藉由在鈴木偶合時使用已具有甲醛基的硼酸酯,可於一步驟中進行共軛鏈的延長與甲醛基的導入。鈴木偶合為使有機鹵素化合物與有機硼化合物於鈀觸媒下進行交叉偶合的方法,因條件相對較溫和或官能基選擇性高,故為被廣泛地使用的有用方法。
將中間體(4)與烯酮化合物縮合而獲得色素(6)的方法可列舉:羥醛(aldol)縮合或腦文格(Knoevenagel)縮合等利用羰基化合物與活性亞甲基的反應的方法、利用維蒂希(Wittig)反應的烯烴合成的方法。
繼而,使用圖式對本發明的光電轉換元件加以說明。圖1為表示本發明的光電轉換元件的一實施形態的概略示意圖。光電轉換元件1是於表面上具有導電性的基板2上依序積層半導體層3、電解質層4及相對電極5而成,所述半導體層3含有使色素(本發明的光增感劑)吸附於氧化物半導體層而形成的光吸收層。
導電性的基板可使用如金屬般支撐體本身具有導電性者,或在表面上具有導電性的情況下可使用玻璃或塑膠作為支撐體。該情形時,導電層的材料可使用摻錫的氧化銦(Indium Tin Oxide,ITO)、摻氟的氧化錫(F-doped Tin Oxide,FTO)、金、鉑等或將該些材料組合多種而成的材料,可藉由真空蒸鍍法、濺鍍蒸鍍法、離子鍍敷法、化學氣相成長法(Chemical Vapor Deposition,CVD)等方法將該些材料直接形成於基板上,或將形成有該些材料的膜貼附於基板上,藉此形成導電層,由此形成表面上具有導電性的基板。
氧化物半導體的具體例可列舉:鈦、錫、鋅、鎢、鋯、鎵、銦、釔、鈮、鉭、釩等的氧化物。該些氧化物半導體中,較佳為鈦、錫、鋅、鈮、鎢等的氧化物,該些氧化物中,就(1)價廉、(2)容易形成多孔質體、(3)作為電極的導電性、耐久性、穩定性及安全性、(4)與本發明中合成的光增感劑的能階的適合性等觀點而言,較佳為鈦、鋅的氧化物。該些氧化物半導體可單獨使用一種,亦可適當併用兩種以上。
關於氧化物半導體,可將該些氧化物半導體的微粒子塗佈於基板上,利用電爐或微波等進行加熱處理或電沈積(electrodeposition),藉此於基板上形成多孔質。 作為使色素吸附於氧化物半導體層的方法,可使用將形成有該氧化物半導體層的基板浸漬於色素溶液中或色素分散液中等的方法,藉此可形成半導體層。溶液的濃度可根據色素而適當決定,可用於使色素溶解的溶劑的具體例例如可較佳地列舉:甲醇、乙醇、乙腈、二甲基亞碸、二甲基甲醯胺、丙酮、第三丁醇等。
再者,於使色素吸附於氧化物半導體微粒子的薄膜時,亦可將共吸附劑添加至色素溶液中。共吸附劑可列舉:膽酸等的類固醇系化合物、冠醚、環糊精、杯芳烴、聚環氧乙烷等,更佳為去氧膽酸、去氫膽酸、膽酸甲基酯、膽酸鈉等。
關於電解質層,可使用乙腈與碳酸乙二酯的混合液或甲氧基丙腈等作為溶劑,使用添加有包含金屬碘或碘化鋰等碘化物的電解質等的液體電解質或高分子凝膠電解液等凝固體化電解質、p型半導體、電洞傳輸劑等固體電解質來形成電解質層。
相對電極於必需透明性的情形時可與所述具有導電性的基板同樣地製作,於無需透明性的情形時,可使用碳或導電性聚合物、通常的金屬等來製作。
本發明的光增感劑亦可用作有機薄膜太陽電池的光吸收層。 以下使用實施例對本發明加以更詳細說明。 [實施例]
本實施例的中間體(A-01)~中間體(A-03)、中間體醛(B-01)~中間體醛(B-13)、中間體(C-01)的結構是由下述化學式來表示。
[化16]
[化17]
[中間體的合成] (醛(B-01)的合成) 將中間體(A-01)(5.2 g)、中間體(A-03)(11.7 g)、第三丁醇鉀(5.5 g)、乙酸鈀(74 mg)、三-第三丁基膦(0.3 g)溶解於間二甲苯(40 mL)中,對體系內進行氮氣置換後,於120℃下加熱攪拌8小時。將反應混合物冷卻至室溫後,將不溶物過濾,將濾液水洗並利用無水硫酸鈉加以乾燥後,進行減壓濃縮,獲得褐色油(15.0 g)。繼而,於冰浴冷卻下於DMF(25 mL)中滴加磷醯氯(10.0 g)而調整維爾斯邁爾(Vilsmeier)試劑,於該維爾斯邁爾(Vilsmeier)試劑中滴加所述褐色油(15.0 g)並於室溫下攪拌3小時。於反應液中添加水(100 ml),繼而添加25%氫氧化鈉水溶液而將pH值調整為11。利用氯仿來萃取該反應液,利用無水硫酸鈉將有機層乾燥後,進行減壓濃縮,藉由管柱層析法(矽膠(silica gel),展開溶劑:CHCl3
)將殘渣分離純化,藉此獲得11.6 g的醛(B-01)的土黃色固體(產率為80%)。
藉由核磁共振(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,NMR)分析對所得的醛(B-01)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ (ppm) = 9.70 (1H, s), 7.61 (1H, dd, J = 1.6, 1.2 Hz), 7.50 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 1.6 Hz), 7.24-7.41 (10H, m), 7.07 (2H, d, J = 9.2 Hz), 7.03 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 6.95 (1H, s), 6.85 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 4.83-4.87 (1H, m), 3.78-3.83 (1H, m), 2.00-2.10 (1H, m), 1.82-1.91 (2H, m), 1.73-1.80 (1H, m), 1.62-1.71 (1H, m), 1.40-1.52 (1H, m)
(醛(B-02)的合成) 醛(B-02)亦是使用對應的中間體以與(醛(B-01)的合成)相同的路徑而合成。 藉由NMR分析對所得的醛(B-02)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ (ppm) = 9.71 (1H, s), 7.72 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.68 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 7.66 (1H, s), 7.54 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.2 Hz), 7.43 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 7.36 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.33 (1H, dd, J = 7.2, 1.2 Hz), 7.31 (1H, dd, J = 7.6, 2.0 Hz), 7.26 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz), 6.85 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 5.00 (1H, br.t, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.87 (1H, dt, J = 8.4, 2.4 Hz), 2.04-2.14 (1H, m), 1.88-1.99 (2H, m), 1.76-1.85 (1H, m), 1.67-1.75 (1H, m), 1.52-1.61 (1H, m), 1.51 (3H, s), 1.50 (3H, s)
