TW201500453A - 基於羥基-官能化之(甲基)丙烯酸酯及基於脲二酮(uretdione)的複合半成品,由其所製成之模製物及直接製成之模製物,它們係藉由輻射交聯而產生熱固物 - Google Patents
基於羥基-官能化之(甲基)丙烯酸酯及基於脲二酮(uretdione)的複合半成品,由其所製成之模製物及直接製成之模製物,它們係藉由輻射交聯而產生熱固物 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201500453A TW201500453A TW103107708A TW103107708A TW201500453A TW 201500453 A TW201500453 A TW 201500453A TW 103107708 A TW103107708 A TW 103107708A TW 103107708 A TW103107708 A TW 103107708A TW 201500453 A TW201500453 A TW 201500453A
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- diisocyanate
- acrylate
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Classifications
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Abstract
本發明係關於一種製造貯存穩定之聚胺甲酸乙酯預浸體的方法及由彼所製造之模製物(複合組件)。該預浸體及組件分別藉由混合(甲基)丙烯酸酯單體、(甲基)丙烯酸酯聚合物、羥基-官能化之(甲基)丙烯酸酯單體及/或羥基-官能化之(甲基)丙烯酸酯聚合物與脲二酮材料所製造。光起始劑也可隨意地被添加。此混合物或溶液係藉由已知方法施加至纖維材料(例如碳纖維、玻璃纖維或聚合物纖維),且藉助輻射或電漿方法聚合。
聚合(例如在室溫下或在至高80℃下)產生熱塑性塑膠或熱塑性塑膠預浸體,且這些隨後也可進行形成方法。該羥基-官能化之(甲基)丙烯酸酯構成分子然後藉由使用高溫可與已存在於該系統內之脲二酮交聯。因此,可能製造尺寸穩定之熱固物或尺寸穩定之交聯複合組件。
Description
本發明係關於一種製造貯存穩定之聚胺甲酸乙酯預浸體的方法及由彼所製造之模製物(複合組件)。該預浸體及組件分別藉由混合(甲基)丙烯酸酯單體、(甲基)丙烯酸酯聚合物、羥基-官能化之(甲基)丙烯酸酯單體及/或羥基-官能化之(甲基)丙烯酸酯聚合物與脲二酮材料所製造。光起始劑也可隨意地被添加。此混合物或溶液係藉由已知方法施加至纖維材料(例如碳纖維、玻璃纖維或聚合物纖維),且藉助輻射或電漿方法聚合。
聚合(例如在室溫下或在至高80℃下)產生熱塑性塑膠或熱塑性塑膠預浸體,且這些隨後也可進行形成方法。該羥基-官能化之(甲基)丙烯酸酯構成分子然後藉由使用高溫
可與已存在於該系統內之脲二酮交聯。因此,可能製造尺寸穩定之熱固物或尺寸穩定之經交聯的複合組件。
預浸體形式之纖維強化材料已用在很多工業應用中,因為彼與替代之濕式積層(wet-lay-up)技術相比係方便處置且在加工時增加效率。
這些系統之工業使用者現正要求不僅有更快循環時間及較大之貯存穩定性(包括在室溫下),也要求將該預浸體裁切成合適尺寸的可能性,其中個別預浸體之自動裁切成合適尺寸及積層係在裁切工具不受該基質材料(其常是膠黏的)之任何污染下達成。
不同的成形方法(例如反應轉送模製(RTM)方法)包括該強化纖維導入鑄模中,關閉該鑄模、將該可交聯樹脂調合物導入該鑄模且隨後將該樹脂交聯(一般是經由供應熱)。
對方法之類型的限制之一是:相當難以將該強化纖維嵌入該鑄模。各別的梭織物或層合紗布(laid-scrim)層必須被裁切成合適尺寸且被修改以適合於該鑄模之不同的形狀。那可能既耗時又複雜,尤其是若該模製物也要包含泡體核心或其他核心。利用簡單之處置和現有之用於形成程序之方法,可預形成之纖維強化物系統在此會是理想的。
交聯基質系統領域不僅涵蓋聚酯、乙烯酯及環氧樹脂系統,也涵蓋很多專門的樹脂。在所用之材料之間,聚胺
甲酸乙酯特別是用於藉由拉擠成形程序以製造複合型材,因為彼是強韌的且容許損害。常提及之缺點是所用之異氰酸酯的毒性。然而,環氧樹脂系統及其中所用之硬化劑成分的毒性也必須被視為重要。這尤其適用於已知的敏感性及過敏性。
由以環氧樹脂系統為底質者所製造之預浸體和複合材料在WO 98/50211、EP 309 221、EP 297 674、WO 89/04335及US 4,377,657中被舉例描述。WO 2006/043019描述一種用於製備以環氧樹脂-聚胺甲酸乙酯粉末為底質之預浸體。以粉末狀熱塑性塑膠為底質之預浸體也已描述為基質。
WO 99/64216描述預浸體及複合材料,以及藉由使用具有小到能包覆個別纖維之聚合物粒子的乳濁液製造彼等的方法。該等粒子之聚合物的黏度是至少5000厘泊(centipoise),且該聚合物是熱塑性塑膠或交聯用聚胺甲酸乙酯聚合物。
EP 0590702描述用於製造預浸體之粉末浸漬系統,其中該粉末係由熱塑性塑膠分別和反應性單體及預聚物之混合物組成。WO 2005/091715同樣地描述熱塑性塑膠於製造預浸體之用途。
具有以二成分型聚胺甲酸乙酯(2-C PU)為底質之基質的預浸體同樣是已知的。該2-C PU範疇本質上包含慣用的反應性聚胺甲酸乙酯樹脂系統。原則上,在此所牽涉之系統是由二種不同的成分製成。雖然該等成分之一的主要
