TW201521130A - 銅球接合介面結構及形成 - Google Patents

銅球接合介面結構及形成 Download PDF

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TW201521130A
TW201521130A TW103132669A TW103132669A TW201521130A TW 201521130 A TW201521130 A TW 201521130A TW 103132669 A TW103132669 A TW 103132669A TW 103132669 A TW103132669 A TW 103132669A TW 201521130 A TW201521130 A TW 201521130A
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Taiwan
Prior art keywords
ball
copper
aluminum
bonding
bond
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TW103132669A
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English (en)
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TWI635547B (zh
Inventor
Tu-Anh N Tran
John G Arthur
Yin Kheng Au
Chu-Chung Lee
Chin Teck Siong
mei-jiang Song
Jia Lin Yap
Matthew J Zapico
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Freescale Semiconductor Inc
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Publication of TW201521130A publication Critical patent/TW201521130A/zh
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Publication of TWI635547B publication Critical patent/TWI635547B/zh

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Abstract

本發明提供一種具有一銅球(32)之積體電路銅線接合連接,該銅球(32)直接接合至形成於一低k介電層(30)上之一鋁接合墊(31)以形成該銅球之一接合介面結構,該接合介面結構由用以提供熱循環可靠性之包含位於該銅球下方之一外周邊位置(42)處以防止該鋁接合墊中之裂縫之形成及/或傳播之一鋁最小值特徵(Z1、Z2)的第一複數個幾何特徵表徵。

Description

銅球接合介面結構及形成
本發明一般而言針對於半導體裝置及用於製造半導體裝置之方法。在一項態樣中,本發明係關於線球接合以及製作及測試線球接合之相關聯方法。
在半導體封裝工業中廣泛地採用球接合來形成一積體電路晶粒與一晶粒載體(諸如一引線框架或一基板)之間的電連接。習用球接合程序使用熱、壓力及超音波能量之一組合來形成一線與一連接墊之間的一金屬間連接或焊接,通常形成一u形接合介面,其中該連接墊之最薄部分在中心位於線接合下方。然而,在球接合程序期間連接墊通常遭受若干個壓力源,諸如溫度循環、衝擊力、接觸電力、接觸力、接合電力及接合力,從而導致機械完整性問題,諸如可在接合、裝置操作或裝置測試(諸如高度加速之應力測試(HAST))期間形成的連接墊與接合球之間的裂縫。舉例而言,歸因於溫度循環情景中之熱膨脹係數(CTE)不匹配之所累積應力可超過鋁強度,從而導致銅球接合下面之鋁疲勞及鋁破裂。儘管此等應力效應藉助用以短互連堆疊(例如,1至2個BEOL互連層級)形成於高k介電層上之大的球接合結構(例如,線直徑大於50微米且球直徑大於100微米)形成而無主動電路位於該接合結構下面之習用銅球接合稍微得以緩解,但此等習用銅球接合結構 在一實際位準下與當前技術水平裝置一起使用係極其困難的。
1‧‧‧俯視平面圖/平面圖
1A‧‧‧放大前視圖
1B‧‧‧側視圖
3‧‧‧示意性剖面圖
4‧‧‧放大示意性剖面圖
5‧‧‧示意性剖面圖
6‧‧‧示意性剖面圖
7‧‧‧示意性剖面圖
8‧‧‧示意性剖面圖
9‧‧‧剖面圖
11a‧‧‧連接墊/第一連接墊
11b‧‧‧連接墊/第二連接墊
11c‧‧‧連接墊/第三連接墊
12a‧‧‧飛濺特徵
12b‧‧‧飛濺特徵
12c‧‧‧飛濺特徵
13‧‧‧側至側方向
14a‧‧‧球接合接觸部分/第一線接合/壓扁球接合
14b‧‧‧球接合接觸部分/線接合/壓扁球接合
14c‧‧‧球接合接觸部分/壓扁球接合
15a‧‧‧互連部分/第一線接合
15b‧‧‧互連部分/線接合
15c‧‧‧互連部分
16a‧‧‧線導體部分/第一線接合
16b‧‧‧線導體部分/線接合
16c‧‧‧線導體部分
20‧‧‧積體電路晶粒/基板結構/基板
21‧‧‧鋁連接墊/連接墊
22‧‧‧銅線導體及球接合觸點
23‧‧‧球接合觸點
24‧‧‧壓扁銅線接合球/線接合/銅線接合球
25‧‧‧橫向飛濺特徵
26‧‧‧螺紋毛細管/毛細管
30‧‧‧基板障壁層/低k介電層
31‧‧‧鋁墊/連接墊/鋁連接墊/鋁接合墊
32‧‧‧銅球/球接合/接合球/銅球接合/壓扁球接合
33‧‧‧鋁飛濺特徵/鋁飛濺
34‧‧‧金屬間接觸層/Cu-Al金屬間化合物層
35‧‧‧裂隙
37‧‧‧區
42‧‧‧「Z位置」箭頭/外周邊位置
50‧‧‧基板障壁層
51‧‧‧鋁墊/剩餘鋁
52‧‧‧銅球/銅球接合/壓扁球接合
53‧‧‧鋁飛濺特徵
54‧‧‧金屬間接觸層
55‧‧‧裂隙
59‧‧‧接合介面結構/金屬間接觸層
70‧‧‧基板障壁層
71‧‧‧鋁墊/剩餘鋁/接合介面結構
72‧‧‧銅球/銅球接合/壓扁球接合
73‧‧‧鋁飛濺特徵
74‧‧‧金屬間接觸層/接合介面結構
75‧‧‧裂隙
79‧‧‧接合介面結構
90‧‧‧測試晶粒
91‧‧‧鋁接合墊
92‧‧‧銅接合球/銅球接合
93‧‧‧接合介面結構
95‧‧‧夾緊結構
96‧‧‧鈍化層
97‧‧‧剪切臂
110‧‧‧剖面影像
111‧‧‧鋁接合墊
112‧‧‧銅球
113‧‧‧鋁飛濺特徵
114‧‧‧鋁裂縫
115‧‧‧鋁裂縫
121‧‧‧光學照片
122‧‧‧SEM照片
123‧‧‧SEM照片
