TW200940339A - Robust optical filter utilizing pairs of dielectric and metallic layers - Google Patents
Robust optical filter utilizing pairs of dielectric and metallic layers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TW200940339A TW200940339A TW097134065A TW97134065A TW200940339A TW 200940339 A TW200940339 A TW 200940339A TW 097134065 A TW097134065 A TW 097134065A TW 97134065 A TW97134065 A TW 97134065A TW 200940339 A TW200940339 A TW 200940339A
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- film
- zinc
- silver
- dielectric
- substrate
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- PQTCMBYFWMFIGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold silver Chemical compound [Ag].[Au] PQTCMBYFWMFIGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000611 Zinc aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- HXFVOUUOTHJFPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;zinc Chemical compound [AlH3].[Zn] HXFVOUUOTHJFPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 229910001020 Au alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 241000219112 Cucumis Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000015510 Cucumis melo subsp melo Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4,6-bis(cyanoamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]cyanamide Chemical compound N#CNC1=NC(NC#N)=NC(NC#N)=N1 FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 94
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 79
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GZCWPZJOEIAXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin zinc Chemical compound [Zn].[Sn] GZCWPZJOEIAXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000723377 Coffea Species 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000016213 coffee Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000013353 coffee beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920005570 flexible polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000004313 glare Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- -1 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004907 gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- OTLGFUHTYPXTTG-UHFFFAOYSA-M indium(3+);oxygen(2-);hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[In+3] OTLGFUHTYPXTTG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000012939 laminating adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver oxide Substances [O-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009751 slip forming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/20—Filters