(醛(B-03)的合成) 醛(B-03)亦是使用對應的中間體以與(醛(B-01)的合成)相同的路徑而合成。 藉由NMR分析對所得的醛(B-03)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ (ppm) = 9.71 (1H, s), 7.70 (1H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 6.3 Hz), 7.66 (1H, s), 7.54 (1H, dd, J = 8.3, 1.4 Hz), 7.25-7.35 (5H, m), 6.83 (1H, d, J = 8.3 Hz), 5.02 (1H, br.t, J = 6.8 Hz), 3.87 (1H, br.t, J = 7.3 Hz), 2.05-2.14 (1H, m), 1.90-1.98 (6H, m), 1.69-1.81 (2H, m), 1.50-1.59 (1H, m), 1.09 (4H, m), 0.72 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz), 0.68 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz), 0.59-0.73 (4H, m)
(醛(B-04)的合成) 利用與(醛(B-01)的合成)相同的方法使中間體(A-01)與中間體(A-03)偶合後,利用NBS加以溴化,與硼酸類反應,使其與維爾斯邁爾(Vilsmeier)試劑反應,藉此合成醛(B-04)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的醛(B-04)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ (ppm) = 9.82 (1H, s), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 4.0 Hz), 7.24-7.39 (13H, m), 7.05 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.00 (2H, d, J = 9.2 Hz), 6.95 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 6.94 (1H, s), 4.75-4.80 (1H, m), 3.81-3.86 (1H, m), 2.02-2.11 (1H, m), 1.77-1.93 (3H, m), 1.61-1.71 (1H, m), 1.43-1.54 (1H, m)
(醛(B-05)的合成) 醛(B-05)亦是使用對應的中間體以與(醛(B-04)的合成)相同的路徑而合成。 藉由NMR分析對所得的醛(B-05)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ (ppm) = 9.83 (1H, s), 7.66-7.70 (3H, m), 7.41-7.44 (3H, m), 7.23-7.36 (5H, m), 6.97 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 4.92-4.95 (1H, m), 3.87-3.91 (1H, m), 2.07-2.13 (1H, m), 1.86-1.98 (3H, m), 1.58-1.62 (1H, m), 1.51 (3H, s), 1.50 (3H, s)
(醛(B-06)的合成) 醛(B-06)亦是使用對應的中間體以與(醛(B-04)的合成)相同的路徑而合成。 藉由NMR分析對所得的醛(B-06)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ (ppm) = 9.83 (1H, s), 7.68 (1H, d, J = 4.0 Hz), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 10.0 Hz), 7.63 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 8.8 Hz), 7.44 (1H, br.s), 7.41 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 8.0 Hz), 7.33 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 7.31 (1H, d, J = 6.4 Hz), 7.26-7.28 (3H, m), 7.25 (1H, s), 6.94 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 4.94-4.98 (1H, m), 3.86-3.91 (1H, m), 2.06-2.16 (1H, m), 1.90-2.01 (6H, m), 1.79-1.88 (1H, m), 1.67-1.75 (1H, m), 1.52-1.63 (1H, m), 1.04-1.16 (4H, m), 0.72 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.69 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.61-0.71 (4H, m)
(醛(B-07)的合成) 醛(B-07)亦是使用對應的中間體以與(醛(B-04)的合成)相同的路徑而合成。 藉由NMR分析對所得的醛(B-07)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ (ppm) = 9.96 (1H, s), 7.69 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.43 (1H, s), 7.40-7.42 (2H, m), 7.36 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.33 (1H, dt, J = 7.2, 1.2 Hz), 7.27 (1H, dt, J = 7.2, 1.2 Hz), 7.24 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz), 7.09 (1H, s), 6.96 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 4.91-4.95 (1H, m), 3.86-3.91 (1H, m), 2.93 (2H, dd, J = 8.0, 7.6 Hz), 2.06-2.16 (1H, m), 1.82-2.02 (3H, m), 1.67-1.75 (3H, m), 1.53-1.63 (1H, m), 1.51 (3H, s), 1.50 (3H, s), 1.30-1.43 (6H, m), 0.90 (3H, t, J = 6.8 Hz)