A-A'‧‧‧視線
A1‧‧‧水平線
A2‧‧‧水平線
B-B'‧‧‧視線
B1‧‧‧水平線
B2‧‧‧水平線
B1:B2‧‧‧尺寸度量/最大尺寸直徑度量
C1‧‧‧垂直線
C2‧‧‧垂直線
C1:C2‧‧‧垂直線之間的距離
CF1‧‧‧倒角擠壓長度/距離/倒角區域
CF2‧‧‧倒角擠壓長度/距離/倒角區域
F1‧‧‧垂直線
F2‧‧‧垂直線
F1:F2‧‧‧垂直線之間的距離
H‧‧‧最小間隔距離
IMC1:IMC2‧‧‧金屬間接觸長度/尺寸度量/金屬間化合物接觸長度
SBBDX‧‧‧壓扁球接合直徑
SBBDY‧‧‧壓扁球接合直徑
SBBH‧‧‧壓扁球接合高度/高度/壓扁球高度
TREMNANT‧‧‧剩餘厚度/第一最大目標厚度/第二較小最大目標厚度/最大目標厚度/
TREMNANT-1‧‧‧第一剩餘厚度
TREMNANT-2‧‧‧第二剩餘厚度
Z1‧‧‧最小值位置/最小值特徵/高應力連接點/最小值點/鋁最小值特徵
Z2‧‧‧高應力連接點/最小值點/最小值特徵/鋁最小值特徵
Z1:Z2‧‧‧金屬間接觸長度
當連同以下圖式考量以下詳細說明時,可理解本發明及其眾多目標、特徵及所獲得優點。
圖1係具有固定至接合墊之銅線接合之半導體晶粒邊緣之一俯視平面圖,以及根據選定實施例之一銅線接合及接合墊結構之放大前視圖及側視圖;圖2(a)至圖2(d)示意性地圖解說明用於將一壓扁銅線接合球接合至一鋁連接墊之一接合序列;圖3係接合至一鋁墊之一銅球之一示意性剖面圖,其根據本發明之選定實施例展示具有經最佳化以防止銅球下方之鋁破裂之結構幾何特徵之一鋁飛濺及金屬間接觸區;圖4係在介面處形成於一銅球接合與鋁墊之間的金屬間接觸區之選定幾何特徵之一放大示意性剖面圖;圖5至圖6展示接合至一鋁墊之具有一第一規定形狀類型之一銅球之示意性剖面圖,其用以根據本發明之選定實施例圖解說明經最佳化以防止銅球下方之鋁破裂之結構幾何特徵;圖7至圖8展示接合至一鋁墊之具有一第二規定形狀類型之一銅球之示意性剖面圖,其用以根據本發明之選定實施例圖解說明經最佳化以防止銅球下方之鋁破裂之結構幾何特徵;圖9圖解說明用於測試接合至鋁接合墊之銅線接合之機械完整性及球剪切強度之一凸塊剪切測試配置;圖10係圖解說明用於製作及測試銅球接合以用於一可靠球接合墊附著之各種方法之一簡化示意性流程圖。
圖11係具有一接合介面結構之一銅球接合之一剖面影像,其中在已發生溫度循環之後鋁裂縫形成於球邊緣處;且 圖12(a)至圖12(c)係一鋁接合墊及在一線牽拉測試期間拉走銅球之後銅球之底部之光學照片。
將瞭解,為圖解說明之簡單及清晰起見,該等圖式中所圖解說明之元件不必按比例繪製。舉例而言,出於促進及改良清晰及理解之目的,相對於其他元件誇大了某些元件之尺寸。此外,在認為適當之處,已在該等圖式當中重複參考編號以表示對應或類似元件。
本發明闡述一種方法及設備,其用於藉由控制選定接合參數以形成滿足複數個規定結構及幾何要求(諸如接合材料之相對模數值、所接合銅球下面之最小剩餘鋁層之定位、厚度及對稱性、金屬間接觸區之相對寬度或長度及/或壓扁球之一規定高度與直徑比率)以增加一平均球剪切強度/球面積測試度量之金屬間連接而在形成於低k介電層上之鋁墊上形成可靠銅球接合以防止在溫度循環之後一銅球線接合下面之金屬破裂。在選定實施例中,當基於鋁之連接墊材料與互連接合材料之間存在一臨限值模數不匹配時使用規定結構及幾何要求。舉例而言,當用具有小於或等於互連材料之模數度量之一預定百分比(例如,60%)之一勁度模數度量(例如,楊氏模數E)之一金屬材料(例如,Al、Al合金之E為~65GPa,CuAl2之E為~123GPa且Cu之E為117GPa)形成一連接墊時發生一臨限值模數不匹配。在具有此一模數不匹配之情況下,可藉由控制接合參數以形成具有位於倒角擠壓區域之外半體中或超出該外半體在一高應力連接點處以具有一規定最大剩餘厚度(例如,TREMNANT=0.1um至0.2um)之一最小值特徵(例如,鋁剩餘物)的一連接墊層或金屬間化合物(IMC)層而製作可靠銅球接合。藉由最小化銅球接合之周邊處之剩餘鋁層之厚度且將低模數鋁轉換為一較高模數IMC層,減少溫度循環誘發之鋁疲勞及裂縫。用於促進可靠銅球接合之一額外幾何要求係形成在一壓扁銅球接合之第一及第二相對側上之 剩餘連接墊層厚度(例如,TREMNANT-1/TREMNANT-2 .7)之間具有實質上對稱性之銅線接合。為防止銅球下面之鋁破裂,亦可控制接合參數以藉由要求金屬間接觸長度滿足壓扁球接合直徑之一預定百分比(例如,65%至80%)而形成相對於壓扁球接合區之一延伸金屬間接觸區,藉此確保用於IMC生長之一大接觸區。亦藉由將壓扁球高度(HB)控制為小於或等於壓扁球寬度(HW)之一預定百分比(例如,35%)藉此形成一短且粗壓扁球而促進銅球接合可靠性。為估計接合強度,藉由對複數個壓扁球接合執行球剪切測試且將平均球剪力除以壓扁球接合之平均面積而判定一球剪切強度/面積度量,其中可靠銅球接合具有達到或超過一最小臨限值(例如,7.5gf/mil2至9gf/mil2)之一球剪切強度/面積度量。下文所闡述之幾何結構特徵應用至在穿過銅球接合之中心之剖面中顯示之銅球接合,其中沿平行於超音波振動方向之方向做出該等剖面。如本文中所揭示,可控制接合參數以達成滿足各種所建立測試準則之溫度循環可靠性,諸如汽車電子協會(AEC)Q100等級2、等級1或等級0空氣對空氣溫度循環測試標準。
現在將參考附圖詳細闡述本發明之各種說明性實施例。雖然在以下說明中陳述各種細節,但將瞭解可在不具有此等特定細節之情況下實踐本發明,且可對本文中所闡述之發明做出眾多實施方案特有之決策以達成裝置設計者之特定目標(諸如符合程序技術或設計相關約束),該等特定目標將因不同實施方案而不同。雖然此種開發努力可能複雜且耗時,但其對於受益於本發明之熟習此項技術者而言仍將係一例行事業。舉例而言,參考具有接合至一連接墊之一銅線球之一積體電路裝置之簡化剖面圖(而不包含每一裝置特徵或幾何形狀)繪示選定態樣以便避免限制或模糊本發明。熟習此項技術者使用此等說明及表示來向熟習此項技術之其他者闡述及傳達其工作之實質。另外,儘管本文中闡述特定實例性材料,但熟習此項技術者將認識到可替代具 有類似性質之其他材料而無功能損失。亦注意,貫穿此詳細說明,存在對可執行之特定可靠性測試之提及。在下文不詳述用於執行此等或類似可靠性測試之特定程序之情況下,用於執行可靠性測試之熟習此項技術者習用之技術應係既定的。此等細節係眾所習知的,且對於教示熟習此項技術者如何製作或使用本發明被認為係不必要的。