構成分子總是聚異氰酸酯(例如聚合型二異氰酸亞甲基二苯酯(MDI),第二成分之主要構成分子是多元醇或更近之發展是胺基-或胺-多元醇混合物。該二部分僅在即將使用前互相混合。然後經由加聚反應並形成由聚胺甲酸乙酯或聚脲構成之網絡以進行化學硬化。一旦二成分型系統之該二構成分子已經混合,該系統使用時間(操作時間、適用期)即受到限制,因為開始之反應導致黏度逐漸增加且最終該系統膠化。在此有很多決定有效使用時間之變數:最重要的是該等反應物之反應性、催化作用、濃度、溶解度、水含量、NCO/OH比率及周圍溫度[其中相關參見:Lackharze[塗覆用樹脂],Stoye/Freitag,Hauser-Verlag 1996,pp.210/212]。以此類型之2-C PU系統為底質之預浸體的缺點是該預浸體僅可獲得短暫使用時間以獲得複合材料。此類型之預浸體之貯存穩定性因此不超過很多小時,且當然不延長至數日。
除了作為彼等之基質的不同黏合劑之外,水分固化塗料在組成以及性質上基本上對應於同功的2C系統。原則上,使用相同之溶劑、顏料、填料和輔劑。這些系統與2C塗料相異之處在於:因穩定性之理由,彼在其應用前一點也不容許任何水分。
DE 102009001793.3及DE 102009001806.9描述一種用於製造貯存穩定之預浸體的方法,該預浸體本質上由A)至少一種纖維基材及B)至少一種反應性粉末狀聚胺甲酸乙酯組成物作為基質材料所構成。
該等系統也可包含聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯作為共黏合劑或多元醇成分。DE 102010029355.5使用一種直接熔體浸漬方法以將此類型組成物導入該纖維材料。DE 102010030234.1使用以溶劑之預處理。這些系統具有下述缺點:高熔體黏度或使用在某些階段必須被移除或可能也具有伴隨之毒物學缺點的溶劑。
有鑒於該先前技術,本發明之目的是要提供一種新穎之預浸體技術,由此技術可以獲得一種更簡單之方法以製造容易處置之預浸體系統。
本發明之特別目的是要提供一種經加速之製造預浸體的方法,其與該先前技術相比,可獲得明顯延長之貯存穩定性及/或適用期。另一意圖是:基於該基質之重量損失(尤其是蒸發該反應性稀釋劑之形式者)可保持在20%以下。
該等目的係藉由一種用於製造複合半成品及進一步將這些加工以獲得模製物的新穎方法而達成。此新穎方法包含以下步驟:
I.製造一種包含組成物的反應性組成物,其中該組成物至少包含:A)以(甲基)丙烯酸酯為底質之反應性樹脂
成分,其中該樹脂成分之至少一構成分子具有羥基、胺基及/或硫醇基,B)至少一種以阻斷劑阻斷及/或經內部阻斷之二或聚異氰酸酯作為異氰酸酯成分,及C)隨意地至少一種光起始劑。步驟I可例如經由將該三種成分簡單攪拌在一起而達成。
II.以I之組成物直接浸漬纖維基材,
III.利用電磁輻射、電子束或電漿硬化在該組成物中的樹脂成分,
IV.成形以產生其後的模製物及
V.硬化在該組成物中之異氰酸酯成分,
在此較佳是:該樹脂成分對該異氰酸酯成分之定量比率為90:10至50:50。極特佳是:該樹脂成分及該異氰酸酯成分相對存在比率使得對該樹脂成分1之每一羥基而言脲二酮基之個數為0.3至1.0,較佳地0.4至0.9,特佳地0.45至0.55,其中這對應於0.6至2.0,較佳地0.8至1.8且特佳地0.9至1.1之該異氰酸酯成分之經外部阻斷的異氰酸酯基。
該樹脂成分尤其是至少由0至30重量%(較佳地1至15重量%且特佳地2至10重量%)之交聯劑,30至100重量%(較佳地40至80重量%且特佳地40至60重量%)之單體,0至40重量%(較佳地5至30重量%)之一或多種預聚物及0至10重量%(較佳地0.5至8重量%且特佳地3至6重量%)之光起始劑。較佳是:該光起始劑包含羥基酮及/或雙醯基膦。
本發明之系統的優點包含可變形之熱塑性塑膠半成品/預浸體(其在該複合成分製造期間於另一步驟中被交聯以獲得熱固物)的製造。開始之調合物是液態的且因此適合浸漬纖維材料而不需添加溶劑。該半成品在室溫下是貯存穩定的。所得之模製物具有比其他聚胺甲酸乙酯系統更高的耐熱性。與常見的環氧樹脂系統相比,彼之特徵是較高之可撓性。此類型之基質可再被設計以成為耐光的且因此可用於製造碳面(carbon-faced)之組件而無需另外之塗層。
令人驚訝地,已發現可能藉由使用上述反應性(甲基)丙烯酸酯樹脂與異氰酸酯成份之組合以製造經合適浸漬之反應性的貯存穩定的複合半成品。
所得之複合半成品具有與該先前技術至少相同或甚至更佳的加工性,且可用於製造供極廣泛應用(用於構造工業、汽車工業、航太工業、及電力工程(風力機)及船艇建造和船艦建造)的高效能複合材料。依照本發明可被使用之反應性組成物對環境是友善且不昂貴的,且具有良好機械性,容易加工且在固化後具有良好耐風化性,例如具有硬度對可撓性之平衡比率。
為供本發明之目的,複合半成品之表達方式與預浸體及有機條片(organopanel)被同義地使用。預浸體通常是一種用於熱固複合組件之先質。有機條片一般是一種用於熱塑性複合組件之對應先質。
在一特別具體例中,該樹脂成分也包含胺甲酸乙酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯。在此類型之具體例中,該樹脂成分之組
成衍生自依照申請專利範圍第1及2項之至少一項的方法,其特徵在於該樹脂成分是至少由下列物質構成:0至30重量%(較佳地1至15重量%且特佳地2至10重量%)之交聯劑,30至99重量%(較佳地40至80重量%且特佳地40至60重量%)之單體,0至40重量%(較佳地5至30重量%)之一或多種預聚物,1至20重量%(較佳地2至10重量%且特佳地4至8重量%)之胺甲酸乙酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯及0至10重量%(較佳地0.5至8重量%且特佳地3至6重量%)之光起始劑。