- G02B5/28—Interference filters
- G02B5/285—Interference filters comprising deposited thin solid films
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/06—Interconnection of layers permitting easy separation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/20—Filters
- G02B5/28—Interference filters
- G02B5/281—Interference filters designed for the infrared light
- G02B5/282—Interference filters designed for the infrared light reflecting for infrared and transparent for visible light, e.g. heat reflectors, laser protection
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/10—Coating on the layer surface on synthetic resin layer or on natural or synthetic rubber layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/20—Inorganic coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/28—Multiple coating on one surface
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/20—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
- B32B2307/204—Di-electric
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/412—Transparent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/416—Reflective
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/418—Refractive
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/714—Inert, i.e. inert to chemical degradation, corrosion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2419/00—Buildings or parts thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2551/00—Optical elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2605/00—Vehicles
- B32B2605/006—Transparent parts other than made from inorganic glass, e.g. polycarbonate glazings
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/1266—O, S, or organic compound in metal component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12785—Group IIB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12792—Zn-base component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12889—Au-base component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12896—Ag-base component
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Optical Filters (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
Description
200940339 六、發明說明: 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明大體上係有關於提供一種光學裝置,及更特別地提供 • 一種具有目標光學特性及高抗劣化性之成本效益的濾光器。 • 【先前技術】 在光之不同頻率範圍下,使用薄膜以控制玻璃窗之反射及透 «射的程度係為業界所熟知^對於交通工具玻璃窗及建築物和住 ❹ 宅之許多玻璃窗,藉由控制在可見光波長範圍内(4〇〇nm至 700nm)之透射比及反射比,以減少刺眼的強光。對於相同玻璃 窗之應用,可以藉由阻隔太陽光譜之可見光部分及近紅外線部 分(700nm至1200nm)中一或兩者的太陽光透射,以減少熱負 載。 已知在Woodard等人之美國專利第6, 034, 813號中描述用以 提供太陽光控制之一系列薄膜,該美國專利已讓渡給本發明之 ❹受讓人。該太陽光控制裝置包括在一可撓性聚對苯二甲酸乙二 醇酯(PET)基板上之一法布立-拍若(Fabry-per〇t)干涉濾光器 及一灰色金屬層,隨後可以使用黏著劑將該可撓性聚對苯二甲 • 酸乙二醇酯(PET)基板附著至玻璃窗。該法布立-拍若干涉濾光 器藉由使某些波長之光通過及其它波長之光反射,以提供太陽 熱負載減少》 除了有關提供經由玻璃窗控制太陽光的光學考量之外,必需 提出結構考量。關於結構穩定性,減少該光學裝置在製造、安 97134065 4 200940339 裝或長期使用期間易於破裂係重要目標。至少減低其它形式之 「知蚀」係為重要的。如上述w〇〇dard等人專利中所述,經常 加入硬塗佈(hardcoat)層以提供保護。然而,硬塗佈層無法防 止在製造程序期間所發生之侵蝕,且於對抗由該光學裝置邊緣 -所造成之侵蝕具有有限效力。 【發明内容】 藉由提供-相解的鋅基膜做為—隨後所形成之銀基膜的 β -種子膜’錢成強域光^之「魏性能」,其巾該鋅基膜 係-雙層膜電介制㈣二層膜,且其中該銀基膜係一金屬 層。該合成遽光器包括這些成對之電介質層和金屬層中至少兩 者摘對厚的鋅基膜具有至少_之辞含量及至少版^ X較佳八體例係為其中該銀基膜包括金者,以便提供進一步 抗侵钮性。 在具體例t,不同對之鋅基膜厚度並不一致。關於此不— 致性,該較佳具體例在相鄰的形成濾光器之基板上形成一較薄 f土膜之S例如,一滤光器中具有三對電介質層和金屬層, 第鋅基膜可以具有15nm之厚度,而每一隨後形成之辞基膜 可以具有30咖之厚度(最大厚度為她小該辞基膜之功能係 要促進絲基狀絲。如果轉細具有充分 高含量之鋅,^ ===隨後軸金勒之種子層。細,已奴雖然此 功月b對最靠近該基板之賴係重要的,但是對於更遠成對電介 質層和金麟更是重要。該鋅麵具有至少 50%之鋅含量,及 97134065 200940339 較佳大於臟。在最佳具體例中,該辞含量係約観。同樣地, 雖然該鋅基層之最小厚度係經界定為15nm,最小值較佳為 20nm ’及在最佳具體例中為25nm。 該料基膜可妓觸(ZnSn)之魏物,但是可喊擇其它 •材料。鋅錫之替代物為辞紹。該鋅基膜可經濺鑛沉積,但是應 該允許氧化以使該膜成為-電介質。在某些具體例中該等辞 基膜中之至少-鋅基膜於其厚度貫穿之材料係為不同的。例 ❹如’-濺鑛鋅基膜最初可以是鋅錫,然後轉變至辞銘及最後返 回至鋅錫。該鋅含量(例如9〇%)可以在轉變期間保持固定。此 等材料或其他材料沿著該膜厚度之變化係可經測定,以提供額 外侵姓性能之優點。 如先前所提及’該金屬層係—銀基膜,其較佳包括金,以便 增加抗侵祕。剛好當該等辞基膜在該等不同層對間係可具有 不同厚度’金之百分比對於不同層對中可以是不同的。對於應 β財該遽光器之劣化(侵姓)最可能從平行於該基板表面的主 表面發生’而將較大百分比之金加人該最後銀基膜。另一方 面’於玻璃窗應用中最大擔心是從邊緣之侵襲及最易受影響層 係最靠近該基板之層。在此等應用中,有利的是在最靠近該基 板之銀基膜内包含較大百分比之金。 在該較佳具體例中,透明電介質膜係如氧化銦(ΐηα)之姻基 臈。該電介質層之此初始膜提供對該先前形成層之保護,特別 是其中該下層係該等銀基膜中之一。藉由以高含量氫之流動形 97134065 200940339 成該銦基膜’防止該下層銀基膜氧化及該製程會更穩定。該膜 具有在1.1至2. 5範圍内之折射率,但較佳該折射率在1. 3至 2.1範圍内。該較佳材料係Im〇3,但是該透明電介質膜可為根 據一像錫、鈦、鍅、鈕、鈮或铪之替代氧化金屬。 仍參考該較佳具體例,該濾光器係設計成用於像交通工具、 住宅或建築物之玻璃窗應用。該等層對係依續地形成以便提供 一具有電介質層和金屬層之交替圖案的法布立-拍若濾光器。 〇 【實施方式】 參考圖1,在一可撓性聚合基板10上形成層之交替圖案。 該聚合基板可以是具有25至100微米間之厚度的PET。雖然 未顯示於圖1,但是該基板之相對於該層疊結構之側可以包括 一黏著層及一離型帶。從該黏著層可輕易地移除該離型帶,以 允許使用該黏著層’將該基板結合至—期輯光之構件。例 如了以將該濾光裝置黏著至一玻璃窗。在一替代具體例中, Ο在該期望濾光之構件上直接形成該層疊結構。在此等應用中, 可能需要使-玻璃窗板通過—用以沉積要形成該等層之材料 的濺鍍室。 -圖1描述該較佳具體例,其中在電介質層和金屬層之交替圖 -案中具有3個層對12、14及16。每一金屬層18、20及22係 一銀或銀合金之單膜。這些金屬層可以藉由先猶-銀基臈及 $後濺錢-薄鈦覆蓋層來形成,其中使該薄鈦覆蓋層隨後經歷 退火及氧化。已顯示出藉由使該金屬退火,該層之片電阻可以 97134065 7 200940339 減少至0.8歐姆/平方面積。可接受銀合金包括銀金及銀把。 …:而因為金含量之功此係用以阻止各種型態之侵钮,所以較 ,材料為銀金4該層中之_含量應該至少⑽,以及最好 疋至少85%。回到該較佳具體例之敘述,該金屬層係約85%銀 及約15%金。 每一電介質層係-雙層膜層’其包括具有一鋅基膜3〇、32 及34之-透明電介質膜24、加及28。該透明電介質膜可以 由一氧化銦所形成。在圖1中,顯示—第四電介質層係由-第 四透明電介質膜36及-第四鋅基膜38所形成。在此具體例 ^可以考量該具有交替圖案之三個層對係_麟第—金屬 層(銀基膜⑻’而不是該第—電介質層。 =電介㈣之第-膜24、26及28最好是氧化銦⑽〇, 銦美腔佳是二氧化二銦(1祕)。藉由以高氫含量之流動麵一 2〇1;”可防止該下層材料氧化。因為該等下層銀基膜18、 係經賴以防氧化’所以此對該等上電介質層特別有 如果:在賴沉積中’,基膜之形成係穩定的。然而, ==層之此第一膜以錫基、欽基,基•銳基 次給基來取代,、_定亦可獲得益處。 該等電介質層之鋅基臈3〇、32及 18、〜之成長。每-辞基膜之厚該等銀基膜 對厚的鋅義「籍早又為至乂15咖。該等相 等腺^ 該最後遽光器之「侵餘」性能。