201025704 - ‘ - 六、發明說明： 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明使用毛細管芯吸至一通道中，作為在相鄰裝置之 間產生一可製造串聯互連之方式。本發明尤為適用於光電 子裝置，例如一模組中之光伏電池。 【先如技術】 如Gratzel所描述之習知的染料敏化太陽能電池係由一透 明導電基板（例如ITO)所組成，該基板之頂部上具有一由 ❹ 二氧化鈦奈米粒子形成之燒結且塗佈染料之層（陽極）。一 攜帶電解質（一般含有碘化物/三碘化物氧化還原對作為電 子（或電洞）轉移劑）之電洞放置此層之微孔内或此層之頂部 上。透過將一催化導電電極（通常係以鉑作為催化劑（陰極） 而製成）放置於該電解質之頂部上而完成該太陽能電池之 夾入s光照射於該電池上時，該染料被激活且一電子被 注射入該二氧化鈦結構中。該經激活、當前帶有正電荷之 鲁㈣將該電解質中之氧化還原對自其還原形式氧化至其氧 化形式，例如，碘化物變成三碘化物，且該染料自身被還 原成中f生基態《該二峨化物現可朝向該塗鉑電極擴散。當 該電池被連接至一負載，則來自該陽極之電子穿過該負截 到達該陰極且在該陰極處，該氧化還原對之氧化形式被還 原，例如，三碘化物變為碘化物，從而完成該反應。當該 電解質係-種液體（為了改良該電池之性能常常如此）時， 需要一不滲透性襯墊，以既包含該電解質（且防止大氣進 入）又使反電極與工作電極隔離。 142223.doc 201025704 駕知產生一種用於染料敏化太陽能電池（DSSC)之串聯互 連之普通方法包括自外部連接至該電池，使相鄰的電池之 定向交替，進而産生一具有反電極及工作電極之基板，或 將該電池建構成一整塊方式’即建構成一基板上若干自下 而上之可塗佈層。 US 2005/0199279揭示一種使用電池外部之連接來使電 池互連之方法，即’經由該太陽能電池之外表面上之若干 面連接至電極，例如透過使用一分離線狀之分接頭。此等 互連件之產生通常係於一批量程序中達成，而此等互連件 不易適用於親式製造且亦不太可能增加該模組之該非有效 區域或遮蔽該有效區域之一部分。此技術更適用於固態 (例如）晶圓或薄膜裝置。 US 6555741及US 2005/0067006二者揭示一内部串聯互 連之產生。在US 6555741中，該互連件係使用具有與有待 橋接之内部空隙之尺寸相同量級的大小之導電粒子而產 生。在US 2005/0067006中，使用一線來於相鄰電池中之 該等重叠電極之間産生一導電橋接件。在兩種情形下，需 在該兩個電極/基板被結合之前應用此等連接件且因此確 保該等材料之良好的連接，且對於該電池與該互連件之結 合程序必須相容’即在熱、物理處理及尺寸等等方面必須 相谷。此處’該互連件係作為該電池間隔件/密封件且因 此s亥等材料必須與該反應性極強之電解質相容，而這會減 少對導體之選擇。該材料必須亦具有一合適之尺寸，以不 至於使該電極間之間隔過大。將一線應用於一非連續程序 142223.doc 201025704 中並非易事且該線被接合於一種需額外施加之黏合劑中。 該等導電粒子亦被施加於一種聚合物黏合劑中且在任一此 情形下’產生一良好之互連件會冒使此等黏性材料延展之 風險’進而降低該結合物及密封物之整體品質。 , US 2007/0178232、US 2007/012293及 US 2007/0120097 揭不若干途徑及組合物，可藉由其等將一導電特徵印刷於 一太陽能電池上，包括將該導電特徵印刷至一預定溝渠 中。然而，此等方法無一係設計用以產生一串聯互連件， 豢 而是用以印刷電流收集匯流條或跡線。因此，此等線尺寸 極爲精細以減小該有效區域的遮蔽之程度。 WO 2007/061448揭示一種以一金屬導體填充一微液體通 道，以使兩個電極連接在一起之方式。此文獻未提及太陽 能電池之連接。該申請專利範圍涉及加熱，以形成一液體 金屬，該液體金屬則流入該通道中且隨後允許被冷卻。因 此，一明顯可見之缺點在於若使用之金屬係一當熔融時， 馨其具有一低至足以使該金屬與塑膠或聚合物支撐物相容之 ’m度較佳7〇c(之金屬），則在一太陽能電池之操.作中， 存在該金屬再次熔融且斷開該電池間互連之可能性。 US 2005/0236037、us 67〇6963及仙 2427963均揭示被 連接成該所謂「W」配置之若干模組。在此一設計中，有 效的是頂部基板與底部基板係相同。因此，一基板上之該 等電池交替具有用於一電池之一反電極與用於下_電池之 該工作電極相鄰。由於連接係於該基板之平面中進行，此 設計使産生-串聯互連之程序大爲簡化。，然而這意味 142223.doc -5- 201025704 著，對於該模組，每隔一個的電池與光具有一相反之定 向。對於此等設計，要求該反電極在不損害其操作之前提 下透射性盡可能大。情況可能是，通過該反電極而照射之 該等電池較通過該工作電極而照射之該等電極，性能較 弱。201025704 - '6. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION: FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention uses a capillary wicking into a channel as a means of creating a series interconnect between adjacent devices. The invention is particularly applicable to photonic devices, such as photovoltaic cells in a module. [Previously as technology] A conventional dye-sensitized solar cell as described by Gratzel is composed of a transparent conductive substrate (e.g., ITO) having a sintered and coated film formed of ruthenium titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the top of the substrate. Layer of dye (anode). A hole carrying an electrolyte (generally containing an iodide/triiodide redox pair as an electron (or hole) transfer agent) is placed in the micropores of this layer or on top of this layer. The dye is activated and activated by placing a catalytically conductive electrode (usually made of platinum as a catalyst (cathode)) on top of the electrolyte to complete the solar cell's entrapment of s-light onto the cell. Electrons are injected into the titanium dioxide structure. The activated, currently positively charged ruthenium (4) oxidizes the redox pair in the electrolyte from its reduced form to its oxidized form, for example, the iodide becomes a triiodide, and the dye itself is reduced to a medium f-based ground state The dihalide can now diffuse towards the platinum coated electrode. When the battery is connected to a load, electrons from the anode pass through the negative intercept to the cathode and at the cathode, the oxidized form of the redox pair is reduced, for example, the triiodide becomes iodide, thereby The reaction is completed. When the electrolyte is a liquid (as often used to improve the performance of the battery), an impervious liner is required to both contain the electrolyte (and prevent atmospheric ingress) and to isolate the counter electrode from the working electrode. 142223.doc 201025704 The general method of generating a series interconnection for a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) includes connecting to the battery from the outside, alternating the orientation of adjacent cells, thereby producing a counter electrode and working The substrate of the electrode, or the battery is constructed in a one-piece manner, that is, a plurality of bottom-up coatable layers on a substrate are constructed. US 2005/0199279 discloses a method of interconnecting cells using connections external to the battery, i.e., connected to the electrodes via a plurality of faces on the outer surface of the solar cell, such as by using a separate wire-shaped tap. The generation of such interconnects