(醛(B-08)的合成) 醛(B-08)亦是使用對應的中間體以與(醛(B-04)的合成)相同的路徑而合成。 藉由NMR分析對所得的醛(B-08)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ (ppm) = 9.96 (1H, s), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.65 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.43 (1H, s), 7.40 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 1.6 Hz), 7.32 (2H, dd, J = 7.2, 6.0 Hz), 7.26 (2H, dd, J = 7.6, 7.6 Hz), 7.24 (1H, s), 7.09 (1H, s), 6.94 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 4.94-4.98 (1H, m), 3.86-3.90 (1H, m), 2.93 (2H, dd, J = 8.0, 7.6 Hz), 2.06-2.15 (1H, m), 1.91-2.01 (6H, m), 1.79-1.88 (1H, m), 1.67-1.75 (3H, m), 1.52-1.62 (1H, m), 1.30-1.43 (6H, m), 1.04-1.16 (4H, m), 0.90 (3H, t, J = 6.8 Hz), 0.71 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.69 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.60-0.70 (4H, m)
(醛(B-09)的合成) 醛(B-09)亦是使用對應的中間體以與(醛(B-04)的合成)相同的路徑而合成。 藉由NMR分析對所得的醛(B-09)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ (ppm) = 9.60 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.68 (2H, dd, J = 8.8, 8.0 Hz), 7.53 (1H, d, J = 15.6 Hz), 7.42 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.39 (1H, s), 7.37 (2H, dd, J = 8.4, 7.6 Hz), 7.33 (1H, dt, J = 7.6, 7.2 Hz), 7.27-7.29 (2H, m), 7.24 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 8.4 Hz), 7.17 (1H, d, J = 3.6 Hz), 6.98 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.44 (1H, dd, J = 7.6, 7.6 Hz), 4.90-4.94 (1H, m), 3.86-3.91 (1H, m), 2.07-2.16 (1H, m), 1.83-2.01 (3H, m), 1.66-1.75 (1H, m), 1.55-1.64 (1H, m), 1.51 (3H, s), 1.50 (3H, s)
(醛(B-10)的合成) 醛(B-10)亦是使用對應的中間體以與(醛(B-04)的合成)相同的路徑而合成。 藉由NMR分析對所得的醛(B-10)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ (ppm) = 9.60 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.66 (2H, ddd, J = 9.6, 9.2, 7.2 Hz), 7.53 (1H, d, J = 15.6 Hz), 7.40 (1H, br.s), 7.37 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz), 7.33 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.32 (1H, s), 7.28-7.30 (2H, m), 7.24-7.27 (2H, m), 7.18 (1H, d, J = 4.0 Hz), 6.96 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.44 (1H, dd, J = 15.6, 7.6 Hz), 4.93-4.97 (1H, m), 3.87-3.90 (1H, m), 2.06-2.16 (1H, m), 1.91-2.01 (6H, m), 1.80-1.89 (1H, m), 1.67-1.75 (1H, m), 1.53-1.63 (1H, m), 1.05-1.14 (4H, m), 0.72 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.69 (3H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 0.61-0.69 (4H, m)
(醛(B-11)的合成) 醛(B-11)亦是使用對應的中間體以與(醛(B-04)的合成)相同的路徑而合成。 藉由NMR分析對所得的醛(B-11)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ (ppm) = 9.60 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.68 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.66 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 15.6 Hz), 7.41 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.39 (1H, s), 7.35-7.38 (2H, m), 7.33 (1H, dt, J = 7.2, 1.2 Hz), 7.27 (1H, dt, J = 7.2, 1.2 Hz), 7.24 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz), 7.05 (1H, s), 6.97 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 6.40 (1H, dd, J = 15.2, 7.6 Hz), 4.90-4.94 (1H, m), 3.86-3.90 (1H, m), 2.72 (2H, dd, J = 8.0, 7.6 Hz), 2.06-2.17 (1H, m), 1.83-2.03 (3H, m), 1.62-1.75 (3H, m), 1.51 (3H, s), 1.50 (3H, s), 1.47-1.55 (1H, m), 1.31-1.42 (6H, m), 0.90 (3H, t, J = 6.8 Hz)