現在參考圖1,展示具有固定至接合墊之銅線接合之半導體晶粒邊緣之一俯視平面圖1,以及放大前視圖1A(沿著視線A-A')及側視圖1B(沿著視線B-B')。如平面圖1中所圖解說明,複數個接合位點形成於可附著至具有一基板或一引線框架之一晶粒載體(未展示)之一積體電路晶粒20上。由於熟習此項技術者已知積體電路晶粒、基板、引線框架及其各別接合位點,因此其詳細說明對於完全理解本發明係不必要的。在IC晶粒20上,形成一或多個連接墊11a至11c,其中之每一者可形成為靈敏墊結構,諸如(舉例而言)主動上方接合式(BOA)墊結構或形成於一低k介電結構或導通體設計上方之接合墊。在選定實施例中,連接墊11a至11c可具有小於1.5μm之一金屬厚度,但厚度可為2.8μm,且可用鋁(Al)或如此項技術中已知之其他導電材料形成。然而,熟習此項技術者應理解,本發明不受用於連接墊之類型或厚度或材料(其將取決於應用)限制。
複數個線球接合元件14至16將連接墊11電連接至外部接合位點(未展示)。每一線球接合包含由一壓扁球接合高度(SBBH)尺寸及一壓扁球接合直徑(SBBD)尺寸(其可係沿一x方向(SBBD-x)或y方向(SBBD-y))表徵之一球接合部分14。如所圖解說明,一第一線接合(包含一球接合接觸部分14a、互連部分15a及線導體部分16a)經形成且固定至一第一連接墊11a。雖然圖解說明為單獨部分,但將瞭解,線接合14至16形成為一單個連續線接合結構。以類似方式,一第二線接合(包含球接合接觸部分14b、互連部分15b及線導體部分16b)附著至一第二連 接墊11b,且一第三線接合(包含球接合接觸部分14c、互連部分15c及線導體部分16c)附著至一第三連接墊11c。該等線接合可用銅(Cu)或此項技術中已知之其他導電材料(諸如用金(Au)、鋁(Al)及諸如此類)形成。雖然圖解說明為單獨部分,但將瞭解,每一線接合可形成為一單個整合式導體。
為將每一線接合附著至一對應連接墊(例如,11a、11b),一受控球接合程序使用熱、壓力及超音波能量之一規定組合來形成線接合與連接墊之間的一金屬間連接或焊接。特定而言,控制該接合程序以形成在球接合接觸部分之基底處自連接墊延伸之飛濺特徵12a至12c。如將瞭解,當來自連接墊之材料在接合程序期間藉由球接合位移時形成飛濺特徵12a至12c以使得飛濺特徵之至少部分凸起或抬高至連接墊之原始頂部表面上面。為促進可靠性,在某些實施例中,飛濺特徵應圍繞球接合之實質上整個周界形成,但飛濺特徵之連續性中之某些短間斷係可接受的。且在某些實施例中,飛濺特徵應實質上至少延伸至球接合之周界,但不應實質上延伸超過球接合之周界。取決於球接合程序之詳情,飛濺特徵之形狀及範圍在球接合周界之不同部分處可係不同的。此展示於平面圖1中,其中在Cu球接合程序之超音波「刷洗」部分期間線接合傳感器移動之側至側方向13形成具有沿平行於刷洗運動之方向比沿垂直於刷洗運動之方向大之一橫向範圍之飛濺特徵12a至12c。橫向範圍之差異清晰地見於第一線接合14a至16a及連接墊11a之放大前視圖1A(沿著視線A-A')中,其中形成於球接合之內節段及外節段處之飛濺特徵12a之橫向範圍延伸超過球接合接觸部分14a之周界。相比之下,線接合14b至16b及連接墊11b之放大前視圖1B(沿著視線B-B')展示形成於球接合之橫向節段處之飛濺特徵12b之橫向範圍不太延伸至球接合接觸部分14b之周界,而是提供一最小飛濺量。
除形成橫向飛濺特徵之外,線接合程序亦藉由抵靠連接墊11a至 11c向下壓縮或壓扁球接合接觸部分14a至14c而形成一壓扁球接合。如圖1中以簡化形式所圖解說明,所得壓扁球接合14a至14c由可沿一第一「x」方向(SBBDX)及/或一第二「y」方向(SBBDY)量測的壓扁球接合直徑(SBBD)之一第一橫向尺寸度量表徵。另外,該等壓扁球接合由小於該壓扁球接合直徑(SBBD)度量之壓扁球接合高度(SBBH)之一第二垂直尺寸度量表徵。
為圖解說明線接合程序及所得銅球接合結構之所構造幾何特徵之額外結構細節,現在參考展示用於將一壓扁銅線接合球接合至一鋁連接墊之一實例性線接合序列之一典型逐步視圖之圖2(a)至圖2(d)。如圖2(a)處所展示,接合程序藉助定位於形成於一基板結構20上之鋁連接墊21上面之一螺紋毛細管26開始。特定而言,毛細管26與一銅線導體及球接合觸點22螺紋連接。在一實例性序列中,一銅線導體穿過具有一規定孔直徑之毛細管中之一中心開口插入或螺紋連接,後續接著在線導體之端處形成球接合觸點,諸如藉由使用一放電結球(EFO)程序來形成一自由空氣球。在毛細管26中,自由空氣球部分經捕獲於毛細管之具有一規定倒角直徑之倒角部分中。
如圖2(b)中所展示,具有銅線導體及球接合觸點之毛細管26下降或向下移動至連接墊21上之接合位點。藉由將向下力自毛細管26施加至連接墊21及基板20,銅線導體及球接合觸點23變形以形成具有大於未變形自由空氣球之直徑之一壓扁球直徑之一壓扁球。另外,球接合觸點之變形在球接合觸點中留下對應於蓋壓倒角之形狀之一壓痕變形。在該實例中,所繪示壓痕變形係由壓扁球接合之上表面中之一低點界定之一v形壓痕。
如圖2(c)中所展示,應用一或多個額外球接合程序以完成將壓扁銅線接合球24接合至連接墊21。舉例而言,球接合程序可包含使用熱、壓力及超音波能量之一規定組合來形成線接合24與連接墊21之間 的一金屬間連接或焊接。如由超音波振動之橫向方向箭頭所指示,橫向飛濺特徵25由形成連接墊21之材料(例如,鋁)形成。
如圖2(d)中所展示,自基板舉起毛細管26,從而留下接合至連接墊21之壓扁銅線接合球24。如所展示,壓扁銅線接合球24具有形成於一上表面中之界定壓扁球接合之一倒角擠壓長度之一v形壓痕變形。作為一近似法,倒角擠壓長度表示由銅線接合球沿每一周邊方向之壓縮或壓扁導致之銅線接合球之橫向擴展。如將瞭解,圖2(d)展示形成於銅線接合球24與鋁連接墊25之間的接合結構之一簡化表示而不提供接合結構之結構細節,諸如銅球下方之任何鋁位移、接合結構層之任何輪廓或相關尺寸資訊或形成於鋁連接墊21與線接合24之間的任何金屬間化合物層之形成或尺寸資訊。
參考圖3,藉由以規定結構幾何特徵控制用於形成接合於鋁墊31上之銅球32之接合程序條件,一可靠且低成本銅球接合直接形成於銅球32與鋁墊31之間,此抵抗循環應力(例如,來自溫度循環)之效應,諸如由歸因於溫度循環情形中之熱膨脹係數(CTE)不匹配之所累積應力產生之鋁疲勞或破裂。另外,銅球32至鋁墊31之直接接合消除維持高溫可靠性效能原本需要之在鋁墊31上形成鎳/鈀/金墊上金屬化(OPM)層之處理複雜性及花費。
為圖解說明用於提供熱可靠銅/鋁接合之結構幾何特徵之構造,現在參考展示接合至一鋁墊31之一銅球32之一示意性剖面圖3(其中所得鋁飛濺特徵33及金屬間接觸層34具有最佳化結構幾何特徵以防止銅球下方之鋁破裂)之圖3。所繪示剖面圖3穿過球接合32之中心且平行於在銅球接合程序之超音波刷洗部分期間線接合傳感器移動之方向。如將瞭解,可使用任何所要成像工具(諸如一離子銑削或聚焦離子束(FIB)技術)獲得該剖面圖。