is typically achieved in a batch process, and such interconnects are not readily adaptable for pro- Manufacture and are less likely to increase the non-active area of the module or mask a portion of the active area. This technology is more suitable for solid state (eg) wafer or thin film devices. Both US 6,555,741 and US 2005/0067006 disclose the creation of an internal series interconnection. In US 6,555,741, the interconnect is produced using electrically conductive particles of the same order of magnitude as the internal void to be bridged. In US 2005/0067006, a wire is used to create a conductive bridge between the overlapping electrodes in adjacent cells. In both cases, it is necessary to apply the connectors before the two electrodes/substrate are bonded and thus ensure a good connection of the materials, and the bonding procedure for the battery and the interconnect must be compatible' It must be in terms of heat, physical processing, size, and so on. Here, the interconnect acts as the battery spacer/seal and therefore materials such as shai must be compatible with the highly reactive electrolyte, which reduces the choice of conductor. The material must also be of a suitable size so as not to make the spacing between the electrodes too large. Applying a line to a non-continuous procedure 142223.doc 201025704 is not an easy task and the wire is bonded to an adhesive that requires additional application. The conductive particles are also applied to a polymeric binder and in either case 'generating a good interconnect will risk the extension of the viscous material' and thereby reducing the overall composition of the bond and seal quality. US 2007/0178232, US 2007/012293, and US 2007/0120097 disclose a number of ways and compositions by which a conductive feature can be printed on a solar cell, including printing the conductive feature into a predetermined trench . However, none of these methods are designed to create a series of interconnects, but rather to print current collecting bus bars or traces. Therefore, these line sizes are extremely fine to reduce the degree of shadowing of the active area. WO 2007/061448 discloses a way of filling a microfluidic channel with a metallic conductor to connect the two electrodes together. This document does not mention the connection of solar cells. The scope of this patent application relates to heating to form a liquid metal which then flows into the channel and subsequently allows to be cooled. Therefore, a clearly visible disadvantage is that if the metal used is melted, it has a 'm degree better 7 〇c (metal) which is low enough to make the metal compatible with the plastic or polymer support. In the operation of a solar cell, there is a possibility that the metal is melted again and the interconnection between the cells is broken. US 2005/0236037, us 67〇6963 and sen. 2427963 disclose several modules that are connected in this so-called "W" configuration. In this design, it is effective that the top substrate is the same as the bottom substrate. Thus, the cells on a substrate alternately have a counter electrode for one of the cells adjacent to the working electrode for the lower cell. This design greatly simplifies the process of generating a series-connected interconnect because the connections are made in the plane of the substrate. However, this means that 142223.doc -5- 201025704, for this module, every other battery has an opposite orientation to light. For such designs, the counter electrode is required to provide as much transmission as possible without compromising its operation. It may be the case that the cells illuminated by the counter electrode are less effective than the electrodes illuminated by the working electrode.
US 2007/0131271、US 2007/0131272、US 6069313及 US 2005/0257826均揭示整塊染料敏化太陽能電池。在整塊方 法中，該太陽能電池係自一單一基板向上建構成若干層。 因此，這需要一種可塗佈反電極材料，但亦需要一種可塗 佈「固態」電解質。此「固態」電解質係可由一種填充有 電解質之絕緣多孔間隔件柱組成，但是一般而言，此設計 對於液體電解質不甚適用，且需要使用一漿糊狀材料來進 行多個圖案化步驟意味著需依靠網印。然而，一整塊設計 並不意味著可直接印刷至該反電極以連接至相鄰電池之該 工作電極來使串聯互連簡易化。 US 2007/0012353 及 US 2006/0160261 均揭示填充太陽能 電池中之「通孔」之程序，例如在US 2007/0012353中， 使用銀漿料來填充。 此方法係用於一串聯互連，但實際上不適用於一 DSSS ’或就此而論，亦不適於一捲轴式類型方法。在 2006/0160261中，採用一額外之固態導電底層，諸如一金 屬猪，以促進於外部對該電池的一有效互連。再次，該等 主要實施例係針對固態薄膜裝置而非DSSC。 本發明所解決的問題 142223.doc 201025704 為了增加自一光伏裝置之電能輸出’習知之做法是將若 干個別電池連接在一起以產生一模組，且甚至可將若干模 組連接在一起以形成一陣列。由若干分開之太陽能電池產 生一模組，或可以並聯或可以串聯或兩種連接之組合而達 成。兩個並聯連接之光伏電池在該模組中提供之電流增加 且如若該等電池係匹配且電流之收集良好（例如，歐姆損 耗小），則並聯電池可類似於對該組合之區域產生一單一 電池。電池之間的一串聯互連使該模組所達成之電壓增壓 籲 且該串聯互連與電池或模組有效區域無關，而是更與串聯 連接之相匹配光伏電池之數目有關。 對於太％能電池模組之大多數應用，例如對電池充電或 對電子裝置供電，存在一特定的輸出電壓要求，電池之串 聯互連係至關重要。由於一串聯互連需要將相鄰電池之相 反極性電極連接在一起，這並非易於達成，尤其在一連續 或捲轴式製程中’該連續或捲軸式製程可能適於例如染料 • 敏化太陽能電池DSSC技術。 本發明之目的在於提供一種在一模組令之電池之間產生 一串聯互連之便利方法。 【發明内容】 用於製作一;DSSC之一可行性建構程序要求使用一襯 塾’以將該液體電解質包含於該電池中。此襯墊及用於相 鄰電池之襯墊在該兩電池之間產生一通道，其中用於該反 電極與該工作電極之該等導電基板相互面對。