(醛(B-12)的合成) 醛(B-12)亦是使用對應的中間體以與(醛(B-04)的合成)相同的路徑而合成。 藉由NMR分析對所得的醛(B-12)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ (ppm) = 9.61 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.63-7.66 (1H, m), 7.62 (1H, d, J = 15.2 Hz), 7.39 (1H, s), 7.36 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz), 7.33 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.31 (1H, d, J = 6.4 Hz), 7.25-7.28 (2H, m), 7.24 (1H, s), 7.06 (1H, s), 6.95 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.40 (1H, dd, J = 15.6, 8.0 Hz), 4.93-4.96 (1H, m), 3.86-3.90 (1H, m), 2.72 (2H, dd, J = 8.0, 7.6 Hz), 2.06-2.15 (1H, m), 1.90-2.01 (6H, m), 1.80-1.89 (1H, m), 1.62-1.74 (3H, m), 1.51-1.61 (1H, m), 1.28-1.42 (6H, m), 1.05-1.14 (4H, m), 0.90 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.72 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.69 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.61-0.70 (4H, m)
(醛(B-13)的合成) 使中間體(A-02)與中間體(A-03)以與(醛(B-01)的合成)相同的路徑進行合成。 藉由NMR分析對所得的醛(B-13)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ (ppm) = 9.28 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.76 (1H, s), 7.49-7.54 (1H, s), 7.28-7.38 (10H, m), 7.23-7.25 (2H, m), 7.16-7.21 (1H, m), 6.97-6.99 (3H, m), 6.89 (1H, d, J = 7.3 Hz), 4.58 (1H, ddd, J = 8.9, 6.7, 2.5 Hz), 4.12 (1H, dt, J = 6.1, 2.5 Hz), 2.03-2.14 (2H, m), 1.89-1.98 (2H, m), 1.63-1.72 (1H, m), 1.41-1.53 (1H, m)
(中間體(C-01)的合成) 於偏苯三甲酸酐(東京化成工業股份有限公司製造)(10.18 g)的乙酸酐溶液(75 mL)中滴加乙醯乙酸甲酯(12.00 g)及三乙胺(33.78 g),於100℃下加熱攪拌1.5小時。將反應混合物冷卻至室溫後將溶劑蒸餾去除,藉由管柱層析法(矽膠,展開溶劑:CHCl3
/MeOH=10/1)進行分離純化,結果獲得黑色液體(12.65 g)。繼而,於所得的黑色液體(12.65 g)的甲醇溶液(150 mL)中添加乙酸銨(6.49 g),於75℃下加熱攪拌3小時,結果固化。將粗結晶過濾分離,利用甲醇進行清洗,藉此以黃色固體的形式獲得5.76 g的中間體(C-01)(產率為44%)。藉由NMR分析對所得的中間體(C-01)鑑定結構。再者,未觀測到羧酸的氫。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 7.92 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.80 (1H, s), 7.25 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.14 (1H, br.s), 3.49 (3H, s)
<實施例1(I-03)的合成> 將醛(B-01)(0.88 g)、中間體(C-01)(0.50 g)溶解於乙酸(10 mL)中,於100℃下加熱攪拌4小時。將反應混合物冷卻至室溫,結果固化。將粗結晶過濾分離,藉由管柱層析法(矽膠,展開溶劑:CHCl3
/MeOH=100/1)進行分離純化,藉此以褐色固體的形式獲得0.85 g的色素(I-03)(產率為69%)。λmax=545 nm(CHCl3
)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的色素(I-03)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 13.65 (1H, br.s), 8.67 (1H, br.s), 8.33 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 7.6 Hz), 8.24 (1H, d, J = 11.6 Hz), 8.20 (1H, br.s), 7.94 (1H, dd, J = 7.6, 7.6 Hz), 7.65 (1H, s), 7.41-7.49 (3H, m), 7.30-7.38 (5H, m), 7.19-7.23 (4H, m), 7.11 (1H, s), 7.07 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.87 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 5.07-5.11 (1H, m), 3.82-3.87 (1H, m), 2.03-2.12 (1H, m), 1.69-1.83 (2H, m), 1.59-1.67 (2H, m), 1.27-1.38 (1H, m)
<實施例2(I-05)的合成> 使用與實施例1相同的方法,且使用醛中間體(B-02),藉此以黑色固體的形式獲得色素(I-05)。λmax=541 nm(CHCl3