# 、要是鋅及較佳至少繼鋅,然而必須被氧化以確: 97134065 研 200940339 係一電介質。圖1顯示該最佳具體例,其中該等膜包括90%鋅 及10%錫。然而,如先前所提及,可以濺鍍一層或多層鋅基膜, 以沿著它的厚度包含有材料之變化(例如,辞錫至鋅鋁,然後 回到鋅錫)。當使用瘛鍍技術以提供該等不同膜(如同在該較佳 具體例中)時,百分比係關於減鑛無材之含量,以致於「百分 比」與氧化無關。 在銀與具有咼百分比鋅之氧化鋅間具有一理想晶格匹配。結 ❹果,該等鋅基膜30、32及34促進該等銀基膜18、20及22之 成核及蟲晶成長。當增加-濺鑛氧化鋅之厚度時,晶粒尺寸亦 增加。依據它的厚度而定,此可能導致一辞基氧化膜從一非晶 薄膜變成-顯著結晶膜。如所述,每一辞基膜3〇、犯及34之 厚度為至少15nm(較佳為至少2Qnm及最佳^25nm),及小於該 電介質層之總厚度(因為該電介質層亦包括該等透明電介質膜 24、26及28)。因為該界面係、「較強」且具有更大抗分離及侵 ❹歸所以15nm之最小厚度導致一更多結晶膜及對該隨後形 成銀基膜提供一較佳種子層。較佳,一鋅基膜之厚度小於 •η。在該最佳娜种,該厚度大於—,但是不大於4〇朦 、在本發月之某些具體例巾,該等鋅基膜別、&及34之厚度 並不-致。相較於遠離該基板之膜32及34的厚度,相鄰於該 土板之鋅基膜3G的厚度經測定係伴演較不重要肖色。此對 於該第四辞基膜38亦是確實的。該第—辞基膜別之厚度可以 是25nm,然而該等剩餘臈具有30nm之厚度。 97134065 200940339 不一致性亦可以應用至該等銀基層18、20及22中之金的含 量。根據各種考量、主要成本及抗侵蝕性,可以修改金含量。 在大部分應用中,如圖1之方向觀看,係從上方侵襲該濾光器 之完整性。在此等應用中,該上層銀基膜22之金含量大於該 等下層膜18及20之金含量。此為用於包括金含量之修改的應 用之較佳具體例。然而,某些應用甲,最重要之侵蝕源係在該 濾光器之製造期間所經歷之侵蝕源。如果是這樣的話,該所形 © 成之第一銀基膜18具有較大金含量可能是有利的。亦可期待 此替代具體例用於最重要之侵餘源從該濾光器之邊緣「侵襲」 的應用。 圖2顯不-使用本發明之更完整裝配。該層疊結構4〇代表 在圖1之基板10上之滅鑛層。使用一安裝黏著劑42,將該裝 配黏著至期望遽光之玻璃窗。—離型膜保持在與該安裝 黏著劑接觸之位置中,直到該裝配準備好要黏附至該玻璃窗為 ©止疊口黏著劑46確保一具有-硬塗佈層50之第二PET基 板48黏附至該裝配之其它零件。 圖3描述用以形成圖丨及2之遽光器的一系列步驟。最初, 在步驟52中提供-基板。該基板可為諸如ρΕτ之透明可挽性 材料的網狀物。在另-情況中,該基板可以是一玻璃窗,以便 直接形成各種層於該玻璃窗上。 在步驟54中’形成該電介質層之第—膜。在該較佳具體例 中’使用濺鍍技術形成-氧化銦層。在沉積該第一膜後,在步 97134065 200940339 驟56中形成該鋅基膜。此膜具有至少i5nm之厚度且與該第一 膜結合,以界定該電介質層。該鋅基膜具有至少8〇%之鋅含量。 在該較佳具體例中’使用濺鍍靶材沉積該膜,其中該等濺鍍靶 •材係結合以包括約90%鋅及10%錫。在另一情況中,鋅鋁可以 '被形成及然後氧化。 該鋅基膜提供一用於在步驟58中所形成之銀基膜的種子 層。此銀基膜包括在建立一法布立-拍若濾光器中之金屬層。 ❹該膜係至少50%銀及較佳為至少85%銀。如果將金加入該金屬 層’則可提尚抗侵钱性。 在判斷步驟6G巾,確定是否需要包含—額外對之電介質層 及金屬層。依據本發明之縣器包括至少兩個層對,以致於回 應是肯㈣。因此,該製程接續至步驟64,其巾確定是否在 第二層對中應提供觸之修改,亦即,決定是否在該第二層對 中之三層膜應該相同或不同於第—層對。如先前所述,第一層 對之鋅基膜可以比隨後層對相較之麟。亦描述在該銀基膜中 7含量的可祕改。以步職及㈣64 t之剩,在步驟 54、56及58中重複三層膜之順序。 第:=驟54、56及58中完成膜形成之第二:欠執行,遭遇 人_J斷步称60。如果兩對電介質層和金屬層係足夠的, =:中結束該製程。然而,該難具_係包括 達判斷步稀64及選擇步_及形成 -層額外膜。在料三層對之形成後,可叫_62中結束 97134065 200940339 該襄程然而,對於圖】任選包含之膜那及耶,在步驟66 中參數的選擇包括在返回至步驟54時,刪除該銀基層。 雖然未顯示於圖3之步驟的流針,該縣器僅管常見包括 如圖2之硬塗層50的其它零件’但是之後可以將該滤光器附 著至一玻璃窗。 【圖式簡單說明】
圖1係依據本發明之較佳具體例在一基板上之一廣叠結構 的側視圖。 圖2係一包含本發明之濾光器裝置的侧視圖。 圖3係用以形成圖}之濾光器的一連串步驟。 【主要元件符號說明】 10 可撓性聚合基板 12 層對 14 層對 16 層對 18 金屬層 20 金屬層 22 金屬層 24 透明電介質膜 26 透明電介質膜 28 透明電介質膜 30 鋅基膜 97134065 ❹ 12 200940339 32 鋅基膜 34 鋅基膜 36 透明電介質膜 38 辞基膜 40 層疊結構 42 安裝黏著劑 46 疊合黏著劑 48 第二PET基板 50 硬塗佈層 97134065 13
Claims (1)