已證實一導 電墨水可自任一端，或通過一基板中之多個孔芯吸入此通 142223.doc 201025704 道中’且於可與聚合物支樓物相容之低溫（一般小於12〇°c) 下固化以產生一金屬導體。藉由此方式且藉由使該相同基 板上之相鄰電池合適地隔離，已使用一與批量製造相容且 與聚合物基板或其他低溫基板配合使用之程序產生一内部 串聯互連。 根據本發明，提供一種電連接相鄰裝置之方法，各個裝 置提供一閉合通道之一導電壁及一絕緣壁，該兩導電壁被 電隔離，該通道具有一個或多個進入點，將一液體施加於 至少一個進入點且由毛細管芯吸，以藉此填充該通道且提 供連通之方式，該液體在進入該通道中之後藉由加熱而固 化。 特別而言，藉由使一共用基板上之相鄰電池隔離、施配 導電」墨水、允許該墨水毛細管芯吸進入由相鄰電池 與該等用以密封各個電池之襯墊之間的該等重疊基板所產 生之一通道中且使該墨水熱固化，以產生一導電互連 (件），藉由此方式可在一染料敏化太陽能電池中產生一内 部串聯互連m程序係可與該等聚合物基板材料相 容。 本發明之優點 本發明之方法提供一適用於捲軸式製作程序之太陽能電 池之簡單建構。在完成電池建構，即接合該反電極與工作 電極之前，無需預先使用一互連件。 該液體係簡單地於-通道之入口處添加且該固化步驟係 不可逆’導致i生-不易再熔融之導電連接件。使用該通 142223.doc 201025704 道使該連接n與該電解液分離。這擴大了對可制之材料 之選擇。此外，該電池間隔功能係獨立於該導電功能。 【實施方式】 現將參考下列圖式以舉例之方式來描述本發明。 圖1係根據本發明之一模組之一示意性三維圖β 熟悉此項技術者將瞭解，可施行多種技術中之任一者且 使用各種材料來製作此一太陽能電池模組。此模組中之電 池3包含一位於一第一基板1與一第二基板2之間的有效 層，且各個.電池3與該相同之基板上之各個相鄰電池電絕 緣。各個電池係由一種襯墊材料4所圍繞，該襯墊材料4橋 接該兩個基板之間的間隙且該材料跨越該電池之一側上的 兩個基板中之一者上的該電池至電池隔離構件，且該材料 跨越該電池的另一側上的兩個基板中之另一者上的該電池 至電池隔離構件。該等圍繞相鄰電池之觀墊4產生一通道 5’該通道5提供至一電池的該工作電極及該相鄰電池之該 反電極之通路。此通道係由一具有導電性之構件9而填 充’從而使該糢組中之該等電池互連。此導體係作為一種 液體藉由毛細管芯吸而引入該通道中且被固化以提高導電 率且將該互連件固定於該通道中。 該基板之實例包含，但不限於，塑膠 '玻璃、金屬、陶 瓷或類似物。 可用作該基板之塑膠可包含，例如，聚對苯二甲酸乙二 醇酯（PET)、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯（PEN)、聚對苯二曱酸丁 二醇酯（PBT)、聚醯亞胺等等。可用作該基板之玻璃包 142223 .doc 201025704A monolithic dye-sensitized solar cell is disclosed in US 2007/0131271, US 2007/0131272, US 6069313, and US 2005/0257826. In the monolithic process, the solar cell is constructed in a plurality of layers from a single substrate. Therefore, this requires a coatable counter electrode material, but a "solid" electrolyte is also required. The "solid" electrolyte may consist of an insulating porous spacer column filled with an electrolyte, but in general, this design is not suitable for liquid electrolytes, and the use of a paste material for multiple patterning steps means Need to rely on screen printing. However, a monolithic design does not mean that the counter electrode can be printed directly to the working electrode of an adjacent cell to simplify the series interconnection. Both US 2007/0012353 and US 2006/0160261 disclose procedures for filling "through holes" in solar cells, such as in US 2007/0012353, using silver paste. This method is used for a series interconnection, but is not practically applicable to a DSSS' or, in this connection, to a roll-type method. In 2006/0160261, an additional solid conductive underlayer, such as a metal pig, is employed to facilitate an external interconnection of the battery externally. Again, these primary embodiments are directed to solid state film devices rather than DSSCs. Problem solved by the present invention 142223.doc 201025704 In order to increase the power output from a photovoltaic device, it is conventional practice to connect several individual cells together to create a module, and even connect several modules together to form a Array. A module is produced from a plurality of separate solar cells, or may be implemented in parallel or in series or a combination of two. The current supplied by the two parallel-connected photovoltaic cells in the module is increased and if the cells are matched and the current collection is good (eg, the ohmic losses are small), the parallel battery can be similar to the region of the combination. battery. A series interconnection between the cells causes the voltage achieved by the module to be boosted and the series interconnection is independent of the active area of the battery or module, but more related to the number of matched photovoltaic cells connected in series. For most applications of a solar module, such as charging a battery or powering an electronic device, there is a specific output voltage requirement, and a series interconnection of batteries is critical. Since a series interconnection requires the opposite polarity electrodes of adjacent cells to be connected together, this is not easy to achieve, especially in a continuous or reel process. The continuous or reel process may be suitable, for example, for dyes • sensitized solar cells. DSSC technology. It is an object of the present invention to provide a convenient method of creating a series interconnection between cells of a module. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One of the feasibility construction procedures for making a DSSC requires the use of a liner 以 to contain the liquid electrolyte in the battery. The pad and the pad for the adjacent battery create a passage between the two cells, wherein the conductive substrates for the counter electrode and the working electrode face each other. It has been confirmed that a conductive ink can be drawn from either end, or through a plurality of cores in a substrate, in the pass 142223.doc 201025704 "and at a low temperature (generally less than 12 ° C) compatible with the polymer building material) Curing to produce a metallic conductor. In this manner and by properly isolating adjacent cells on the same substrate, an internal series interconnection has been created using a process compatible with mass production and used in conjunction with a polymer substrate or other low temperature substrate. According to the present invention, there is provided a method of electrically connecting adjacent devices, each device providing a conductive wall and an insulating wall of a closed channel, the two conductive walls being electrically isolated, the channel having one or more entry points, a liquid Applied to at least one entry point and wicked by the capillary to thereby fill the channel and provide communication in a manner that the liquid solidifies upon heating after entering the channel. In particular, by isolating adjacent cells on a common substrate, dispensing conductive "ink", allowing the ink capillary to be wicked into between the adjacent cells and the pads used to seal the respective cells. Overlaying one of the channels produced by the substrate and thermally curing the ink to create a conductive interconnect, by which an internal series interconnect m program can be generated in a dye-sensitized solar cell The polymer substrate material is compatible. Advantages of the Invention The method of the present invention provides a simple construction of a solar cell suitable for use in a reel fabrication process. It is not necessary to use an interconnect in advance before completing the battery construction, i.e., joining the counter electrode to the working electrode. The liquid system is simply added at the inlet of the - channel and the curing step is irreversible resulting in a conductive connection that is difficult to re-melt. The connection n is separated from the electrolyte using the pass 142223.doc 201025704. This expands the choice of materials that can be made. Moreover, the battery compartment function is independent of the conductive function. [Embodiment] The present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a schematic three-dimensional view of one of the modules in accordance with the present invention. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any of a variety of techniques can be employed and various materials can be used to fabricate such a solar cell module. The battery 3 in the module includes an active layer between a first substrate 1 and a second substrate 2, and each of the batteries 3 is electrically insulated from respective adjacent cells on the same substrate. Each battery is surrounded by a gasket material 4 that bridges the gap between the two substrates and that spans the battery to the battery on one of the two substrates on one side of the battery An isolation member and the material spans the battery-to-cell isolation member on the other of the two substrates on the other side of the battery. The pads 4 surrounding the adjacent cells create a channel 5' which provides access to the working electrode of a battery and the counter electrode of the adjacent cell. This channel is filled by a conductive member 9 to interconnect the cells in the module. The lead system is introduced into the channel as a liquid by capillary wicking and cured to increase electrical conductivity and secure the interconnect in the channel. Examples of the substrate include, but are not limited to, plastic 'glass, metal, ceramic or the like. The plastic that can be used as the substrate can include, for example, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). , polyimine and so on. Glass package that can be used as the substrate 142223 .doc 201025704
含，例如矽酸硼玻璃、石英玻璃、鈉破璃及類似物。可用 作該基板之金屬包含，例如鈦、鎳、不銹鋼及類似物。該 基板較佳係由一種塑膠製成Q 一導電層被沉積於該基板上。該層將由一種導電金屬氧 化物製成，例如若使用一塑膠基板，則該層由摻雜銦之氧 化錫（ITO)製成。在使用玻璃、金屬或陶瓷基板之情形 下，可使用一摻雜氟之氧化錫層。該導電層較佳係大體透 明。 組成該基板及該導電層之材料必須對該電解質具有抵抗 性。在使用一種包含碘之電解質之情形下，銅及銀便是不 合適之材料，因為銅及銀易受碘之侵蝕且易溶於該電解質 中。 用以在所選支撐物上形成導電層之方法並不特別受限且 實例包含任何已知之薄膜形成法，諸如減射法或CVD法或 喷射分解法。 該有效層係-錯合物層，其具有吸收光且將—部分光能 轉換成-電子及-電洞且促進該等帶電荷物質轉移至相反 電極或基板之功能。-般而言，該有效層包括一些由電洞 傳輸材料及電子傳輸材料形成之錯合物結構。在—實例 中，該有效層包括一用於電子傳輸之染料敏化半導電性氧 化物結構及-用於電洞傳輸之電解質。該半導電性氧化物 薄膜係一由互連之金屬氧化物 化物叔子形成之多孔性薄層。可 使用之金屬氧化物粒子包含，— 一乳化鈦（Τι〇2)、二氧化錫 (Sn〇2)、氧化鎢（W〇3)、氧化 乳化辞（Zn0)、五氧化二 J42223.doc 201025704 ⑽λ)及氧化錄（叫〇5卜該等金屬氧化物較佳為二 鈦（Ti〇2)e 乳1匕 形成該半導電性氧化物多孔薄膜之方法並不特定地與 限。例如，該薄膜係可藉由下列方法形成，在該方法令^ #由將可市購之氧化物半導體精細粒子施配於—合乎需要 之分散介質中而獲得-種分散溶液，或一種可使用一溶膠 凝膠法而製備之夥質溶液，在若需要已添加合乎需要之添 加劑之後，使用一已知之塗佈方法，例如網印法、喷墨 • &、輥式塗佈法、手術刀片法、旋塗法、喷塗法或類似者 塗佈該溶液。根據所選擇之基板，可藉由施壓或加熱來使 該半導電性氧化物多孔薄膜燒結。 提供於該半導電性氧化物多薄膜中之染料並不特定地 夂限，且可使用包含一配位體中之聯呲啶結構、三吡啶結 構或類似者之釕錯合物或鐵錯合物；金屬錯合物諸如卟 琳及敌菁，以及有機染料，例如但不限於，伊紅、若丹 月香豆素及部花青素（melocyanine)或上述物質之衍生 物。可根據應用及用於該半導電性氧化物多孔薄膜之半導 體來選擇該染料。該染料為一釕錯合物將較佳。 對於該電解質溶液，可使用例如，一種「聚合物凝朦電 解質」、一有機溶劑電解質或一種以離子液體爲主之電解 質（室溫下熔融之鹽），在每一情形下其等均包含一氧化還 原對。 