較佳被使用之光起始劑尤其可包含羥基酮及/或雙醯基膦或是這些之混合物。若該光起始劑被添加,則在該組成物中這些物質之濃度是0.2至10.0重量%,較佳地0.5至3重量%且特佳地3至6重量%。
在本發明中較佳被使用於該複合半成品的基材材料之特徵在於該纖維基材大抵由玻璃、碳、塑膠(諸如聚醯胺(聚芳醯胺)或聚酯)、天然纖維或礦物纖維材料(諸如玄武岩纖維或陶瓷纖維)構成。該纖維基材之形式為非織物、針織物、非針織結構製之紡織片,諸如梭織物、層合紗布或編織織物,為長纖材料或短纖材料形式。
詳細具體例係如下:本發明中之纖維基材是由纖維材料(也常稱為強化纖維)構成。構成該纖維之任何材料通常是適合的,但較佳使用玻璃、碳或塑膠例如聚醯胺(聚芳
醯胺)或聚酯、天然纖維或礦物纖維材料諸如玄武岩纖維或陶瓷纖維(以氧化鋁及/或氧化矽為底質之氧化型纖維)製的纖維材料。也可能使用多纖維類型之混合物例如聚芳醯胺纖維和玻璃纖維或碳纖維和玻璃纖維製之梭織物組合物。混雜的複合組件也可由不同纖維基材製之預浸體製造。
玻璃纖維是最常用之纖維類型,主要是因為彼等是相對不昂貴的。原則上,所有類型之以玻璃為底質之強化纖維在此是適合的(E玻璃、S玻璃、R玻璃、M玻璃、C玻璃、ECR玻璃、D玻璃、或AR玻璃、或中空玻璃纖維製之纖維)。碳纖維通常用於高效能複合材料,其中另一重要因素是:其密度低於玻璃纖維之密度,同時強度是高的。碳纖維是含碳原料製之經工業生產的纖維,該含碳原料經熱解轉化成呈類似石墨形式排列的碳。同向類型與異向類型之區別是:同向纖維只具有低的強度且不甚有工業重要性;異向纖維顯現出高的強度及剛性與低的破裂點抗張強度。在此所表達之天然纖維是指任何由植物或動物材料所得之紡織纖維及纖維材料(例如木質、纖維素、棉、大麻、黃麻、亞麻、瓊麻或竹製的纖維)。聚芳醯胺纖維具有負的熱膨脹係數,亦即加熱時變短,且碳纖維也是如此。聚芳醯胺之比強度及彼之彈性模數明顯低於碳纖維之比強度及彈性模數。與具有正膨脹係數之基質樹脂組合可製造具有高尺寸穩定性之組件。聚芳醯胺纖維組件之壓縮強度明顯低於碳纖維強化之塑膠之壓縮強度。已知之聚芳
醯胺纖維商標是得自DuPont之Nomex®和Kevlar®,或得自Teijin之Teijinconex®、Twaron®及Technora®。特別適合且較佳的是玻璃纖維、碳纖維、聚芳醯胺纖維或陶瓷纖維製之基材。該纖維材料包含紡織片。適合材料是非織物製之紡織片;針織物也如同非針織結構(如梭織物、層合紗布或編織織物)一樣合適。作為基材之長纖維材料與短纖維材料間也有區別。依照本發明,粗紗和紗同樣合適。所提及之所有材料適合作為用於本發明之目的的纖維基材。強化纖維之概要可得自"Composites Technologien"[Technologies of composites],Paolo Ermanni(第4版),演講腳本,ETH Zürich,2007年8月第7章。
所用之異氰酸酯成分包含作為第一具體例之以阻斷劑阻斷之二及聚異氰酸酯,或包含作為第二具體例之經內部阻斷之二及聚異氰酸酯。該經內部阻斷之異氰酸酯包含已知為脲二酮。依照本發明所用之二及聚異氰酸酯可由任何所要之芳香族、脂族、環脂族及/或(環)脂族二及/或聚異氰酸酯構成。德國專利申請案DE 102010030234.1列述可能之二及聚異氰酸酯及彼之外部阻斷劑。
在第一具體例中,本發明所用之聚異氰酸酯已經外部阻斷。外部阻斷劑可用於本目的且DE 102010030234.1中具有實例。在此具體例中所用之二或聚異氰酸酯較佳是六亞甲基二異氰酸酯(HDI)、二異氰酸二環己基甲烷
(H12MDI)、2-甲基戊烷二異氰酸酯(MPDI)、2,2,4-三甲基六亞甲基二異氰酸酯/2,4,4-三甲基六亞甲基二異氰酸酯(TMDI)及/或降莰烷二異氰酸酯(NBDI),且也可能使用本文之異氰酸酯。較佳之阻斷劑係選自乙醯乙酸乙酯、二異丙胺、甲基乙基酮肟、丙二酸二乙酯、ε-己內醯胺、1,2,4-三唑、苯酚或經取代之苯酚及/或3,5-二甲基吡唑。特佳被使用之硬化劑成分是異佛酮二異氰酸酯(IPDI)加合物,其包含三聚異氰酸酯部分及經ε-己內醯胺阻斷之異氰酸酯結構。
該異氰酸酯成分也包含0.01至5.0重量%之觸媒。所用之觸媒較佳包含有機金屬化合物(諸如二月桂酸二丁基錫、辛酸鋅、新癸酸鉍及/或三級胺,特佳是1,4-二偶氮雙環[2.2.2]辛烷)。三級胺尤其以0.001至1重量%之濃度被使用。本發明所用之這些反應性聚胺甲酸乙酯組成物舉例而言可在一般條件下(例如以DBTL觸媒,在160℃之溫度下開始,經常在約180℃下開始)被硬化。
在第二較佳具體例中,存在偕同內部阻斷之異氰酸酯成分。該內部阻斷係藉由脲二酮結構之二聚體形成而達成,該脲二酮結構在高溫下轉而裂開以恢復成起初存在之異氰酸酯結構且因此開始與該黏合劑之交聯。
包含脲二酮基之聚異氰酸酯是習知的且舉例而言被描述於US 4,476,054、US 4,912,210、US 4,929,724及EP 417 603。將異氰酸酯二聚合以獲得脲二酮的相關工業方法的全面概述係在J,Prakt.Chem.336(1994)185-200中給
予。獲得脲二酮之異氰酸酯的反應通常是在可溶之二聚合觸媒(例如二烷基胺基吡啶、三烷基膦、磷三醯胺或咪唑)存在下進行。該反應(其隨意地在溶劑中進行,但較佳沒有溶劑)係在達成所要轉化率時藉由添加觸媒抑制劑而終止。然後過剩之單體型異氰酸酯係藉由分子蒸發而移除。若該觸媒具有足夠揮發性,則該反應混合物在單體移除過程中可以沒有該觸媒。在此情況中,可能省略觸媒抑制劑之添加。原則上,有廣範圍之異氰酸酯適合製造包含脲二酮基之聚異氰酸酯。可使用上述二及聚異氰酸酯。