)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的色素(I-05)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 13.63 (1H, br.s), 8.72 (1H, br.s), 8.35 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 8.28 (1H, br.s), 8.25 (1H, d, J = 11.6 Hz), 7.95 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 7.6 Hz), 7.90 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.83 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.69 (1H, s), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 1.6 Hz), 7.56 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.41 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.2 Hz), 7.36 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 7.2 Hz), 7.32 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 7.2 Hz), 6.87 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 5.24-5.27 (1H, m), 3.90-3.94 (1H, m), 2.08-2.18 (1H, m), 1.74-1.88 (3H, m), 1.64-1.73 (1H, m), 1.50 (3H, s), 1.47 (3H, s), 1.37-1.53 (1H, m)
<實施例3(I-06)的合成> 使用與實施例1相同的方法,且使用醛中間體(B-03),藉此以黑色固體的形式獲得色素(I-06)。λmax=546 nm(CHCl3
)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的色素(I-06)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 13.07 (1H, br.s), 8.17 (1H, br.s), 7.81 (1H, dd, J = 7.6, 7.2 Hz), 7.73 (2H, d, J = 9.6 Hz), 7.41 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.34 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.27 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.14 (1H, s), 6.99 (1H, s), 6.92 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 6.88 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 6.83 (1H, dd, J = 7.2, 6.0 Hz), 6.80 (1H, dd, J = 7.2, 6.4 Hz), 6.30 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 4.72-4.75 (1H, m), 3.36-3.40 (1H, m), 1.57-1.65 (1H, m), 1.43-1.56 (4H, m), 1.28-1.35 (1H, m), 1.11-1.26 (3H, m), 0.84-0.95 (1H, m), 0.45-0.59 (4H, m), 0.16 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.10 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.02-0.04 (4H, m)
<實施例4(I-26)的合成> 使用與實施例1相同的方法,且使用醛中間體(B-04),藉此以黑色固體的形式獲得色素(I-26)。λmax=607 nm(CHCl3
)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的色素(I-26)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 13.62 (1H, br.s), 8.32 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 7.6 Hz), 8.23 (1H, d, J = 10.4 Hz), 8.17 (1H, d, J = 4.0 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s), 7.92 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.59 (1H, d, J = 4.4 Hz), 7.57 (1H, s), 7.45 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 7.42 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.39-7.52 (2H, m), 7.33 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 7.30 (1H, s), 7.29 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.26-7.36 (3H, m), 7.20 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.09 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.05 (1H, s), 7.00 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.94 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 3.2 Hz), 4.85-4.88 (1H, m), 3.80-3.84 (1H, m), 2.00-2.10 (1H, m), 1.76-1.86 (2H, m), 1.55-1.70 (2H, m), 1.27-1.39 (1H, m)
<實施例5(I-27)的合成> 使用與實施例1相同的方法,且使用醛中間體(B-05),藉此以黑紫色固體的形式獲得色素(I-27)。λmax=616 nm(CHCl3