所繪示接合球32係由在每一側上之一倒角擠壓長度CF1、CF2表 徵之一變形球接合。如圖3中所展示,由毛細管(未展示)施加至銅球接合32之向下接合力使銅球接合32變形且壓扁銅球接合32,從而留下對應於蓋壓倒角之形狀之一壓痕變形。在該實例中,所繪示壓痕變形係由壓扁球接合之上表面中之一低點界定之一u形或j形壓痕。在銅球接合32之每一側上,倒角擠壓長度CF1、CF2可藉由首先量測跨越球之壓扁區域之頂部上之最低點切割之水平線(沿著水平線A1、A2)及/或繪製跨越球之壓扁區域之頂部上之最低點切割之一垂直線C1、C2來表徵。垂直線之間的距離C1:C2對應於毛細管之倒角直徑。另外,自壓扁球之頂部在表面開始自凹面變為凸面之點處向下繪製垂直線F1、F2。垂直線之間的距離F1:F2對應於毛細管之孔直徑。在銅球32之每一側上,垂直線C、F之間的距離CF1、CF2界定壓扁球接合輪廓之一倒角擠壓長度。
如本文中所闡述,銅球32與鋁墊31之間的接合形成有促進溫度循環可靠性之一或多個規定幾何結構接合特徵。當基於鋁之連接墊31與上覆金屬間化合物(IMC)層或銅球接合32之間存在一臨限值模數不匹配時所揭示結構接合特徵係尤其有用的。舉例而言,當一鋁連接墊31具有小於或等於銅球接合32之模數度量(例如,Cu之E為117GPa)或互連IMC層之模數度量(例如,CuAl2之E為~123GPa)之一預定百分比(例如,60%)的一勁度模數度量(例如,Al、Al合金之E為~65GPa)時發生一臨限值模數不匹配。另一方面,若不存在顯著模數不匹配(例如,ECONNECTION PAD 60% EBALL),則所揭示結構接合特徵中之一或多者可不需要達成熱可靠球接合。
在其中存在一顯著模數不匹配之情形中,可控制接合參數以形成具有一第一結構接合特徵之一連接墊層或金屬間化合物(IMC)層,藉此一最小值特徵(例如,鋁剩餘物)位於銅球32之倒角擠壓區域CF之外半體中或超出該外半體在一高應力連接點處。為圖解說明用於一可 靠銅球接合之最小值特徵之選定實施例,現在參考展示區37(圖3中所展示)之一放大示意性剖面圖4之圖4,其中展示銅球接合32與鋁墊31之間的接合介面結構之選定幾何形狀。存在表徵銅球32與鋁接合墊31之間的接合介面結構之若干個幾何特徵,包含經形成以界定與銅球接合32之一裂隙35之一鋁飛濺33。接合介面結構之一額外幾何結構特徵係最小值位置Z1,其係發現銅球32下方之最小鋁剩餘層之最外部位置。儘管習用接合技術已推薦最小值位置在中心位於銅球下方(例如,孔直徑區域下方),但本發明之選定實施例藉由形成銅球接合以使得最小值特徵Z1位於倒角擠壓區域之外半體中或超出該外半體在一高應力連接點處而提供經改良溫度循環可靠性。在圖4中,最小值特徵Z1之此所要定位由自倒角區域(CF1處所指示)中之中途點((CF1)/2處所指示)延伸以向外延伸至銅球32之外邊緣的「Z位置」箭頭42指示。
另外或在替代方案中,可控制接合參數以限制高應力連接點Z1處之最小值特徵(例如,鋁或IMC剩餘物)之最大目標厚度。在圖4中,可在基板障壁層30之頂部與壓扁球接合32之底部之間量測最小值特徵之最大目標厚度。如將瞭解,所量測高度可係最小值位置Z1處之鋁之剩餘厚度(TREMNANT),或替代地若鋁剩餘物轉化為一金屬間化合物則可係Cu-Al IMC層34之厚度。為提供一可靠銅球接合,最小值位置Z1處之鋁剩餘層之厚度保持低於一第一最大目標厚度(例如,TREMNANT<0.2um)。為達成一甚至更高位準之溫度循環可靠性效能(諸如汽車電子協會(AEC)Q100等級0自動測試標準),最小值位置Z1處之鋁剩餘層之厚度保持低於一第二較小最大目標厚度(例如,TREMNANT<0.1um)。在選定實施例中,一高度可靠銅球接合需要最小值特徵在一球接合之兩側上定位於倒角區域之外半體中或超出該外半體且限於一最大目標厚度(例如,TREMNANT 0.1um至0.2um),此取決於測試要求。
另外或在替代方案中,可控制接合參數以提供球接合之相對側上之最小值特徵之間的實質上對稱性。在選定實例性實施例中,該對稱性可表徵為一規定幾何結構接合特徵,藉此最小值特徵之厚度在另一者之一預定百分比內。為圖解說明用於一可靠銅球接合之剩餘厚度對稱性特徵之選定實施例,現在參考展示接合至一鋁墊51及基板障壁層50之一銅球52之一示意性剖面圖5(其中所得鋁飛濺特徵53、金屬間接觸層54及裂隙55具有最佳化結構幾何特徵以防止銅球52下方之鋁破裂)之圖5。如所圖解說明,銅球接合52與鋁墊51之間的接合介面結構51/54/52具有一大體凹面形狀,該大體凹面形狀具有用剩餘鋁51與金屬間接觸層54之一組合形成之一凸起中心部分以使得銅球之底部可由一w形輪廓表徵。在具有此輪廓之情況下,用於促進可靠銅球接合之一額外幾何要求係以一壓扁銅球接合之第一及第二相對側上之剩餘連接墊層厚度之間的實質上對稱性形成銅線接合。在圖5中,可在基板障壁層50之頂部與壓扁球接合52之底部之間量測銅球接合之相對側上之最小值特徵之第一剩餘厚度TREMNANT-1及第二剩餘厚度TREMNANT-2,藉此量測高應力連接點Z1、Z2處之剩餘鋁或IMC層之高度。為提供一可靠銅球接合,較薄剩餘層之厚度(例如,最小值位置Z1處之TREMNANT-1)保持在相對較厚剩餘層之厚度(例如,TREMNANT-2)之一預定百分比(例如,70%)內。以計算方式陳述,TREMNANT-1/TREMNANT-2 .7)。為達成一更高位準之熱可靠性效能(諸如AEC等級0自動測試標準),增加相對對稱性(例如,TREMNANT-1/TREMNANT-2 .8)。在選定實施例中,一高度可靠銅球接合需要實質上對稱最小值特徵在一球接合之兩側上定位於倒角區域之外半體中或超出該外半體且限於一最大目標厚度(例如,TREMNANT 0.1um至0.2um),此取決於測試要求。
如將瞭解,當銅球接合52下方之剩餘鋁轉換為金屬間接觸層時銅球接合52與鋁墊51之間的介面結構將隨接合之熱壽命而改變。為圖 解說明接合介面結構中之此改變,現在參考展示圖5中所展示之銅球接合之一示意性剖面圖6之圖6,其中銅球接合52與鋁墊51之間的接合介面結構59用已由剩餘鋁51形成以使得銅球之底部可由一w形輪廓表徵之金屬間接觸層形成。如所圖解說明,銅球接合之相對側上之最小值特徵之第一剩餘厚度TREMNANT-1及第二剩餘厚度TREMNANT-2維持其相對對稱性,甚至當剩餘鋁已轉化為金屬間接觸層59時。