用於包含該經外部阻斷之異氰酸酯之具體例及包含該脲二酮之具體例較佳是任何所要之脂族、環脂族及/或(環)脂族二及/或多異氰酸酯製之二及聚異氰酸酯。本發明使用下列者:異佛酮二異氰酸酯(IPDI)、六亞甲基二異氰酸酯(HDI)、二異氰酸二環己基甲烷(H12MDI)、2-甲基戊烷二異氰酸酯(MPDI)、2,2,4-三甲基六亞甲基二異氰酸酯/2,4,4-三甲基六亞甲基二異氰酸酯(TMDI)及/或降莰烷二異氰酸酯(NBDI)。極特佳使用IPDI、HDI、TMDI及H12MDI,且在此也可能使用該三聚異氰酸酯。
極特佳使用IPDI和HDI於該基質材料。獲得包含脲二酮基之硬化劑a)之這些包含脲二酮基之聚異氰酸酯的反應包括該游離之NCO基與作為鏈延長劑之包含羥基之聚合物或單體(例如聚酯、聚硫醚、聚醚、聚己內醯胺、聚環氧化物、聚酯醯胺、聚胺甲酸乙酯及低分子量之二、三及/或四元醇)及隨意地作為鏈終止劑之單胺及/或單醇的反
應,且已頻繁地被描述(EP 669 353、EP 669 354、DE 30 30 572、EP 639 598或EP 803 524)。
較佳之具有脲二酮基的硬化劑a)具有少於5重量%之游離的NCO含量及3至25重量%(較佳地6至18重量%)之脲二酮基含量(以C2N2O2計算,分子量為84)。較佳是聚酯及單體型二元醇。該硬化劑除了具有脲二酮基之外,也可具有三聚異氰酸酯結構、二脲(biuret)結構、脲甲酸酯結構、胺甲酸酯結構及/或脲結構。
較佳地,該異氰酸酯成分在低於40℃是固態且在高於125℃是液態。該異氰酸酯成分可隨意地包含其他已知的聚胺甲酸乙酯化學輔劑及其他已知的聚胺甲酸乙酯化學添加劑。若參照包含脲二酮之具體例,該異氰酸酯成分具有少於5重量%之游離NCO含量及3至25重量%之脲二酮含量。
此具體例之異氰酸酯組成物可再包含0.01至5重量%(較佳地0.3至2重量%)之至少一種選自具有鹵素、氫氧化物、醇化物或有機或無機酸陰離子作為相對離子之四級銨鹽(較佳地四烷基銨鹽)及/或四級鏻鹽的觸媒,和0.1至5重量%(較佳地0.3至2重量%)之至少一種選自至少一種環氧化物及/或至少一種金屬乙醯丙酮酸鹽及/或四級銨乙醯丙酮酸鹽及/或四級鏻乙醯丙酮酸鹽之輔觸媒。所有與該(輔)觸媒相關之定量數據是基於該基質材料之全部調合物。金屬乙醯丙酮酸鹽之實例是單獨或混合物型之乙醯丙酮酸鋅、乙醯丙酮酸鋰及乙醯丙酮酸錫。較佳使用乙
醯丙酮酸鋅。
DE 102010030234.1提供四級銨乙醯丙酮酸鹽及四級鏻乙醯丙酮酸鹽的實例。特佳使用乙醯丙酮酸四乙基銨及乙醯丙酮酸四丁基銨。當然也可能使用此類型之觸媒的混合物。
DE 102010030234.1提供該觸媒之實例。這些觸媒可單獨或以混合物形式被添加。較佳使用苯甲酸四乙基銨及氫氧化四丁基銨。
在此可被使用之含環氧化物之輔觸媒的實例是縮水甘油醚及縮水甘油酯、脂族環氧化物、以雙酚A為底質之二縮水甘油醚及縮水甘油甲基丙烯酸酯。此類型之環氧化物的實例是三縮水甘油三聚異氰酸酯(TGIC,商標名ARALDITE 810,Huntsman)、二縮水甘油對苯二甲酸酯及三縮水甘油苯偏三酸酯之混合物(商標名ARALDITE PT 910和912,Huntsman)、維紗酸(Versatic acid)之縮水甘油酯(商標名KARDURA E10,Shell)、3,4-環氧基環己基甲基3',4'-環氧基環己烷羧酸酯(ECC)、以雙酚A為底質之二縮水甘油醚(商標名EPIKOTE 828,Shell)、乙基己基縮水甘油醚、丁基縮水甘油醚、季戊四醇四縮水甘油醚(商標名POLYPOX R 16,UPPC AG)及具有游離環氧基之其他Polypox等級者。也可使用混合物。較佳使用ARALDITE PT 910和912。
不僅在製造該複合組件期間之交聯反應速率,就連該基質之性質也可依照所用之該(高)反應性異氰酸酯成分和
所添加之任何觸媒廣泛地改變。
依照本發明所用之樹脂成分包含以甲基丙烯酸酯為底質之反應性樹脂。本發明所用之樹脂成分尤其具有下列組成:-30至100重量%,較佳是40至80重量%且特佳是40至60重量%之單體,較佳是(甲基)丙烯酸酯及/或可與(甲基)丙烯酸酯共聚合之成分,-0至40重量%,較佳是5至30重量%之一或多種預聚物,-0至30重量%,較佳是1至15重量%且特佳是2至10重量%之交聯劑,較佳選自由寡聚或二(甲基)丙烯酸酯組成之組群,-0至10重量%,較佳是0.5至8重量%且特佳是3至6重量%之光起始劑,較佳是羥基酮及/或雙醯基膦。
在此,(甲基)丙烯酸酯之表達包含甲基丙烯酸酯及丙烯酸酯,以及也包含甲基丙烯酸和丙烯酸之混合物。
可隨意地含有其他成分。也可使用下列物質作為輔劑和添加劑:鏈轉移劑、塑化劑、穩定劑及/或抑制劑。可再添加以列物質:染料、填料、潤濕劑、分散劑及勻染劑、黏合促進劑、UV穩定劑、消泡劑及流變添加劑。特別地,該樹脂成分可包含下列之另外構成分子:-1至20重量%之胺甲酸乙酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯。
本發明之決定性因素是:由該樹脂成分所得之單體及/或預聚物具有官能基。此類型之適合官能基是羥基、胺基及/或硫醇基,其中這些分別與該游離的異氰酸酯基和得自該異氰酸酯成分之脲二酮基進行另外的反應,且因此另提供交聯及硬化。該樹脂成分之OH數是10至1000毫克KOH/克,較佳是20至500毫克KOH/克,特佳是20至150毫克KOH/克。該官能基之量特別被選擇以致對該樹脂成分之每一官能基而言,異氰酸酯當量數是0.6至2.0或該異氰酸酯成分之脲二酮基的數目是0.3至1.0,較佳是0.4至0.8且特佳是0.45至0.55。這對應於0.6至2.0(較佳是0.8至1.6且特佳是0.9至1.1)之該異氰酸酯成分之經外部阻斷的異氰酸酯基。