)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的色素(I-27)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 13.66 (1H, br.s), 8.35 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 8.25 (1H, br.s), 8.24 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 8.20 (1H, d, J = 4.4 Hz), 7.98 (1H, s), 7.94 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.81 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.76 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.62-7.63 (1H, m), 7.62 (1H, s), 7.58-7.61 (1H, m), 7.54 (1H, s), 7.53 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 7.33 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 6.8 Hz), 7.28 (1H, dd, J = 7.6, 6.4 Hz), 6.98 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 8.4 Hz), 5.04-5.07 (1H, m), 3.86-3.91 (1H, m), 2.05-2.16 (1H, m), 1.73-1.92 (3H, m), 1.60-1.70 (1H, m), 1.48 (3H, s), 1.47 (3H, s), 1.37-1.52 (1H, m)
<實施例6(I-28)的合成> 使用與實施例1相同的方法,且使用醛中間體(B-06),藉此以黑色固體的形式獲得色素(I-28)。λmax=619 nm(CHCl3
)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的色素(I-28)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 13.67 (1H, br.s), 8.34 (1H, dd, J = 9.2, 8.4 Hz), 8.25 (1H, d, J = 10.4 Hz), 8.21 (1H, d, J = 4.0 Hz), 8.00 (1H, s), 7.94 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.80 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 4.4 Hz), 7.65 (1H, s), 7.58 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.42 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.40 (1H, s), 7.30-7.33 (2H, m), 7.27 (1H, dd, J = 7.6, 7.2 Hz), 6.94 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 2.8 Hz), 5.08-5.12 (1H, m), 3.86-3.90 (1H, m), 1.94-2.15 (5H, m), 1.72-1.88 (3H, m), 1.61-1.69 (1H, m), 1.35-1.46 (1H, m), 0.99-1.11 (4H, m), 0.67 (3H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 0.63 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.50-0.57 (4H, m)
<實施例7(I-31)的合成> 使用與實施例1相同的方法,且使用醛中間體(B-07),藉此以黑色固體的形式獲得色素(I-31)。λmax=617 nm(CHCl3
)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的色素(I-31)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 13.60 (1H, br.s), 8.28 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 6.4 Hz), 8.18 (1H, d, J = 3.2 Hz), 7.87 (1H, dd, J = 7.2, 6.8 Hz), 7.80 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 7.80 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.75 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.59 (1H, s), 7.52-7.55 (4H, m), 6.95 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 3.6 Hz), 5.01-5.05 (1H, m), 3.83-3.87 (1H, m), 2.82 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 2.06-2.15 (1H, m), 1.73-1.90 (3H, m), 1.61-1.68 (3H, m), 1.48 (3H, s), 1.47 (3H, s), 1.40-1.46 (1H, m), 1.25-1.83 (6H, m), 0.86 (3H, dd, J = 6.8, 6.4 Hz)
<實施例8(I-32)的合成> 使用與實施例1相同的方法,且使用醛中間體(B-08),藉此以黑色固體的形式獲得色素(I-32)。λmax=621 nm(CHCl3
)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的色素(I-32)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 13.61 (1H, br.s), 8.28 (1H, dd, J = 7.2, 6.4 Hz), 8.18 (1H, d, J = 6.0 Hz), 7.86 (1H, dd, J = 7.2, 6.8 Hz), 7.79 (1H, s), 7.78 (1H, d, J = 9.2 Hz), 7.73 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.59 (1H, br.s), 7.52 (1H, s), 7.50-7.55 (1H, m), 7.41 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 7.38 (1H, s), 7.31 (1H, dd, J = 7.6, 7.2 Hz), 7.29 (1H, s), 7.27 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 8.4 Hz), 6.90 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 8.4 Hz), 5.04-5.07 (1H, m), 3.81-3.85 (1H, m), 2.81 (2H, dd, J = 7.6, 7.2 Hz), 1.94-2.13 (5H, m), 1.58-1.86 (6H, m), 1.19-1.46 (7H, m), 0.98-1.10 (4H, m), 0.85 (3H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.66 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.62 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.46-0.48 (4H, m)