另外或在替代方案中,可控制接合參數以提供相對於壓扁球接合區之一延伸金屬間接觸區。在選定實例性實施例中,延伸金屬間接觸區可表徵為一規定幾何結構接合特徵,藉此金屬間接觸長度係壓扁球接合直徑之至少一預定百分比。為圖解說明用於一可靠銅球接合之延伸金屬間接觸區特徵之選定實施例,圖5展示金屬間接觸長度Z1:Z2可界定為接合介面結構之最小值點Z1、Z2之間的距離。另外,水平線B1:B2可界定壓扁球接合52之長度或外直徑。在此等量測之情況下,用於促進可靠銅球接合之一額外幾何要求係以在壓扁球接合區或外直徑之一預定百分比(例如,65%至80%)內之一金屬間接觸區或長度形成銅線接合。為提供一可靠銅球接合,用於IMC生長之一延伸接觸區(由尺寸度量Z1:Z2表徵)係最大壓扁球接合區(由尺寸度量B1:B2表徵)之至少65%。換言之,(Z1:Z2).65(B1:B2)。為達成一更高位準之熱可靠性效能(諸如AEC等級0自動測試標準),增加相對IMC接觸長度Z1:Z2(例如,(Z1:Z2).80(B1:B2))。在選定實施例中,一高度可靠銅球接合需要一延伸IMC接觸長度Z1:Z2延伸跨越定位於倒角區域之外半體中或超出該外半體且限於一最大目標厚度(例如,TREMNANT 0.1um至0.2um)之實質上對稱最小值特徵Z1、Z2之間的球接合,此取決於測試要求。
在某些情形中,接合介面結構之輪廓不容易地提供判定金屬間接觸層之長度之一方式。舉例而言,圖7展示接合至一鋁墊71及基板 障壁層70之一銅球72之一示意性剖面圖7,其中所得鋁飛濺特徵73、金屬間接觸層74及裂隙75具有最佳化結構幾何特徵以防止銅球72下方之鋁破裂。如所圖解說明,銅球接合72與鋁墊71之間的接合介面結構71、74具有一大體凸面形狀,該大體凸面形狀具有用剩餘鋁71與金屬間接觸層74之一組合形成之一較薄中心部分以使得銅球之底部可由一u形輪廓表徵。在此等情形中,可控制接合參數以形成一延伸金屬間接觸區作為一規定幾何結構接合特徵,藉此金屬間接觸長度係壓扁球接合直徑之至少一預定百分比。在圖7中,金屬間接觸長度IMC1:IMC2可界定為IMC形成74在接合介面結構之每一端上之起點之間的水平距離。另外,水平線B1:B2可界定壓扁球接合72之長度或外直徑。在具有此等量測之情況下,用於促進可靠銅球接合之一額外幾何要求係形成具有在壓扁球接合區或外直徑之一預定百分比(例如,65%至80%)內之一金屬間接觸區或長度之銅線接合。為提供一可靠銅球接合,用於IMC生長之一延伸接觸區(由尺寸度量IMC1:IMC2表徵)係最大壓扁球接合區(由尺寸度量B1:B2表徵)之至少65%。換言之,(IMC1:IMC2).65(B1:B2)。為達成一更高位準之熱可靠性效能(諸如AEC等級0自動測試標準),增加相對IMC接觸長度IMC1:IMC2(例如,(IMC1:IMC2).80(B1:B2))。在選定實施例中,一高度可靠銅球接合需要一延伸IMC接觸長度IMC1:IMC2實質上延伸跨越球接合。由此一幾何特徵(例如,延伸IMC接觸長度)表徵之一接合介面結構將提供至鋁墊之一相稱地可靠銅球接合,甚至當接合介面結構不具有定位於倒角區域之外半體中或超出該外半體且限於一最大目標厚度之實質上對稱最小值特徵Z1、Z2時。
如將瞭解,當銅球接合72下方之剩餘鋁轉換為金屬間接觸層時銅球接合72與鋁墊71之間的介面結構將隨接合之熱壽命而改變。為圖解說明接合介面結構中之此改變,現在參考展示圖7中所展示之銅球 接合之一示意性剖面圖8之圖8,其中銅球接合72與鋁墊71之間的接合介面結構79用已由剩餘鋁71形成以使得銅球之底部可由一u形輪廓表徵之金屬間接觸層形成。如所圖解說明,延伸IMC接觸長度IMC1:IMC2延伸跨越球接合,較佳地延伸銅球接合72之最大尺寸直徑度量B1:B2之至少65%。
另外或在替代方案中,可控制接合參數以藉由相對於壓扁球接合之寬度或直徑(SBBD)控制其高度(SBBH)(單獨地或與規定一選定樣本集之一球剪切強度測試度量組合地)而提供一可靠銅球接合。在選定實例性實施例中,壓扁球接合高度及直徑尺寸可表徵為一規定幾何結構接合特徵,藉此壓扁球接合高度不大於壓扁球接合直徑之一預定百分比。為圖解說明用於一可靠銅球接合之壓扁球接合特徵之選定實施例,圖1展示沿x方向及y方向之壓扁球接合直徑SBBDx、SBBDy可界定為壓扁球接合14a至14c之中心直徑。圖5至圖8亦將壓扁球接合直徑度量圖解說明為由壓扁球接合之長度或外直徑界定之水平線B1:B2。可使用一光學範圍或其他量測工具來判定直徑度量。依據x及y直徑度量SBBDx、SBBDy,可計算平均壓扁球接合直徑(SBBD)。以類似方式,可在壓扁球接合14a至14c之頂部與底部之間量測壓扁球接合高度SBBH。在選定實施例中,應用接合程序參數以藉由將壓扁球高度(SBBH)控制為小於或等於壓扁球寬度(SBBD)之一預定百分比(例如,35%)藉此形成一短且粗壓扁球而形成一可靠銅球接合。
為估計以本文中所揭示之規定結構及幾何要求中之一或多者形成之銅球接合之球剪切強度,一球剪切強度測試度量規定用於識別達到或超過球剪切強度/面積度量之一最小臨限值之銅球接合。根據選定實施例,球剪切測試藉由設定球剪切程序之參數(諸如剪切刀速度、高度等)以使得剪切刀針對銅球接合之中間或中點以提供關於一晶粒上之幾乎任何位置上之銅球接合穩健性之詳細且準確資訊而估計 銅球接合下方之鋁及/或金屬間化合物層之機械完整性。一旦校準凸塊剪切測試程序,便可分析記錄於凸塊剪切系統上之負載曲線及最大負載以表徵銅球接合之材料性質。現在將參考展示用於測試接合至鋁接合墊之銅線接合之機械完整性及球剪切強度之一凸塊剪切測試結構之一剖面圖9之圖9闡述一實例。如所圖解說明,一銅接合球92在界定接合焊接區之一接合介面結構93處接合至鋁接合墊91。鋁接合墊形成於測試晶粒90上且由其中一開口曝露鋁接合墊91之一鈍化層96環繞,所有此等由一夾緊結構95固定。在球測試期間,一剪切臂97經定位以抵靠銅接合球92橫向移動以便與銅接合球92之中心線或中間部分交叉。如所圖解說明,控制剪切臂97之定位以使得剪切臂97之底部定位於鈍化層96上面達准許剪切臂97與銅球接合92之中心線交叉之一最小間隔距離h。舉例而言,若一銅球接合92具有18μm之一高度,則剪切臂97可定位於5μm之一高度處以將其力直接施加至銅接合球92,藉此提供關於鋁接合墊91區中之剩餘鋁或IMC層之完整性之非常有意義之資訊。
在對一壓扁球接合執行球剪切測試時,以克(力)單位記錄球剪切強度,且樣本大小之壓扁球接合之複數個球剪切測試結果(例如,48)用於計算一平均球剪切強度值。另外,(諸如)藉由使用平均壓扁球接合直徑(SBBD)而計算一壓扁球面積。藉由將所計算平均球剪切強度值除以壓扁球面積,可得出一平均球剪力/壓扁球面積(BSPA)量度。舉例而言,BSPA=(平均球剪切強度值)/(π(SBBD/2)2)。