該電解質係由一包含於一液體溶劑或一擬固態形式（允 許離子傳導或電荷傳輸）中之氧化還原對所組成。用於該 142222.doc 201025704 液體電解質之該溶劑可盔 _ β 剛』為一種具有低揮發性之純有機物溶 劑或一種所謂之離子潘縣,^ 體（至 >孤下溶融），或此等組份之一 組合’且該氧化還原對轉而可包含-被認為係-種熔融鹽 之組伤彳藉由將膠化劑添加至一種液體形式之電解質中 來形成該擬固態電解質，例如使用聚合物，諸如環氧氣丙 炫共環氧乙烧或聚（二氟乙稀共六氟丙稀（pvDFHFp))，或 酷類（諸如山梨醇衍生物）或奈米粒子添加物，諸如二氧化 石夕或其他固體，例如鐘鹽。或者可透過向-體系中添加該 氧化還原對來產生該擬固態電解質，該體系在其相圖之某 些區域大體為固態，例如類似塑性晶體之琥珀腈。該聚合 物膠化電解質可另夕卜包含可塑齊卜例 > 丙烯及/或碳酸伸 乙酯。 該有機溶劑之實例包含乙腈、甲氧基乙腈、丙腈、碳酸 丙稀醋及碳酸二乙醋。 該離子液體之實例包含由陽離子（例如以四級味<»坐鐵鹽 爲主之陽離子）及陰離子、碘離子或雙三氟甲基磺醯亞胺 陰離子、二氰醯胺陰離子等形成之鹽。 包含於S亥電解質中之氧化還原對並不特定地受限。例 如’諸如蛾與碘化物離子或溴與溴化物離子之組合可用以 產生該氧化還原對。 亦可向該電解質中添加諸如三級丁基吡咬及類似物之添 加劑。 用於形成該工作電極與該反電極之間之該電解質層之方 法包含’例如將該等電極設置成相互面對且將該電解質供 142223.doc 201025704 應於該等電極之間而形成該電解質層的方法。或者，該電 解質可滴落、施加或拋撒於該工作電極或反電極上而形成 該電解質層且之後將另一電極堆疊於其頂部上。為了防止 該電解質自該工作電極與該反電極之間之空間中洩漏較 佳以一合適之材料將該等電極之間的該間隙予以密封。Containing, for example, borosilicate glass, quartz glass, sodium broken glass, and the like. Metals useful as the substrate include, for example, titanium, nickel, stainless steel, and the like. The substrate is preferably made of a plastic Q-conductive layer deposited on the substrate. This layer will be made of a conductive metal oxide, for example, if a plastic substrate is used, the layer is made of indium-doped tin oxide (ITO). In the case of using a glass, metal or ceramic substrate, a fluorine-doped tin oxide layer can be used. The conductive layer is preferably substantially transparent. The materials constituting the substrate and the conductive layer must be resistant to the electrolyte. In the case of using an electrolyte containing iodine, copper and silver are unsuitable materials because copper and silver are easily attacked by iodine and are easily soluble in the electrolyte. The method for forming a conductive layer on the selected support is not particularly limited and the examples include any known film formation method such as a subtractive method or a CVD method or a jet decomposition method. The active layer-compound layer has the function of absorbing light and converting a portion of the light energy into electrons and holes and promoting the transfer of the charged species to the opposite electrode or substrate. In general, the active layer includes a plurality of complex structures formed of a hole transport material and an electron transport material. In an example, the active layer comprises a dye sensitized semiconducting oxide structure for electron transport and an electrolyte for hole transport. The semiconductive oxide film is a porous thin layer formed of interconnected metal oxide tungs. The metal oxide particles that can be used include, - an emulsified titanium (Τι〇2), a tin dioxide (Sn〇2), a tungsten oxide (W〇3), an oxidized emulsified word (Zn0), and a pentoxide oxide J42223.doc 201025704 (10) λ) and oxidation records (referred to as 5), the metal oxide is preferably titanium (Ti〇2)e, and the method of forming the semiconductive oxide porous film is not specifically limited. For example, The film system can be formed by a method in which a commercially available oxide semiconductor fine particle is dispensed into a desired dispersion medium to obtain a dispersion solution, or a sol can be used. a solution prepared by a gel method, using a known coating method, such as screen printing, inkjet &, roll coating, surgical blade method, spin, after adding a desired additive as needed The solution is applied by coating, spraying or the like. The semiconductive oxide porous film can be sintered by pressing or heating according to the selected substrate. Provided in the semiconductive oxide multi-film Dyes are not specifically limited and can Using a ruthenium complex or an iron complex comprising a bipyridyl structure, a tripyridine structure or the like in a ligand; a metal complex such as phthalocyanine and an enantiomer, and an organic dye such as, but not limited to, Eosin, rhodamine coumarin and melocyanine or derivatives of the above substances. The dye can be selected according to the application and the semiconductor used for the semiconductive oxide porous film. A complex compound will preferably be used. For the electrolyte solution, for example, a "polymer gel electrolyte", an organic solvent electrolyte or an electrolyte mainly composed of an ionic liquid (a salt melted at room temperature) may be used. In the case, they all comprise a redox pair. The electrolyte consists of a redox pair contained in a liquid solvent or a pseudo-solid form (allowing ion conduction or charge transport). For the 142222.doc 201025704 liquid The solvent of the electrolyte can be a pure organic solvent with low volatility or a so-called ion penn, body (to > solitary melt), or one of these components Combining 'and the redox couple may include - a set of scars believed to be a molten salt to