- 200940339 七、申請專利範圍: 1. 一種提供一濾光器之方法,包括: 形成-層叠結構於—基板上,以包括成對電介質層和金屬 層,包括以下面方式界定每一對: ' 職電介賊做為魏介質層之-第-膜,該透 明電介質膜具有至少1.1之折射率; 形成一鋅基難為該電介質層之H,該鋅基膜具 ❹有至少80%之鋅含量及具有至少15簡之厚度;以及 瓜成銀基膜做為該金屬層,該銀基膜係與該鋅基膜接 觸。 2·如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其巾,形賴層疊結構以 包括該等對之步驟包括:形成相鄰於該基板之對的辞基膜係比 遠離該基板之每一對的辞基膜薄。 3. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,形成該銀基膜之步 ❹驟包括:沉積銀及金之合金,其中係包括該金以控制該層疊結 構之侵姓。 4. 如申請專利範圍第3項之方法,其中,沉積該合金之步驟 包括:根據與該基板之距離,刻意在該等銀基膜間加入不同百 分比之金。 5. 如申請專利範圍第4項之方法,其中,離該基板最遠之銀 基膜係形成具有比離該基板最近之銀基膜較高百分比的金。 6·如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,基於促進該銀基膜之形 97134065 14 200940339 成,進一步包括選擇該鋅基膜之厚度及選擇該鋅含量之百分 比。 7. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法’其中,形成該等成對電介 ' 質層和金屬層之透明電介質膜的步驟包括:使用賤鑛技術沉積 * 銦基膜。 8. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,形成該鋅基膜係提 供一臈厚度於15nm至40nm之範圍。 © 9.如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,進一步包括附著該層疊結 構至一玻璃窗。 10. —種濾光裝置,包括: 一透明基板;以及 一層疊結構,位於該基板上,該層疊結構包括成對電介質層 和金屬層,以下面方式界定每一對·· —透明電介質膜’做為該電介質層之-第-膜,該透明 ❹電介f膜具有至少1.1之折射率; ,鋅基膜’做為該電介質層之一第二膜,該辞基膜具有 ⑸之鋅含量及具有於15nm至40nm範圍之厚度;以及 -銀金膜’做為該金屬層,該銀金膜係與該鋅基臈接觸。 . ⑴如申請專利範圍第1〇項之濾光裝置,其中,相鄰於該基 二成對電介質層和金屬層中的鋅基膜係比其它每一對之鋅 基膜涛。 如申請專利範11第11項之航裝置,其中,每-鋅基膜 97134065 200940339 係為辞錫或鋅鋁,及該鋅含量係約90%。 13.如申請專利範圍第10項之濾光裝置,其中,每一透明電 介質膜係氧化銦。 ' 14.如申請專利範圍第10項之濾光裝置,其中,離該基板最 * 遠之成對電介質層和金屬層中的銀金膜具有比其它每一對之 銀金膜高的金含量。 15. 如申請專利範圍第10項之濾光裝置,其中,該基板係附 者至'玻璃_。 16. 如申請專利範圍第10項之濾光裝置,包括3對之電介質 層和金屬層。 17. 如申請專利範圍第10項之濾光裝置,其中,每一透明電 介質膜係三氧化二銦(In2〇3)。97134065 16
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/079,360 US7824777B2 (en) | 2008-03-26 | 2008-03-26 | Robust optical filter utilizing pairs of dielectric and metallic layers |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
TW200940339A true TW200940339A (en) | 2009-10-01 |
TWI498219B TWI498219B (zh) | 2015-09-01 |
Family
ID=41114204
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
TW097134065A TWI498219B (zh) | 2008-03-26 | 2008-09-05 | 使用成對電介質層和金屬層的強健式濾光器 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7824777B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2260337B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2011515714A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR101510496B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN102037381B (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1156401A1 (zh) |
TW (1) | TWI498219B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2009120175A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2462791B1 (en) * | 2009-08-03 | 2019-11-06 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Process for forming optically clear conductive metal or metal alloy thin films and films made therefrom |
DE102011116191A1 (de) * | 2011-10-13 | 2013-04-18 | Southwall Europe Gmbh | Mehrschichtsysteme für eine selektive Reflexion elektromagnetischer Strahlung aus dem Wellenlängenspektrum des Sonnenlichts und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