藉由對一晶粒上之多個銅接合球執行凸塊剪切測試,最大負載及負載曲線之特性之差異可用於就機械完整性、良率及其他定性量測而言估計及比較銅接合球。此使在不運行耗時封裝測試及鑒定之情況下將迅速回饋提供至晶粒製造設施為可能的。另外,所揭示凸塊剪切測試結構及方法可用於監視銅接合球下方之剩餘鋁或IMC層之機械完 整性。因此,所揭示測試結構及方法對於封裝發展及監視產品品質、由其對於在低k介電層上方之鋁連接墊上形成為一多層級互連堆疊(例如,6至7個線後端(BEOL)互連層級)之一部分之銅球接合(主動電路位於其下方)係理想的。所揭示測試結構及方法亦可用於形成具有經改良溫度循環可靠性(例如,至少7.5gf/mil2之一球剪切強度/面積度量)之較小球接合以使得較小球接合結構(例如,大約25微米之線直徑及大約55微米之球直徑)可接合至形成於主動電路上方之低k介電層上之鋁墊。球剪切強度之此等改良針對形成有更易於發生破裂之低k介電層之多層級互連堆疊係有益的,由其當主動電路形成於銅球接合下面時。
為提供一可靠銅球接合,可控制接合參數以將平均壓扁球接合高度(SBBH)與平均壓扁球接合直徑(SBBD)之比率限制為大於0.35,且形成本文中所揭示之一或多個規定幾何結構接合特徵以使得所計算平均球剪力/壓扁球面積(BSPA)量度處於或高於預定臨限值。舉例而言,為提供一可靠銅球接合,SBBH/SBBD之比率0.35,且所計算BSPA量度之最小臨限值7.5gf/mil2,假定平均壓扁球接合直徑尺寸轉換為mil單位(1um=0.03937mil)。為達成一甚至更高位準之溫度循環可靠性效能(諸如AEC等級0自動測試標準),BSPA量度之最小臨限值9.0gf/mil2。在選定實施例中,一高度可靠銅球接合需要形成複數個規定幾何結構接合特徵以具有達到或超過一最小臨限值(例如,7.5gf/mil2至9gf/mil2)之一球剪切強度/面積度量,此取決於測試要求。
為進一步圖解說明本發明之選定實施例,現在參考根據本發明之選定實施例圖解說明用於製作及測試用於一可靠球接合墊附著之銅球接合之各種方法之一簡化示意性流程圖10之圖10。在闡述製作方法時,說明僅意欲促進對各種例示性實施例之理解且並非藉由限制之方式。除非另有指示,否則步驟可以任何所要次序提供。由於圖10中所 圖解說明及下文所闡述之步驟僅藉由實例之方式提供,因此將瞭解,所圖解說明步驟之順序可經修改、減少或增加以與本發明之替代實施例保持一致以使得方法可包含額外步驟,省略特定步驟,替代或更改特定步驟,或以不同於圖10中所圖解說明之次序之一次序執行特定步驟。因此,將瞭解,本發明之方法可被認為以所繪示之次序執行所識別步驟序列,但該等步驟亦可並行執行,以一不同次序執行或執行為經組合之獨立操作。
一旦方法開始(步驟101),便使銅線朝向鋁墊表面以起始接合程序(步驟102)。銅線通常包含形成於可由一毛細管接合工具施加之一接合線之一端處之接合球。在選定實施例中,一自由空氣球(FAB)可在銅線之端上由藉由放電結球(EFO)系統所點燃之火花形成之電漿形成。當銅接合球接觸鋁墊表面時,銅接合球之形狀可因所施加接合力而變形,或另一選擇係,可預先執行或機械調節銅接合球之所要形狀。
在步驟103處,使用預定接合參數控制銅球與鋁墊之間的接合介面結構以包含用於促進溫度循環可靠性之一或多個最佳化幾何結構接合特徵來將銅線接合球直接接合至鋁墊表面層。藉由適當地選擇及控制接合參數作為衝擊速度、接合力、溫度、時間、壓力、預衝擊(亦稱,前置擺蕩)超音波能量及用以形成銅球與鋁連接墊之間的一金屬間連接或焊接之超音波能量的一組合,所得接合介面結構將具有與所接合銅球下面之最小剩餘鋁層之定位、厚度及對稱性、金屬間接觸區之相對寬度或長度及/或壓扁球之一規定高度與直徑比率相關之一或多個最佳化結構及幾何要求以增加一平均球剪切強度/球面積測試度量。舉例而言,控制選定接合參數以藉由在連接墊層或金屬間化合物(IMC)層中形成位於倒角擠壓區域之外半體中或超出該外半體之對稱最小值特徵(例如,鋁剩餘物)(具有一規定最大剩餘厚度,且具有一 相對對稱厚度)而防止銅球下方鋁或IMC材料之破裂。亦藉由控制選定接合參數以藉由要求金屬間接觸長度滿足壓扁球接合直徑之一預定最小百分比而形成相對於壓扁球接合區之延伸金屬間接觸區來促進銅球接合可靠性,藉此確保用於IMC生長之一大接觸區。亦藉由將壓扁球高度控制為小於壓扁球寬度之一預定最大百分比以形成一短且粗壓扁球而促進銅球接合可靠性,其中可藉由計算一球剪力/面積(BSPA)度量以用於與所計算BSPA量度之一最小臨限值之比較而估計所得接合強度。
在其中針對一KnS Iconn線接合器最佳化步驟103處之選定接合參數以形成至具有1.2um之一厚度之一鋁接合墊(99.5% Al+0.5wt% Cu)(其中50um之接合墊開口作為最小側)之可靠銅球接合之一實例性實施例中,下文展示:a.接合溫度作為預熱為145℃至155℃(或更具體而言150℃),在接合溫度下為165℃至175℃(或更具體而言170℃)且接合後溫度為145℃至155℃(或更具體而言150℃);b. USG前置擺蕩(USG電流,mA):40mA至50mA(或更具體而言45mA);c.接合電力(USG電流,mA):65mA至75mA(或更具體而言70mA);d.初始接合力:15g至25g(或更具體而言20g);e.接合力:20g至30g(或更具體而言25g);及f.接合時間:10m-sec至20m-sec(或更具體而言15m-sec)。
如將瞭解,不同類型之接合概念可用於達成各圖中所圖解說明之各種接合介面結構情形。舉例而言,一種接合技術在一第一節段期間以零接合電力發動一接合力,且在一第二節段期間使用最小接合力及最佳接合電力。另一接合技術在第一節段期間使用一中等接合電力 及最佳接合力,且在第二節段期間使用較低接合力及最佳接合電力。亦將瞭解,將藉由用於將積體電路晶粒總成固持於線接合系統中之夾緊系統調變各種接合參數(總成元件之材料特徵及性質、銅線之材料特徵及性質、接合溫度及毛細管材料及設計)對達成各圖中所圖解說明之實例性幾何結構之影響。一般而言,儘可能靠近於接合區地牢固夾緊總成係最佳的。晶粒之厚度以及鋁接合墊金屬之組成物、厚度及硬度影響所得銅球接合。當銅線接合於一金屬引線框架總成時通常使用較高溫度(200℃),而當銅線接合於一印刷電路板基板總成上時通常使用較低溫度(180℃)。引線框架金屬之厚度以及實體及機械性質,及印刷電路板基板中之個別金屬及介電層之厚度,及此等層之性質在接合程序期間影響超音波能量之熱轉移及衰減。銅線可係一未經塗佈高純度銅合金,或其可塗佈有另一金屬,諸如鈀、金或銀。自由空氣球(FAB)之實體及機械性質影響與鋁墊金屬之交互。毛細管材料及設計在球接合形成期間影響能量自毛細管至球接合之轉移效率,此影響至鋁墊之接合之品質。
當然,將理解,本發明不限於一特定接合參數集。而是,最佳接合參數取決於線類型、墊金屬化、裝置組態及其他考量。
一旦完成銅球與鋁墊之接合,便在步驟104處用轉移模具化合物囊封個別裝置。舉例而言,轉移模製可用於藉由藉助對熔融熱固性材料之簡單柱塞動作將材料饋送至一模穴中而模製熱固性材料。