form the pseudo solid electrolyte by adding a gelling agent to a liquid form of the electrolyte, such as using a polymer, such as Epoxy propylene oxide or ethylene oxide or poly(difluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene (pvDFHFp)), or cool (such as sorbitol derivatives) or nanoparticle additives, such as dioxide dioxide or other A solid, such as a clock salt, or the redox pair can be added to the system to produce the pseudo-solid electrolyte, the system being substantially solid in certain regions of its phase diagram, such as a succinonitrile resembling a plastic crystal. The gelled electrolyte may additionally comprise a plasticized > propylene and/or ethyl carbonate. Examples of the organic solvent include acetonitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, propionitrile, propylene carbonate, and diethyl carbonate. Examples of the ionic liquid include a cation (for example, a cation having a four-stage taste <» iron salt) and an anion, an iodide ion or a bistrifluoromethylsulfonimide anion, a dicyanamide anion, or the like. salt. The redox pair contained in the Shai electrolyte is not specifically limited. For example, 'such as moths and iodide ions or a combination of bromine and bromide ions can be used to produce the redox pair. Additives such as tertiary butyl pyridine and the like may also be added to the electrolyte. A method for forming the electrolyte layer between the working electrode and the counter electrode includes 'for example, the electrodes are disposed to face each other and the electrolyte is supplied between 142223.doc 201025704 to form the electrolyte Layer method. Alternatively, the electrolyte may be dropped, applied or thrown onto the working or counter electrode to form the electrolyte layer and then the other electrode is stacked on top of it. In order to prevent leakage of the electrolyte from the space between the working electrode and the counter electrode, the gap between the electrodes is sealed with a suitable material.
該反電極包含一種電子傳導材料。該反電極亦可為一導 電透明基板。該反電極亦可為一被塗佈於一 物上之-種電子傳導材料。該電子料材料之特 含鉑、ITO及碳或其等之組合。該反電極作為該電池中之 該氧化還原對的再生之催化劍。 該襯墊材料可為任何對該電解質具有化學及物理抵抗性 之材料且可結合至兩個基板。可使用的材料包含來自 Dupont之 Bynel 或 Surlyn及來自 3MiThem〇set 615，其等 可在可與聚合物支撐物相容之溫度下熱密封至該等基板。 該電池間隔離可藉由若干途徑達成，該等途徑包含，但 不限於’機械^式、熱方式、化學方式或光學方式。一支 撐物上之該導電層可（例如）使用一鋒利刀片、一熱尖針、 一在紅外線區發光之雷射或藉由遮蔽該支撐物且用酸蝕刻 而劃刻。若該基板係—連續導電箔，則一種隔離途徑是將 分開區段的箔安裝於—絕緣支撐物上。 圖2係根據如下所述之本發明製成之一模組的一範例性 實施例之示意性橫戴面圖。此橫截面提供一太陽能電池模 組之通道5之形式及串聯互連之替代說明。其顯示一模組 中之兩個相鄰電池3之一部分’包含此等電池之該等襯墊4 I42223.doc • 13- 201025704 之一部分，該部分構成由此等襯墊產生之該通道。一導體 9被用以填充此通道且於該模組中提供一串聯互連。該工 作電極上之該透明導電塗層於所繪示之該兩電池之間被隔 離且位於該襯墊之下方。該反電極丨上之該塗鉑之導電塗 層8跨越由該等襯墊所產生之該通道，且在與該工作電極 之襯墊相對之襯墊上方之多個電池之間被隔離。各個襯塾 圍繞一染料敏化多孔二氧化鈦層7且所包封之容積將該液 體電解質6包含於該電池3中。 實例 使用一50 Ω/平方ΙΤΟ-ΡΕΤ支撐物之樣品來製作一雙電池 染料敏化太陽能模組之該工作電極。在使用之前將一些二 氧化鈦於爐中於90°C下乾燥隔夜。該二氧化鈦樣品具有21 nm之平均粒子大小（Degussa Aeroxide P25，比表面積 (BET) = 50+M5 m2/g)。該可撓性染料敏化太陽能電池模組 係如下所述而製作且係基於圖丨或圖2中之示意性設計。為 了達成此目的’使用3M Scotch膠帶來遮蔽該工作電極， 以使希望之圖案暴露。 藉由將該乾燥Ti02施配於一種由甲基乙基酮與乙酸乙醋 按下列比例混合而成之混合物中，約丨5 pm厚之中孔Ti02 薄膜被沉積於該圖案化50 Ω/平方ΙΤΟ-ΡΕΤ上。該混合比例 係：The counter electrode comprises an electron conducting material. The counter electrode can also be a conductive transparent substrate. The counter electrode can also be an electron conducting material that is applied to an object. The electronic material contains platinum, ITO, carbon or a combination thereof. The counter electrode acts as a catalytic sword for the regeneration of the redox couple in the cell. The gasket material can be any material that is chemically and physically resistant to the electrolyte and can be bonded to both substrates. Materials that can be used include Bynel or Surlyn from Dupont and from 3MiThemset 615, which can be heat sealed to the substrates at temperatures compatible with the polymeric support. The inter-cell isolation can be achieved by a number of means including, but not limited to, 'mechanical, thermal, chemical or optical. The conductive layer on a support can be scribed, for example, using a sharp blade, a hot pointed needle, a laser that illuminates in the infrared region, or by masking the support and etching with an acid. If the substrate is a continuous conductive foil, an isolation path is to mount the foil of the separate sections on the insulating support. Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of a module made in accordance with the present invention as described below. This cross section provides an alternative description of the form of the channel 5 of the solar cell module and the series interconnection. It shows that a portion of two adjacent cells 3 in a module' includes a portion of such pads 4 I42223.doc • 13-201025704 of such cells, which portion constitutes the channel created by such pads. A conductor 9 is used to fill the channel and provide a series interconnection in the module. The transparent conductive coating on the working electrode is isolated between the two cells shown and located below the liner. The platinum coated conductive coating 8 on the counter electrode spans the channel created by the pads and is isolated between a plurality of cells above the pad opposite the pads of the working electrode. Each of the liners surrounds a dye-sensitized porous titania layer 7 and the enclosed volume contains the liquid electrolyte 6 in the battery 3. EXAMPLE A sample of a 50 Ω/square ΙΤΟ-ΡΕΤ support was used to make the working electrode of a dual-cell dye-sensitized solar module. Some of the titanium dioxide was dried in an oven at 90 ° C overnight before use. The titanium dioxide sample had an average particle size of 21 nm (Degussa Aeroxide P25, specific surface area (BET) = 50 + M5 m2/g). The flexible dye-sensitized solar cell module is fabricated as described below and is based on the schematic design of Figure 2 or Figure 2. To achieve this, '3M Scotch tape is used to shield the working electrode to expose the desired pattern. By applying the dry TiO 2 to a mixture of methyl ethyl ketone and ethyl acetate in the following ratio, a mesoporous TiO 2 film having a thickness of about 5 pm is deposited on the patterned 50 Ω/square. ΙΤΟ-ΡΕΤ上. The mixing ratio is:
Degussa Ρ25 Ti02(21 nm粒子） 1.35 g 甲基乙基酮 45 g 乙酸乙酯 s σ 142223.doc -14· 201025704 該所得之混合物先被以超音波裂解15分鐘，之後使用一 具有一 1 mm喷嘴及2 bar氮氣載體氣體之SATAminijet 3 HVLP喷射搶自一約25 cm之距離將該混合物喷射至導電塑 膠基材之整個被遮蔽區域。該遮蔽條帶被移除且該層被允 許在被放置於兩片Teflon之間（被夾於兩個經拋光之不銹鋼 塾物之間）之前於一爐中在9〇°c下乾燥一小時且在一 8 之區域上以一 15噸之壓力壓縮並持續15秒。先將所燒結 之該樣品置於該901：爐中再乾燥，而後將該樣品通宵放 置於順式-二-異硫氰基二（2，2'聯β比咬基_4,4'二叛酸）釕之一 3x10 mol dm_3溶液中而使之敏化。該工作電極之後被用 以建構一染料敏化太陽能電池模組。 塗始不銹鋼箔電極係藉由在真空下喷錢沉積而製備。使 用了兩件分開之塗鉑不銹鋼。使用一手術刀片劃刻該工作 電極上之ιτο ’以使該兩染料敏化中孔層之間之該IT〇塗層 斷裂’但不分離該等基座區域β 3Μ Thermoset 615材料被 用於製作該襯墊4，以密封該兩個別電池且將該反電極及 工作電極接合入圖1及圖2所示意性顯示之該模組中。這係 藉由將該等基板及襯墊製成所示意性繪示之合適之夾入配 置並將該整個配置放置於一設定為11〇艽（反電極侧向下）之 熱板上而達成。使用一手術刀之該鈍端在該襯墊之該區域 之上向該模組施加壓力，以完成該密封。該等襯墊之前已 被放置於產生於.該工作電極基板上之該IT0層中之該等電 池隔離線之上方，該等反電極現被放置成跨越各個電池且 π成至各個電池的一端之該通道，且因此相鄰電池中之該 142223.doc •15- 201025704 等襯墊於兩個電池之間產生一通道。 該模組之兩個經染色但隔離之電池之後被放置於一平坦 表面上且20 μΐ之Advanced Nano Products Silverjet DGP-40LT-15C墨水被沉積於由該兩個電池3之該等襯墊4所產生 之該通道5之一端。該墨水輕易地芯吸此通道之該長度， 進而填充該通道。該模組之後被放置於一 70°C之爐中持續 20分鐘，以固化該導電墨水。 最終該模組之各個側以一種粒子液體電解質填充，該電 解質包括： 0.1 M Lil 0_6 M DMPII (1，2,二甲基-3-丙基-咪唑鏘鹽碘化物） 0.05 Μ 12 0.5 Μ Ν-曱基苯并咪唑 溶劑=ΜΡΝ(曱氧基丙腈） 在製作之後，將該染料敏化太陽能模組放置於一人工地 複製可視區域内之太陽光譜之來源下使之特性化，以提供 一 0· 10 Sun之照明。該等個別電池及該模組均可被測量。 圖3中之該等數據繪示使用上文論述之方法所製作之若 干模組給出可接受之結果。當個別地測試該模組之各側， 可達成良好的電流及電壓且當測試該整個模組時，可達成 雙倍之電壓，預期此情形在該等個別電池被串聯時發生。 電池名稱# 光位準/陽光 效率/% Voc/V Isc/pAmps FF 電池B 0.09 2.3 0.68 1771 0.64 電池A 0.09 2.5 0.67 1769 0.69 模組 0.09 2.1 1.35 1749 0.58 142223.doc -16· 201025704 各個電池係額疋地為1 χ4 且該模組之效率係取決於該 有效區域。此實例示範以一低溫固化導電墨水利用毛細管 來填充通道係可用作產生一工作PV模組之可製造方 式。可將該墨水施配或喷墨印刷於各個通道之起始處或沿 該通道之一個或多個壁之長度而散佈之多個通孔，且因此 多個電池係、可藉由—批量製造可應用方法而連接。據發 現，利用此材料甚至在室溫下仍可在兩個電極之間實現成 1 力之互連。然而’所產生之該導體之il化的速率及品質可 隨著溫度改良。當該通道之長度增加時，情況更會如此。 上文之實例描述了連接相鄰太陽能電池之方法。應瞭 解，本發明不限於此一應用。該方法可同樣良好地用於其 他需要被電連接之裝置，諸如可塗佈電池之連接。 所使用之該液體或可為一帛導電墨水或可為__種需加以 處理而變得具導電性之液體。在任一情形下，一填充後熱 處理可使得該導體固持於原位。 馨 本發明提供一種使用一可流動材料於相鄰裝置之間產生 連接之方法，該可流動材料包括含有固態粒子的分散之液 體。該方法尤為適於在光電子系統中之若干裝置之間産生 連接。該方法可在任何界定有一通道之表面上工作。該方 法可用於進行相鄰裝置之亊聯連接及並聯連接。 業已參考了本發明之若干較佳實施例而對之進行了描 述。熟悉此項技術者將瞭解，在本發明之範圍内，可實行 各種變動及修改。 【圖式簡單說明】 142223.doc •17· 201025704 圖1係一模組之一示意性三維圖；Degussa Ρ25 Ti02 (21 nm particles) 1.35 g methyl ethyl ketone 45 g ethyl acetate s σ 142223.doc -14· 201025704 The resulting mixture was first ultrasonically cleaved for 15 minutes, after which a nozzle with a 1 mm was used. The SATAminijet 3 HVLP jet with 2 bar of nitrogen carrier gas was sprayed from a distance of about 25 cm to the entire shaded area of the conductive plastic substrate. The masking strip is removed and the layer is allowed to dry in an oven at 9 ° C for one hour before being placed between two sheets of Teflon (between two polished stainless steel crucibles) And compressed at a pressure of 15 tons over a zone of 8 for 15 seconds. The sintered sample is first placed in the 901: furnace and then dried, and then the sample is placed overnight in the cis-di-isothiocyanatobis (2,2'-linked beta ratio _4,4' One of the 3x10 mol dm_3 solutions of oxic acid is sensitized. The working electrode is then used to construct a dye sensitized solar cell module. The coated stainless steel foil electrode was prepared by depositing money under vacuum. Two separate coated platinum stainless steels were used. Using a surgical blade to scribe the ITO on the working electrode to break the IT 〇 coating between the two dye sensitized mesopores, but not separating the pedestal regions β 3 Μ Thermoset 615 material is used for fabrication The pad 4 seals the two other cells and joins the counter electrode