光起始劑及彼之製造舉例而言係描述於"Radiation Curing in Polymer Science & Technology,Vol II:Photoinitiating Systems"by J.P.Fouassier,J.F.Rabek,Elsevier Applied Science,Lodon and New York,1993。這些常包含α-羥基酮或彼等之衍生物或膦。若含有該光起始劑,則彼等之量可以是0.2至10重量%。可被使用之光起始劑的實例是下列之可在市面上獲得的產品:CGI 725(BASF)、Chivacure 300(Chitec)、Irgacure PAG 121(BASF)、Iragcure PAG 103(BASF)、Chivacure 534(Chitec)、H-Nu 470(Spectra Group Limited)、TPO (BASF)、Irgacure 651(BASF)、Irgacure 819(BASF)、Irgacure 500(BASF)、Irgacure 127(BASF)、Irgacure
184(BASF)、Duracure 1173(BASF)。
在該反應性樹脂中所含有之單體包含選自(甲基)丙烯酸酯的基團之化合物,例如具有1至40個碳原子之直鏈、分枝或環脂族醇的(甲基)丙烯酸烷酯,例如(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸正丁酯或(甲基)丙烯酸2-乙基己酯。
單體混合物之其他適合的構成分子是具有另一官能基的另外單體,例如α,β-不飽和之單或二羧酸,諸如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸或依康酸;丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸與二元醇之酯,例如(甲基)丙烯酸羥乙酯或(甲基)丙烯酸羥丙酯;丙烯醯胺或甲基丙烯醯胺;或(甲基)丙烯酸二甲基胺基乙酯。單體混合物之其他合適構成分子的實例是(甲基)丙烯酸縮水甘油酯及矽烷官能之(甲基)丙烯酸酯。
該單體混合物除了包含上述(甲基)丙烯酸酯,也包含可藉由自由基聚合與上述(甲基)丙烯酸酯共聚合之其他不飽和單體。這些尤其是1-烯或苯乙烯。
交聯劑是本發明之反應性樹脂的選擇性構成分子。這些特別是多官能甲基丙烯酸酯(諸如(甲基)丙烯酸烯丙酯)。特佳是二或三(甲基)丙烯酸酯(諸如二(甲基)丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯、二(甲基)丙烯酸四乙二醇酯、二(甲基)丙烯酸三乙二醇酯或三(甲基)丙烯酸三羥甲基丙烷酯)。
該等單體之詳細組成有利地將鑒於所要之技術功能和待潤濕之基材的材料,就含量及構成來選擇。
該樹脂成分除了包含所列之單體,也可包含聚合物,
彼被稱為預聚物(較佳是聚酯或聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯)以使彼能更清楚地與供本發明之目的的其他材料區別。這些被使用以改良聚合性、機械性、對基材之材料的黏合性、在以該樹脂加工或潤濕該基材之材料期間的黏度調節、該樹脂之光學性質。在此,該反應性樹脂之預聚物含量是0重量%至50重量%,較佳是15重量%至40重量%。該聚酯以及該聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯可具有另外之官能基以促進黏合或用於該交聯反應中的共聚合,例如呈雙鍵形式。較佳地,該預聚物具有羥基、胺基或硫醇基。
該聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯通常是由已與該樹脂系統內之單體相關所列的單體所構成。彼等可藉由溶液聚合、乳濁液聚合、懸浮液聚合、總體聚合或沉澱聚合來獲得,且以純材料形式添加至該系統。
該聚酯係經由聚縮合或開環聚合而在總體中獲得,且是由對這些應用為已知的單元所構成。
所用之鏈轉移劑可包含自由基聚合所知的任何化合物。較佳使用硫醇(諸如正十二烷基硫醇)。
慣用的UV穩定劑可同等地被使用。較佳地,該UV穩定劑係選自由二苯甲酮衍生物、苯並三唑衍生物、9-氧硫酸酯(thioxanthonate)衍生物、N-六氫吡啶羧酸酯衍生物或肉桂酸酯衍生物所組成之群組。
由該穩定劑和抑制劑之群組,較佳使用經取代之苯酚、氫醌衍生物、膦及亞磷酸酯。
所用之較佳的流變添加劑是多羥基羧醯胺、脲衍生
物、不飽和羧酸酯之鹽、酸式磷酸衍生物之烷基銨鹽、酮肟、對甲苯磺酸之胺鹽、磺酸衍生物之胺鹽、以及該等化合物之水性或有機溶液或混合物。以BET表面積為10至700平方奈米/克之發煙或沉澱且也隨意地經矽烷化的矽石為底質的流變添加劑已經發現是特別適合的。
消泡劑較佳係選自由醇、烴、以石蠟為底質之礦物油、二醇衍生物、二醇酯之衍生物、乙酸酯之衍生物及聚矽氧烷之衍生物所組成之組群。
UV固化及UV燈被舉例描述於"Radiation Curing in Polymer Science & Technology,Vol I:Fundamentals and Methods" by J.P.Fouassier,J.F.Rabek,Elsevier Applied Science,倫敦和紐約,1993,第8章453-503頁。較佳是發出極少至無輻射熱的UV燈,例如UV LED燈。
電子束固化和電子束硬化劑被舉例描述於”"Radiation Curing in Polymer Science & Technology,Vol I:Fundamentals and Methods" by J.P.Fouassier,J.F.Rabek,Elsevier Applied Science,倫敦和紐約,1993,第4章193-225頁以及第9章503至555頁。若使用電子束以開始聚合,則無需使用光起始劑。
同理適用於電漿應用。電漿常在真空中使用。MMA之電漿聚合被舉例描述於由C.W.Paul,A.T.Bell及D.S.Soong所實施之工作"Initiation of Methyl Methacrylate