在封裝積體電路裝置之後,在步驟105處可藉助一應力測試或一目視測試來測試積體電路裝置以估計銅球接合之幾何結構。如將瞭解,可應用任何應力測試,包含但不限於偏壓HAST、不偏壓HAST、THB、高壓釜及溫度循環測試。另外或在替代方案中,將瞭解,可在完成銅球及鋁墊之接合之後且在模製之前執行銅球接合幾何特徵之檢查及測試。若在模製之後執行,則必須藉助酸或其他移除技術移除轉 移模具化合物。另外或在替代方案中,可藉由將標準工具及程序用於半導體裝置之故障分析而評估本文中所闡述之各種幾何結構特徵,以量測形成於銅球與鋁墊之間的接合介面結構中之最佳化幾何結構接合特徵之態樣。接下來,在步驟106處評估測試結果。
根據選定實施例,在步驟105處應用之測試準則評估積體電路銅線接合連接以判定是否存在指示熱循環可靠性之一或多個幾何特徵。舉例而言,當一側上之鋁最小值特徵位於倒角擠壓區域之外半體中或超出該外半體但對置側上之鋁最小值特徵不位於倒角擠壓區域之外半體中或超出該外半體時一銅球接合可未通過而不能滿足一AEC等級1(自-50℃至150℃之溫度循環之1000個循環)測試。另外或在替代方案中,當兩側上之鋁最小值特徵適當地位於倒角擠壓區域之外半體中或超出該外半體且一所計算球剪切強度/面積量度達到或超過所計算BSPA量度之一規定最小臨限值時一銅球接合可通過一AEC等級0(自-50℃至150℃之溫度循環之2000個循環)測試。另外或在替代方案中,當兩側上之鋁最小值特徵適當地位於倒角擠壓區域之外半體中或超出該外半體但所計算球剪切強度/面積量度未達到或超過所計算BSPA量度之規定最小臨限值時一銅球接合可未通過一AEC等級0(自-50℃至150℃之溫度循環之2000個循環)測試。
如將瞭解,在步驟105處可應用任何所要測試準則。舉例而言,可應用線牽拉測試或接合牽拉測試以測試線接合強度及品質。通常,線牽拉測試可藉由在待測試之線下方施加一向上力以將線自晶粒拉走而應用於樣本大小之球接合。可藉助牽拉測試器設備(其包含用於使用稱為一牽拉鉤之一工具對線/接合施加向上牽拉力之一機構)及用於量測在其下線/接合最終斷裂之力之一經校準儀器實施線/接合牽拉測試。通常以克力表達此斷裂力。替代在銅線上斷裂,銅球將離開鋁接合墊升起,從而帶走鋁接合墊之某些部分且留下鋁接合墊之某些其他 部分。
若積體電路裝置通過108(決策106之肯定結果),則可選擇下一裝置(步驟109)以用於測試之應用(步驟105)。然而,若積體電路裝置未通過測試107(決策106之否定結果),且則可對下一裝置執行測試(步驟109)。為提供銅球接合測試失敗之說明性實例,現在參考展示一銅球接合之一剖面影像110之圖11。如放大影像中所展示,銅球112接合至一鋁接合墊111以形成鋁飛濺特徵113及接合介面結構,其中在已發生溫度循環之後已形成鋁裂縫114、115以自球邊緣向內傳播。展示在一線牽拉測試之後鋁接合墊及銅球之底部或腳部之光學照片之圖12(a)至圖12(c)中提供一銅球接合測試失敗之另一圖解說明。特定而言,圖12(a)係在一線牽拉測試期間拉走銅球之後鋁接合墊之一光學照片121,從而揭示由藉助於形成於鋁材料中之裂縫在鋁接合墊上剩餘之剩餘鋁飛濺特徵環繞之經曝露基板半導體。特定而言,圖12(b)係在應用線牽拉測試之後鋁接合墊之一SEM照片122,其展示藉由形成於鋁接合墊中之一開口曝露下伏矽基板。另外,圖12(c)係在應用線牽拉測試之後銅球接合之底部或腳部之一SEM照片123,其展示鋁及銅-鋁金屬間化合物(IMC)剩餘在銅球接合之底部上。如此等實例性影像中所展示,由鋁層在接合墊及銅球之腳部兩者上之存在指示測試失敗,從而指示鋁裂縫在溫度循環之後形成於其間。本發明之選定實施例藉由將低k介電層上之銅球接合介面結構形成為具有規定幾何特徵以提供銅球接合之一規定最小球剪切強度/面積度量而減少或消除此等失敗。
目前為止應瞭解,本文中提供一種積體電路銅線接合連接及用於製造其之方法。如所揭示,銅線接合連接包含一銅球,該銅球直接接合至形成於一低k介電層上之一鋁接合墊以形成該銅球之一接合介面結構,該接合介面結構由用以提供熱循環可靠性之包含位於該銅球 下方之一外周邊位置處之一鋁最小值特徵以防止該鋁接合墊中之裂縫之形成及/或傳播的第一複數個幾何特徵表徵。在該銅線接合連接中,該鋁接合墊可用具有小於或等於用於形成該銅球之一金屬材料之一模數度量之一60%之一勁度模數度量的一金屬材料形成。在選定實施例中,該接合介面結構之該鋁最小值特徵具有小於0.2微米之一厚度,且在其他實施例中,該鋁最小值特徵具有小於0.1微米之一厚度。如所形成,該鋁最小值特徵可位於該銅球中之一倒角擠壓區域之一外半體中或超出該外半體在該銅球與該鋁接合墊之間的一高應力連接點處。另外或在替代方案中,該鋁最小值特徵可由在該銅球之相對側上具有實質上對稱厚度表徵。舉例而言,該鋁最小值特徵可具有在該銅球之一第一側上之一第一較大厚度及在該銅球之一第二對置側上之一第二較小厚度,其中第二較小厚度係該第一較大厚度之至少70%。另外或在替代方案中,該接合介面結構之該等幾何特徵可包含形成具有係該銅球之一直徑度量之至少65%至85%之一總長度之一金屬間化合物(IMC)層。另外,該銅球可在接合程序中變形以具有小於該銅球之一直徑度量之35%之一高度尺寸。如所形成,該積體電路銅線接合連接由至少7.5gf/mil2之一球剪切強度/面積度量表徵。
以另一形式,提供一種形成至一鋁墊之一銅球接合之方法。作為一初始步驟,形成包含一銅球之一接合線,且然後將該銅球定位在形成於一低k介電層上之一鋁接合墊處之一接合位點處。此後,藉助熱、壓力及沿一第一方向施加之超音波振動能量之一預定組合將該銅球接合至一鋁接合墊。在一實例性實施方案中,熱、壓力及超音波振動能量之該組合包含將該接合線及該銅球預熱至大約150℃之一預熱溫度;及當將該銅球接合至該鋁接合墊時將該銅球及該鋁接合墊加熱至大約170℃之一接合溫度同時在第一節段期間供應大約45mA之接合電力電流且施加大約20g之一接合力且在第二節段期間供應大約 70mA之接合電力電流且施加大約25g之一接合力達大約15msec之一接合時間。因此,該銅球與該鋁接合墊之間的一接合介面結構由用以提供熱循環可靠性之包括位於該銅球下方之一外周邊位置處之一鋁最小值特徵以防止鋁接合墊破裂形成或傳播的第一複數個幾何特徵表徵。舉例而言,該接合介面結構之該等幾何特徵可包含具有小於0.2微米或甚至小於0.1微米之一厚度之一鋁最小值特徵。在其他實施例中,該接合介面結構之該鋁最小值特徵可位於該銅球中之一倒角擠壓區域之一外半體中或超出該外半體且由在該銅球之相對側上具有實質上對稱厚度表徵。另外,該接合介面結構之該等幾何特徵可包含具有係該銅球之一直徑度量之至少65%或該直徑度量之至少80%之一總長度之一金屬間化合物(IMC)層。因此,至該鋁墊之該銅球接合可由至少7.5gf/mil2或至少9gf/mil2之一球剪切強度/面積度量表徵。