CN102749667B (zh) * | 2012-07-28 | 2014-09-17 | 杭州科汀光学技术有限公司 | 用于图像芯片的光学滤波器 |
US8900729B2 (en) * | 2012-11-19 | 2014-12-02 | Guardian Industries Corp. | Coated article with low-E coating including zinc oxide inclusive layer(s) with additional metal(s) |
US9448346B2 (en) * | 2012-12-19 | 2016-09-20 | Viavi Solutions Inc. | Sensor device including one or more metal-dielectric optical filters |
US10197716B2 (en) | 2012-12-19 | 2019-02-05 | Viavi Solutions Inc. | Metal-dielectric optical filter, sensor device, and fabrication method |
TWI577543B (zh) | 2013-12-30 | 2017-04-11 | 聖高拜塑膠製品公司 | 展現改良的光對太陽能增益熱比率的光學膜 |
EP3136141A1 (en) * | 2015-08-26 | 2017-03-01 | Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation | Infrared reflecting film |
WO2019150741A1 (ja) * | 2018-01-30 | 2019-08-08 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 光学薄膜、光学素子および光学系 |
WO2019151431A1 (ja) * | 2018-02-02 | 2019-08-08 | 日本電気硝子株式会社 | 膜付き透明基板の製造方法 |
CN111880255B (zh) * | 2020-05-08 | 2023-01-03 | 浙江水晶光电科技股份有限公司 | 带通滤光片及其制备方法 |
EP4150271A1 (en) | 2020-05-15 | 2023-03-22 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Hybrid solar window and ir absorbing assemblies |
DE102020125597A1 (de) | 2020-09-30 | 2022-03-31 | Universität zu Köln, Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts | Interferenzfilter und Verwendung einer Stapelanordnung von Schichtstrukturen als Interferenzfilter |
Family Cites Families (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4902580A (en) | 1988-04-01 | 1990-02-20 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Neutral reflecting coated articles with sputtered multilayer films of metal oxides |
US5821001A (en) | 1996-04-25 | 1998-10-13 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Coated articles |
FR2766174B1 (fr) * | 1997-07-21 | 1999-08-20 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | Substrat transparent revetu d'au moins une couche mince |
US6531230B1 (en) | 1998-01-13 | 2003-03-11 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Color shifting film |
US6833194B1 (en) | 1998-05-12 | 2004-12-21 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Protective layers for sputter coated article |
US6034813A (en) | 1998-08-24 | 2000-03-07 | Southwall Technologies, Inc. | Wavelength selective applied films with glare control |
HU224415B1 (hu) * | 1998-12-18 | 2005-08-29 | č< îáęâá< | Bevonatos üvegtábla, és eljárás annak előállítására |
US6699585B2 (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2004-03-02 | Asahi Glass Company, Limited | Glazing panel |