<實施例9(I-44)的合成> 使用與實施例1相同的方法,且使用醛中間體(B-09),藉此獲得色素(I-44)的紫色固體。λmax=642 nm(CHCl3
)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的色素(I-44)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 13.61 (1H, br.s), 8.31-8.34 (1H, m), 8.23 (1H, br.s), 7.89-7.97 (2H, m), 7.85 (1H, d, J = 14.8 Hz), 7.79 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 11.6 Hz), 7.48 (1H, d, J = 14.4 Hz), 7.45-7.55 (5H, m), 7.32 (1H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.25-7.29 (2H, m), 6.94 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 4.99-5.02 (1H, m), 3.82-3.87 (1H, m), 2.04-2.14 (1H, m), 1.74-1.94 (3H, m), 1.60-1.70 (1H, m), 1.47 (6H, m), 1.37-1.52 (1H, m)
<實施例10(I-45)的合成> 使用與實施例1相同的方法,且使用醛中間體(B-10),藉此以黑色固體的形式獲得色素(I-45)。λmax=647 nm(CHCl3
)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的色素(I-45)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 13.69 (1H, br.s), 8.34 (1H, ddd, J = 7.6, 3.6, 1.2 Hz), 8.23 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz), 7.90-7.94 (2H, m), 7.87 (1H, d, J = 14.8 Hz), 7.77 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.72 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.63 (1H, dd, J = 11.2, 2.0 Hz), 7.57 (1H, s), 7.52 (1H, d, J = 4.0 Hz), 7.49 (1H, d, J = 4.0 Hz), 7.46-7.48 (1H, m), 7.41 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 7.36 (1H, s), 7.25-7.33 (3H, m), 6.91 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 5.03-5.06 (1H, m), 3.82-3.86 (1H, m), 1.94-2.11 (5H, m), 1.70-1.88 (3H, m), 1.60-1.68 (1H, m), 1.34-1.44 (1H, m), 1.01-1.09 (4H, m), 0.66 (3H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 0.63 (3H, t, J = 8.0 Hz), 0.50-0.57 (4H, m)
<實施例11(I-47)的合成> 使用與實施例1相同的方法,且使用醛中間體(B-11),藉此以黑色固體的形式獲得色素(I-47)。λmax=655 nm(CHCl3
)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的色素(I-47)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 13.61 (1H, br.s), 8.30 (1H, ddd, J = 7.6, 1.6, 1.6 Hz), 8.20 (1H, s), 8.02 (1H, d, J = 14.4 Hz), 7.83-7.90 (2H, m), 7.78 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.74 (1H, s), 7.72 (1H, dd, J = 6.8, 1.6 Hz), 7.55 (1H, s), 7.52 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.49 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 7.45 (1H, ddd, J = 8.4, 4.0, 2.0 Hz), 7.38 (1H, s), 7.32 (1H, ddd, J = 7.2, 7.2, 1.2 Hz), 7.25-7.29 (2H, m), 6.93 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 1.2 Hz), 4.98-5.01 (1H, m), 3.81-3.86 (1H, m), 2.74 (2H, dd, J = 8.0, 6.8 Hz), 2.03-2.13 (1H, m), 1.73-1.91 (3H, m), 1.57-1.67 (3H, m), 1.47 (3H, s), 1.46 (3H, s), 1.28-1.48 (7H, m), 0.87 (3H, t, J = 6.8 Hz)
<實施例12(I-48)的合成> 使用與實施例1相同的方法,且使用醛中間體(B-12),藉此以黑色固體的形式獲得色素(I-48)。λmax=661 nm(CHCl3