儘管本文中所揭示之所闡述例示性實施例針對於銅球與鋁墊之間的接合介面結構之各種幾何特徵及結構及用於製作該接合介面結構之方法,但本發明不必限於圖解說明本發明之可適用於寬廣範圍之電晶體製作程序及/或結構之發明態樣之實例性實施例。舉例而言,銅接合球至鋁連接墊之直接接合提供等效或優於至相同封裝之金線接合之可靠性,此乃因銅-鋁金屬間化合物比金-鋁金屬間化合物薄且更強健,但當適當地控制球接合幾何形狀以形成鋁飛濺結構時選定實施例亦可形成與摻雜貴金屬之銅線之可靠接合。因此,上文所揭示之特定實施例僅係說明性的且不應視為對本發明之限制,此乃因可以受益於本文中之教示之熟習此項技術者明瞭之不同但等效的方式修改及實踐本發明。因此,前述說明並非意欲將本發明限於所陳述之特定形式,而是相反,意欲涵蓋可包含於如由隨附申請專利範圍所定義的本發明之精神及範疇內之此等替代方案、修改形式及等效物,以使得熟習此項技術者應理解其可以本發明之最寬廣形式在不背離本發明之精神及 範疇之情況下做出各種改變、替代及更改。
上文已關於具體實施例闡述了益處、其他優點及問題之解決方案。然而,該等益處、優點、解決問題之方案及可導致任何益處、優點或解決方案發生或變得更顯著之任何要素皆不應被解釋為任何或所有請求項之關鍵、必需或基本特徵或要素。如本文中所使用,術語「包括」或其任何其他變化形式皆意欲涵蓋一非排他性包含,以使得包括一連串元件之一程序、方法、物件或設備並非僅包含彼等元件,而是可包含其他未明確列出或此程序、方法、物件或設備所固有之元件。
1‧‧‧俯視平面圖/平面圖
1A‧‧‧放大前視圖
1B‧‧‧側視圖
11a‧‧‧連接墊/第一連接墊
11b‧‧‧連接墊/第二連接墊
11c‧‧‧連接墊/第三連接墊
12a‧‧‧飛濺特徵
12b‧‧‧飛濺特徵
12c‧‧‧飛濺特徵
13‧‧‧側至側方向
14a‧‧‧球接合接觸部分/第一線接合/壓扁球接合
14b‧‧‧球接合接觸部分/線接合/壓扁球接合
14c‧‧‧球接合接觸部分/壓扁球接合
15a‧‧‧互連部分/第一線接合
15b‧‧‧互連部分/線接合
15c‧‧‧互連部分
16a‧‧‧線導體部分/第一線接合
16b‧‧‧線導體部分/線接合
16c‧‧‧線導體部分
20‧‧‧積體電路晶粒/基板結構/基板
A-A'‧‧‧視線
B-B'‧‧‧視線
SBBDX‧‧‧壓扁球接合直徑
SBBDY‧‧‧壓扁球接合直徑
SBBH‧‧‧壓扁球接合高度/高度/壓扁球高度

Claims (20)

  1. 一種積體電路銅線接合連接,其包括:一銅球,其接合至形成於一低k介電層上之一鋁接合墊以形成該銅球之一接合介面結構,該接合介面結構由包括位於該銅球下方之一外周邊位置處之一鋁最小值特徵以提供至少7.5gf/mil2之一球剪切強度/面積度量之第一複數個幾何特徵表徵。
  2. 如請求項1之積體電路銅線接合連接,其中該鋁接合墊用具有小於或等於用於形成該銅球之一金屬材料之一模數度量之一60%之一勁度模數度量的一金屬材料形成。
  3. 如請求項1之積體電路銅線接合連接,其中該接合介面結構之該鋁最小值特徵具有小於0.2微米之一厚度。
  4. 如請求項1之積體電路銅線接合連接,其中該接合介面結構之該鋁最小值特徵具有小於0.1微米之一厚度。
  5. 如請求項1之積體電路銅線接合連接,其中該接合介面結構之該鋁最小值特徵位於該銅球中之一倒角擠壓區域之一外半體中或超出該外半體在該銅球與該鋁接合墊之間的一高應力連接點處。
  6. 如請求項1之積體電路銅線接合連接,其中該接合介面結構之該鋁最小值特徵由在該銅球之相對側上具有實質上對稱厚度表徵。
  7. 如請求項6之積體電路銅線接合連接,其中該鋁最小值特徵具有在該銅球之一第一側上之一第一較大厚度及在該銅球之一第二對置側上之一第二較小厚度,其中第二較小厚度係該第一較大厚度之至少70%。
  8. 如請求項1之積體電路銅線接合連接,其中該接合介面結構之該 第一複數個幾何特徵包括具有係該銅球之一直徑度量之至少65%之一總長度之一金屬間化合物(IMC)層。
  9. 如請求項1之積體電路銅線接合連接,其中該接合介面結構之該第一複數個幾何特徵包括具有係該銅球之一直徑度量之至少80%之一總長度之一金屬間化合物(IMC)層。
  10. 如請求項1之積體電路銅線接合連接,其中該銅球具有小於該銅球之一直徑度量之35%之一高度尺寸。
  11. 如請求項1之積體電路銅線接合連接,其中該銅球具有實質上55微米或更少之一直徑,且整體地附著至具有實質上25微米或更少之一直徑之一線導體。
  12. 如請求項1之積體電路銅線接合連接,其中該積體電路銅線接合連接由至少9gf/mil2之一球剪切強度/面積度量表徵。
  13. 如請求項1之積體電路銅線接合連接,其中該銅球係藉由沿一第一方向將超音波振動能量施加至該銅球而附著至該鋁接合墊。
  14. 如請求項1之積體電路銅線接合連接,其中一或多個主動電路直接位於該積體電路銅線接合連接下面。
  15. 一種形成至一鋁墊之一銅球接合之方法,其包括:形成包括一銅球之一接合線;將該銅球定位在形成於一低k介電層上之一鋁接合墊處之一接合位點處;藉助熱、壓力及沿一第一方向施加之超音波振動能量之一預定組合將該銅球接合至一鋁接合墊以形成該銅球與該鋁接合墊之間的一接合介面結構,該接合介面結構由包括位於該銅球下方之一外周邊位置處之一鋁最小值特徵以提供至少7.5gf/mil2之一球剪切強度/面積度量之第一複數個幾何特徵表徵。
  16. 如請求項15之方法,其中在包括以下各項之線接合器程序中執 行藉助熱、壓力及超音波振動能量之該預定組合將該銅球接合至該鋁接合墊:將該接合線及該銅球預熱至一預定預熱溫度;及當將該銅球接合至該鋁接合墊時將該銅球及該鋁接合墊加熱至高於該預定預熱溫度之一接合溫度,同時在第一節段期間供應大約40mA至50mA之接合電力電流且施加大約15g至25g之一第一接合力且在第二節段期間供應大約65mA至75mA之接合電力電流且施加大於該第一接合力之一第二接合力達大約10msec至20msec之一接合時間。
  17. 如請求項15之方法,其中該接合介面結構之該鋁最小值特徵具有小於0.2微米之一厚度。
  18. 如請求項15之方法,其中該接合介面結構之該鋁最小值特徵位於該銅球中之一倒角擠壓區域之一外半體中或超出該外半體且由在該銅球之相對側上具有實質上對稱厚度表徵。
  19. 如請求項15之方法,其中該接合介面結構之該第一複數個幾何特徵包括具有係該銅球之一直徑度量之至少65%之一總長度之一金屬間化合物(IMC)層。
  20. 如請求項15之方法,其中至該鋁墊之該銅球接合由至少9gf/mil2之一球剪切強度/面積度量表徵。
TW103132669A 2013-11-26 2014-09-22 銅球接合介面結構及形成 TWI635547B (zh)

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