and the working electrode into the module shown schematically in FIGS. 1 and 2. This is achieved by placing the substrates and pads in a suitable sandwich configuration as illustrated and placing the entire configuration on a hot plate set to 11 〇艽 (counter side down). . The blunt end of a scalpel is used to apply pressure to the module over the area of the liner to complete the seal. The pads are previously placed over the cell isolation lines in the IT0 layer on the working electrode substrate, the counter electrodes are now placed across the respective cells and π into one end of each cell The channel, and thus the 142223.doc •15-201025704, etc. in the adjacent battery creates a channel between the two cells. The two dyed but isolated cells of the module are then placed on a flat surface and 20 μM of Advanced Nano Products Silverjet DGP-40LT-15C ink is deposited on the pads 4 of the two cells 3. One end of the channel 5 is produced. The ink readily wicks the length of the channel to fill the channel. The module was then placed in a 70 ° C oven for 20 minutes to cure the conductive ink. Finally, each side of the module is filled with a particle liquid electrolyte comprising: 0.1 M Lil 0_6 M DMPII (1,2, dimethyl-3-propyl-imidazolium salt iodide) 0.05 Μ 12 0.5 Μ Ν - mercaptobenzimidazole solvent = hydrazine (decyloxypropionitrile) After fabrication, the dye-sensitized solar module is placed in a source of artificially replicated solar spectrum in the visible region to characterize it to provide a 0· 10 Sun's lighting. These individual batteries and the module can be measured. The data in Figure 3 shows that the number of modules made using the methods discussed above gives acceptable results. When the sides of the module are individually tested, good current and voltage can be achieved and when the entire module is tested, a double voltage can be achieved, which is expected to occur when the individual cells are connected in series. Battery name# Light level/Sunlight efficiency/% Voc/V Isc/pAmps FF Battery B 0.09 2.3 0.68 1771 0.64 Battery A 0.09 2.5 0.67 1769 0.69 Module 0.09 2.1 1.35 1749 0.58 142223.doc -16· 201025704 Each battery system The depression is 1 χ 4 and the efficiency of the module depends on the effective area. This example demonstrates the use of a capillary to fill a channel system with a low temperature curing conductive ink that can be used to create a working PV module. The ink may be dispensed or inkjet printed at a plurality of vias at the beginning of each channel or along the length of one or more walls of the channel, and thus a plurality of battery cells may be fabricated by mass production Can be connected by applying methods. It has been found that with this material a 1 force interconnection can be achieved between the two electrodes even at room temperature. However, the rate and quality of the resulting illumination of the conductor can be improved with temperature. This is especially the case when the length of the channel is increased. The above examples describe a method of connecting adjacent solar cells. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to this application. The method is equally well applicable to other devices that need to be electrically connected, such as a connectable battery connection. The liquid used may be a conductive ink or a liquid which may be treated to become electrically conductive. In either case, a post-fill heat treatment can hold the conductor in place. The present invention provides a method of creating a connection between adjacent devices using a flowable material comprising a dispersed liquid comprising solid particles. This method is particularly suitable for creating connections between several devices in an optoelectronic subsystem. The method works on any surface that defines a channel. This method can be used to perform the connection and parallel connection of adjacent devices. This has been described with reference to a number of preferred embodiments of the invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications can be made within the scope of the invention. [Simple description of the schema] 142223.doc •17· 201025704 Figure 1 is a schematic three-dimensional diagram of a module;
圖2係該模組之一示意性橫截面圖；及 圖3係一圖表，其繪示兩個個別電池及一模組之特性I-V 曲線。 【主要元件符號說明】 1 第一基板 2 第二基板 3 電池 4 襯墊材料 5 通道 6 液體電解質 7 染料敏化多孔二氧化鈦層 8 導電塗層 9 導體 142223.doc • 18·Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the module; and Figure 3 is a diagram showing the characteristic I-V curves of two individual cells and a module. [Main component symbol description] 1 First substrate 2 Second substrate 3 Battery 4 Liner material 5 Channel 6 Liquid electrolyte 7 Dye-sensitized porous titanium dioxide layer 8 Conductive coating 9 Conductor 142223.doc • 18·