)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的色素(I-48)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 13.62 (1H, br.s), 8.28 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 8.19 (1H, s), 7.99 (1H, d, J = 14.4 Hz), 7.81-7.89 (2H, m), 7.75 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.71 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.70 (1H, dd, J = 9.2, 3.2 Hz), 7.52 (1H, br.s), 7.41-7.44 (1H, m), 7.40 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.36 (1H, s), 7.34 (1H, s), 7.30 (1H, dd, J = 7.2, 6.4 Hz), 7.24-7.28 (2H, m), 6.87 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz), 4.98-5.01 (1H, m), 3.78-3.82 (1H, m), 2.72 (2H, dd, J = 7.6, 7.2 Hz), 1.93-2.11 (5H, m), 1.70-1.86 (3H, m), 1.56-1.65 (3H, m), 1.25-1.41 (7H, m), 0.98-1.10 (4H, m), 0.86 (3H, t, J = 6.8 Hz), 0.65 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.62 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.48-0.57 (4H, m)
<實施例13(I-75)的合成> 使用與實施例1相同的方法,且使用醛中間體(B-13),藉此以黑紫色固體的形式獲得色素(I-75)。λmax=595 nm(CHCl3
)。 藉由NMR分析對所得的色素(I-75)鑑定結構。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
) δ (ppm) = 13.60 (1H, br.s), 9.59 (1H, s), 8.54 (1H, s), 8.35 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 8.32-8.34 (1H, m), 8.24 (1H, d, J = 10.0 Hz), 7.93 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 7.6 Hz), 7.63 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 7.2 Hz), 7.43-7.47 (2H, m), 7.32-7.40 (6H, m), 7.19-7.25 (4H, m), 7.10-7.16 (5H, m), 4.87-4.90 (1H, m), 4.08-4.12 (1H, m), 2.10-2.20 (1H, m), 1.93-2.00 (1H, m), 1.83-1.90 (1H, m), 1.73-1.82 (1H, m), 1.63-1.72 (1H, m), 1.38-1.48 (1H, m)
<比較用色素> 以下記載比較用色素一覽。
[化18]
[光電轉換元件的製作] (光電極層的製作) 使用在單面上形成有FTO電極皮膜的FTO玻璃作為電極基板,利用刮漿板(Squeegee)法於該FTO玻璃的電極面上塗佈氧化鈦膏(日揮觸媒化成股份有限公司製造,PST-18NR)。於125℃下乾燥6分鐘後,於325℃下煅燒5分鐘,於375℃下煅燒5分鐘,於450℃下煅燒15分鐘,於500℃下煅燒15分鐘,形成膜厚10 μm的氧化鈦膜。使實施例1~實施例13及比較例1~比較例6中所得的各色素以濃度成為200 μM的方式溶解於乙腈/第三丁醇=1/1中,將所述形成有氧化鈦膜的FTO玻璃於該溶液中浸漬90分鐘,製作光電轉換層。再者,於該色素溶液中以膽酸濃度成為0.4 mM的方式添加膽酸作為添加劑。
(電解質層的形成) 於3-甲氧基丙腈溶液中,以成為碘化-1,2-二甲基-3-丙基咪唑鎓(0.60 M)、碘(0.05 M)、碘化鋰(0.10 M)、4-第三丁基吡啶(0.05 M)的方式混合碘化-1,2-二甲基-3-丙基咪唑鎓、碘、碘化鋰及4-第三丁基吡啶,製成電解質液。將該電解質液配置於使用與所述電極基材相同的FTO玻璃的相向基板、與上文所述的光電極層之間,形成電解質層。
<評價> 使用分光計器股份有限公司製造的「CEP-2000」以100 mW/cm2
的照射強度對所述製作的各光電轉換元件(受光面積為0.20 cm2
)照射光,測定光電轉換元件的短路電流(mA)及開路電壓(V),根據短路電流及受光面積求出短路電流密度(mA/cm2
)。繼而,使連接於光電轉換元件的電極間的電阻值變化而觀測最大功率Wmax(mW),藉由下述計算式求出形狀因子FF及光電轉換效率(%)。將使用氧化鈦的情形的評價結果示於表1中。另外,將製作光電極層時將氧化鈦變更為氧化鋅的情形的評價結果示於表2中。
[數1]
[數2]
如表1所示,於所有實施例中,於使用本發明的色素作為光增感劑的情形時,與使用對應色調的色素的比較例相比,可見光電轉換效率的提高,於紫紅至藍綠色的所有色調下可提高光電轉換效率。尤其600 nm~700 nm的藍紫色至藍綠色的範圍內轉換效率大幅度地提高,可獲得可涵蓋(cover)廣泛色調的實用水準的色素。 另外,如表2所示,氧化鋅的情況下亦可確認到光電轉換效率的大幅度的改善。
如由以上的實施例表明,本發明的光增感劑可提高光電轉換效率,並且提高色素的吸附穩定性。另外,因可涵蓋廣泛的色調,故可較佳地用於設計性亦受到重視的色素增感太陽電池。進而,作為良好電極材料的氧化鋅亦可獲得不遜於氧化鈦的光電轉換效率。
1‧‧‧光電轉換元件
2‧‧‧基板
3‧‧‧半導體層
4‧‧‧電解質層
5‧‧‧相對電極
2‧‧‧基板
3‧‧‧半導體層
4‧‧‧電解質層
5‧‧‧相對電極
圖1為表示本發明的光電轉換元件的一實施形態的概略示意圖。
無。
Claims (2)
- 一種光增感劑,其特徵在於:其為下述通式(I)所表示的色素或其鹽, [化1]式(I)中,m表示0~4的整數;n表示0或1的整數;p表示0~2的整數;R1 、R2 表示氫原子、烷基或芳基,亦可鍵結而形成芳香環、脂肪環;R3 表示烷基、芳基、芳烷基或雜環殘基;R4 、R4 '、R4 ''表示氫原子、烷基、芳烷基、烷氧基、經取代的胺基或鹵素原子,亦可由R4 '與R4 ''鍵結而形成環狀結構;R5 、R6 表示氫原子、烷基、烷氧基或烷硫基,亦可由R5 與R6 鍵結而形成環狀結構;R7 、R8 、R9 表示氫原子、烷基、芳烷基、烯基或芳基,亦可由R7 與R8 或R8 與R9 鍵結而形成脂肪環;X表示氧原子、硫原子、伸烷基、經取代的胺基、羰基、磺醯基或脂肪族螺環;Z1 、Z2 表示氫原子、羥基、羧基、烷氧基羰基、磺酸基或經取代的胺基;其中,分子內的取代基中至少一個具有酸基。
- 一種光電轉換元件,其特徵在於具有含有如申請專利範圍第1項所述的光增感劑的光吸收層。
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