Polymerization by the Nonvolatile Products of Methyl Methacrylate Plasma.1.Polymerization Kinetics"(Macromolecules 1985,Vol.18,11,2312-2321)中。所描述之類型的真空電漿在此被使用。
依照本發明,本方法使用已知為大氣壓電漿作為自由基來源。舉例而言,供此目的係使用市售之電漿噴射/電漿束,例如藉由Plasmatreat GmbH或Diener GmbH所供應的。該電漿係在大氣壓下操作且特別被用在汽車工業中以移除表面油脂或其他污染物。與文獻中所述之電漿方法之一差異是:依照本發明,該電漿係在真實反應區(聚合)之外部生成且以高的流動速度吹至所施加之反應性樹脂的表面上或吹至在地板區上之待處理的冷塑膠塗層上。這獲得某種"電漿閃焰(plasma flare)"。該方法所具有之優點是:該電漿之真實的形成不受該基材之影響,且這導致低程度之處理危險。該電漿噴射一般是以空氣來操作且產生氧/氮電漿。在該電漿噴射中之電漿係藉由在該噴嘴內部中的放電而產生。該等電極是電絕緣的。因此施加高電壓直至在該等電極之間發生火花。放電被達成。在此可能改變每單位時間之放電數。該放電可起因於直流電壓之脈衝。另一可能是要藉由使用交流電壓達成該放電。
一旦在步驟III中,該預浸體已在該纖維上藉輻射或電漿之幫助而製造,此產物可被堆疊且轉化成所要之形式:然後藉熱之幫助進行最終之交聯。用於此交聯之溫度及時間,依照觸媒之使用及量,是80至220℃及72小時
至5秒。較佳是溫度140至200℃且硬化時間30分鐘至3分鐘。較佳在交聯期間施加外部壓力。
依照本發明所用之聚合物組成物在低黏度下提供極良好之流動且因此提供良好之浸漬能力,及在硬化狀態中提供優越之耐化學性質。脂族交聯劑(諸如IPDI或H12MDI)之使用及該經官能化之聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯之依照本發明的使用也達成良好之耐風化性。
並且,依照本發明所製造之複合半成品在室溫條件下是極貯存穩定的,通常達很多星期或甚至數月。彼等因此可另外在任何時間被加工以獲得複合組件。這是與依照先前技術之具反應性且非貯存穩定的系統的必要差異,因為在應用後這些立即開始反應以例如獲得聚胺甲酸乙酯且因此交聯。
該貯存穩定之複合半成品然後可在隨後的某一時刻另外被加工以獲得複合組件。本發明之複合半成品之使用使該纖維基材有極良好之浸漬,因為包含該異氰酸酯成分之液態樹脂成分極有效地將該基材之纖維潤濕,同時避免熱應力,其係藉由該聚合物組成物之預先勻化而加諸於該聚合物組成物且可使第二交聯反應開始,再者省略該研磨及篩選以獲得各別粒子尺寸部分的步驟,且因此可能達成較高之經浸漬纖維基材的產率。
依照本發明所製造之複合半成品的另一重要優點是:在該熔體浸漬方法或粉末狀反應性聚胺甲酸乙酯組成物之起初燒結中至少短時間所需之高溫在本發明之方法中並不
是必要的要求。
步驟II(浸漬)係經由以步驟I中所製造之調合物浸透該纖維、梭織物或層合紗布而達成。該浸漬較佳是在室溫下達成。
步驟III(該樹脂成分之硬化)直接在步驟II後進行。該硬化係經由照射電磁輻射(較佳是UV輻射)、電子束或經由施加電漿場而達成。在此需要確保:該溫度低於步驟V所需之硬化溫度。
在步驟III或IV之後,依照本發明所製造之複合半成品/預浸體在室溫下具有極高之貯存穩定性。此是按所存在之反應性聚胺甲酸乙酯組成物而定,在室溫下是至少數日。該複合半成品通常在40℃或以下能貯存穩定達數星期,且在室溫下則可達多年。所得之預浸體是非膠黏的且因此是極經得起處置及另外之加工。依照本發明所用之(高度)反應性之聚胺甲酸乙酯組成物因此在該纖維基材上顯現出極良好之黏合性及散布。
在步驟IV中,所得之複合半成品/預浸體可視需要地被結合且裁剪成合適尺寸以獲得不同形狀。特別是,彼等可被裁剪成合適尺寸,且隨意地藉由其他裝置被縫製或固定,以在最後交聯該基質材料以獲得該基質之前,合併很多複合半成品而獲得單一複合材料。
在步驟V中,進行該複合半成品之最後硬化以使模製
物交聯而獲得熱固物。這是經由包含樹脂成分1之羥基與該異氰酸酯成分之熱硬化而達成。
為供本發明之目的,由該預浸體製造該複合組件的程序按照硬化時間,當使用反應性基質材料時(變化型I),係在高於約160℃之溫度下進行,或當使用提供合適觸媒之高度反應性基質材料時(變化型II),係在高於100℃之溫度下進行。特別地,該材料係在80至200℃之溫度下,特佳是在120至180℃之溫度下被硬化。
在步驟V之硬化期間,該複合半成品也可在適合的塑模中於壓力下加壓且隨意地伴隨施用真空。
依照本發明所用之反應性聚胺甲酸乙酯組成物在一般條件下被硬化,例如利用DBTL催化,在由160℃開始之溫度下,經常由約180℃開始。依照本發明所用之反應性聚胺甲酸乙酯組成物提供極良好之流動且因此提供良好之浸漬能力,且在硬化狀態彼顯現出優越耐化學性。當使用脂族交聯劑(例如IPDI或H12MDI)時,也獲得良好之耐風化性。
當本發明使用該高度反應性且因此在低溫下固化之異氰酸酯成分時,80至160℃之硬化溫度不僅能節省能量及硬化時間,也使很多熱敏性基材能被使用。
含有脲二酮基之該第二具體例的聚胺甲酸乙酯組成物在步驟V中於80至160℃之溫度下且特別地依照該基材本質被硬化。此硬化溫度較佳是120至180℃,特佳是120至150℃,且特佳地用於硬化之溫度是在130至
140℃之範圍中。依照本發明所用之聚胺甲酸乙酯組成物之硬化時間是在5至60分鐘內。
然而,也可能使用特定觸媒以加速在步驟V中之第二硬化的反應,其實例為四級銨鹽,較佳是羧酸鹽或氫氧化物,特佳是與環氧化物結合者;也可使用金屬乙醯丙酮酸鹽,較佳是與四級鹵化銨結合者。這些觸媒系統確保用於第二硬化之固化溫度被降低直至100℃,或者在較高溫度下需要較短之固化時間。
該複合半成品除了包含該樹脂成分、該基材材料及該異氰酸酯成分,也可包含其他添加劑:舉例而言,可能添加光穩定劑(例如位阻胺(sterically hindered amine))或其他在EP 669 353中舉例描述之輔劑,其總量是0.05至5重量%。可添加以總組成物計至高30重量%之量的填料及顏料,實例是二氧化鈦。並且可能添加添加劑(諸如勻染劑,例如聚矽氧)或黏合促進劑(例如以丙烯酸酯為底質者)於本發明之反應性聚胺甲酸酯組成物的製造中。
本發明也提供該預浸體之用途,特別是與以玻璃纖維、碳纖維或聚芳醯胺纖維所製之纖維基材之用途。特別地,本發明也提供依照本發明所製之預浸體的用途,其係用於製造船艇構造及船艦建造中、於航太中、於汽車構造中、用於雙輪車(較佳是機車及腳踏車)、於汽車、構造、醫療技術、運動、及電與電子工業部門中或於電力產生系
統(例如用於風力機轉動葉片)的複合材料。
本發明也提供模製物或複合組件,其已由依照本發明所製造之該複合半成品或預浸體來製造,且其是由至少一種纖維基材和至少一種含(甲基)丙烯酸酯樹脂作為基質之經交聯的反應性組成物(較佳是含脲二酮基之經交聯的反應性組成物)所構成。
實例使用以下玻璃纖維層合紗布/梭織的玻璃纖維織物:梭織的玻璃纖絲織物,296克/平方公分-Atlas,finish FK 144(Interglas 92626)。
將119.1克之IPDI脲二酮(Evonik Degussa GmbH)溶在100毫升之甲基丙烯酸甲酯中,且將27.5克之甲基戊二醇及3.5克之三甲基丙烷與之摻混。在添加0.01克之二月桂酸二丁基錫之後,該混合物被加熱至80℃歷4小時,同時攪拌。然後無可滴定偵測之殘留的NCO基。該硬化劑H之有效的NCO潛含量是12.8重量%(以固體計)。
使用具有以下配方之反應性聚胺甲酸乙酯組成物以製
造預浸體和複合材料。
比較實例1對應於WO 2011/071450之教示。
該表之原料在預混機中密切混合,然後溶解。此混合物可在膠化之前使用約2-3小時。為要製造該預浸體,該梭織的玻璃纖維織物以該基質材料之溶液浸透。該預浸體在溫度60℃之爐中被乾燥至恆定重量歷30分鐘。在實例1中,纖維之質量含量被測定為47%。
實例1之預浸體在乾燥後顯現出以基質計約34%之重量損失。
該經浸漬之玻璃纖維墊在180℃及50巴下被壓製1小時(得自Schwabenthan之Polystat 200 T)且因此完全交聯。該硬的、剛性的、耐化學的且耐衝擊的複合組件(片
材)的Tg是119℃。
該表之原料在預混機中密切混合,然後溶解。若不照光,此混合物可貯存約1-2年而不致膠化。
為要製造該預浸體,該梭織之玻璃纖維織物以該基質材料之溶液浸透。該材料然後以1.5公尺/分鐘之速率在UV LED燈(Heraeus NobleCure®,以經水冷卻之散熱片為基底,波長:395±5奈米,功率密度:在5毫米操作距離下8瓦/平方公分,發射窗:251×35平方毫米)下乾燥。在實例2中,纖維之質量含量被測定為54%。
實例2之預浸體在乾燥後顯現出以基質計約12%之重量損失。
該經浸漬之玻璃纖維墊在180℃及50巴下被壓製1小時(得自Schwabenthan之Polystat 200 T)。該硬的、剛
性的、耐化學的且耐衝擊的複合組件(片材)的Tg是123℃。
因此可能顯示:本發明之方法可明顯地降低反應性稀釋劑之損失。
Claims (15)
- 一種製造複合半成品且進一步處理這些以產生模製物的方法,其特徵在於以下步驟:I.製造一種包含組成物的反應性組成物,II.以I之組成物直接浸漬纖維基材,III.利用電磁輻射、電子束或電漿硬化在該組成物中的樹脂成分,IV.成形以產生其後的模製物及V.硬化在該組成物中之異氰酸酯成分,其中該組成物基本上由下列成分構成:A)以(甲基)丙烯酸酯為底質之反應性樹脂成分,其中該樹脂成分之一構成分子具有羥基、胺基及/或硫醇基,B)至少一種以阻斷劑阻斷及/或經內部阻斷之二或聚異氰酸酯作為異氰酸酯成分,及C)選擇性地至少一種光起始劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該樹脂成分對該異氰酸酯成分之定量比率是90:10至50:50。
- 如申請專利範圍第1及2項之任一項的方法,其中該樹脂成分是至少由下列物質構成:0重量%至30重量%之交聯劑,30重量%至100重量%之單體,0重量%至40重量%之預聚物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1及2項之任一項的方法,其中 該樹脂成分是至少由下列物質構成:0重量%至30重量%之交聯劑,30重量%至99重量%之單體,1重量%至20重量%之胺甲酸乙酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯,0重量%至40重量%之預聚物及0重量%至10重量%之光起始劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第1及2項中任一項之方法,其中該光起始劑包含羥基酮及/或雙醯基膦,且該光起始劑在該組成物中之濃度為0.2至10.0重量%。
- 如申請專利範圍第1及2項中任一項之方法,其中該纖維基材大部分由下列物質構成:玻璃、碳、塑膠(諸如聚醯胺(聚芳醯胺)或聚酯)、天然纖維、或礦物纖維材料(諸如玄武岩纖維或陶瓷纖維),且該纖維基材採取由長纖材料或短纖材料形式之非織物、針織物、非針織結構諸如梭織物、層合紗布(laid scrim)或編織織物所製成之紡織片形狀。
- 如申請專利範圍第1及2項中任一項之方法,其中選自異佛酮二異氰酸酯(IPDI)、六亞甲基二異氰酸酯(HDI)、二異氰酸二環己基甲烷(H12MDI)、2-甲基戊烷二異氰酸酯(MPDI)、2,2,4-三甲基六亞甲基二異氰酸酯/2,4,4-三甲基六亞甲基二異氰酸酯(TMDI)及/或降莰烷二異氰酸酯(NBDI)之二或聚異氰酸酯(其中也可能使用該異氰脲酸酯)被使用作為異氰酸酯成分,且這些二或聚異氰酸酯已用選自乙醯乙酸乙酯、二異丙胺、甲基乙基酮肟、 丙二酸二乙酯、ε-己內醯胺、1,2,4-三唑、苯酚或經取代之苯酚及/或3,5-二甲基吡唑之外部阻斷劑所阻斷。
- 如申請專利範圍第1及2項中任一項之方法,其中該異氰酸酯成分也包含0.01至5.0重量%之觸媒,較佳是二月桂酸二丁基錫、辛酸鋅、新癸酸鉍及/或0.001至1.0重量%之量的三級胺,較佳是1,4-二偶氮雙環[2.2.2]辛烷。
- 如申請專利範圍第1及2項中任一項之方法,其中由異佛酮二異氰酸酯(IPDI)、六亞甲基二異氰酸酯(HDI)、二異氰酸二環己基甲烷(H12MDI)、2-甲基戊烷二異氰酸酯(MPDI)、2,2,4-三甲基六亞甲基二異氰酸酯/2,4,4-三甲基六亞甲基二異氰酸酯(TMDI)及/或降莰烷二異氰酸酯(NBDI)所製造之脲二酮被使用作為異氰酸酯成分。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項之方法,其中該異氰酸酯成分在40℃以下是固態且在125℃以上是液態,且具有少於5重量%之游離的NCO含量及3至25重量%之脲二酮含量,且該異氰酸酯成分也包含0.01至5重量%之至少一種選自具有鹵素、氫氧化物、醇化物或有機或無機酸陰離子作為相對離子之四級銨鹽及/或四級鏻鹽的觸媒。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項之方法,其中該異氰酸酯成分也包含0.1至5重量%之至少一種選自至少一種環氧化物及/或至少一種金屬乙醯丙酮酸鹽及/或四級銨乙醯丙酮酸鹽及/或四級鏻乙醯丙酮酸鹽之輔觸媒,且選擇性地包含已知的聚胺基甲酸乙酯化學輔劑及已知的聚胺基甲酸 乙酯化學添加劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第1及2項中任一項之方法,其中該樹脂成分及該異氰酸酯成分之彼此相對存在的比率使對該樹脂成分之每一羥基而言,脲二酮基的個數是0.3至1.0,較佳是0.4至0.8,特佳是0.45至0.55。
- 如申請專利範圍第1及2項中任一項之方法,其中異氰酸酯成分在步驟V中於80至200℃之溫度下,較佳於120至180℃之溫度下被硬化。
- 一種模製物,其係由依照申請專利範圍第1至13項中任一項之複合半成品製造,係由至少一種纖維基材及至少一種包含經硬化之(甲基)丙烯酸酯樹脂作為基質的經交聯反應性組成物(較佳是含有脲二酮基的經交聯反應性組成物)所構成。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第14項之模製物的用途,其係用於船艇構造及船艦建造中、於航太中、於汽車構造中、用於雙輪車(較佳是機車及腳踏車)、於汽車、構造、醫療技術、運動、及電與電子工業部門中或於電力產生系統中,例如用於風力機轉動葉片。
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EP (1) | EP2970606B1 (zh) |
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CN (1) | CN105189620B (zh) |
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DE (1) | DE102013204124A1 (zh) |
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2013
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- 2014-02-26 CN CN201480013875.3A patent/CN105189620B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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JP2016512271A (ja) | 2016-04-25 |
EP2970606A1 (de) | 2016-01-20 |
EP2970606B1 (de) | 2017-08-23 |
KR20150129777A (ko) | 2015-11-20 |
JP6400029B2 (ja) | 2018-10-03 |
US10071510B2 (en) | 2018-09-11 |
BR112015021988A2 (pt) | 2017-07-18 |
US20160023384A1 (en) | 2016-01-28 |
PL2970606T3 (pl) | 2018-01-31 |
CN105189620B (zh) | 2017-11-14 |
TWI622620B (zh) | 2018-05-01 |
WO2014139796A1 (de) | 2014-09-18 |
CN105189620A (zh) | 2015-12-23 |
ES2642817T3 (es) | 2017-11-20 |
DE102013204124A1 (de) | 2014-09-11 |
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