ATE296787T1 (de) | 1998-12-18 | 2005-06-15 | Glaverbel | Verglasungsscheibe |
JP2000294980A (ja) | 1999-04-06 | 2000-10-20 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | 透光性電磁波フィルタおよびその製造方法 |
EP1267318A4 (en) | 2000-02-01 | 2005-12-14 | Mitsui Chemicals Inc | DISPLAY FILTER, DISPLAY, AND PRODUCTION METHOD THEREFOR |
ES2396067T3 (es) * | 2002-05-28 | 2013-02-19 | Astic Signals Defenses, Llc | Una hoja y métodos para el filtrado electromagnético, visual y para minimizar las transmisiones acústicas |
US7508586B2 (en) | 2006-04-14 | 2009-03-24 | Southwall Technologies, Inc. | Zinc-based film manipulation for an optical filter |
US7564628B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2009-07-21 | Cpfilms, Inc. | Multiple band reflector with metal and dielectric layers |
-
2008
- 2008-03-26 US US12/079,360 patent/US7824777B2/en active Active
- 2008-08-20 EP EP08795465.7A patent/EP2260337B1/en active Active
- 2008-08-20 KR KR1020107023882A patent/KR101510496B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2008-08-20 JP JP2011501757A patent/JP2011515714A/ja active Pending
- 2008-08-20 CN CN200880129487.6A patent/CN102037381B/zh active Active
- 2008-08-20 WO PCT/US2008/009902 patent/WO2009120175A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-09-05 TW TW097134065A patent/TWI498219B/zh active
-
2011
- 2011-09-15 HK HK11109711.6A patent/HK1156401A1/zh unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN102037381A (zh) | 2011-04-27 |
CN102037381B (zh) | 2015-04-01 |
EP2260337A1 (en) | 2010-12-15 |
TWI498219B (zh) | 2015-09-01 |
US7824777B2 (en) | 2010-11-02 |
JP2011515714A (ja) | 2011-05-19 |
HK1156401A1 (zh) | 2012-06-08 |
EP2260337B1 (en) | 2017-09-13 |
KR101510496B1 (ko) | 2015-04-08 |
WO2009120175A1 (en) | 2009-10-01 |
EP2260337A4 (en) | 2012-07-25 |
US20090246552A1 (en) | 2009-10-01 |
KR20110011607A (ko) | 2011-02-08 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
TW200940339A (en) | Robust optical filter utilizing pairs of dielectric and metallic layers | |
KR101400421B1 (ko) | 열 특성을 갖는 스택을 포함하는 기판 | |
JP4216352B2 (ja) | 薄層積重体で被覆した透明基材 | |
CA2753842C (fr) | Substrat muni d'un empilement a proprietes thermiques comportant des couches a haut indice de refraction | |
CN110520782A (zh) | 具有p偏振辐射分量的平视显示器(HUD)的投影装置 | |
JP5549216B2 (ja) | 透明導電性積層体およびその製造方法ならびにタッチパネル | |
CN110520295A (zh) | 具有导电涂层和抗反射涂层的用于平视显示器的复合玻璃板 | |
CN102757185B (zh) | 一种可热处理的低辐射镀膜玻璃及其夹层玻璃制品 | |
TW459058B (en) | Dual titanium nitride layers for solar control | |
JP6673349B2 (ja) | 膜積層体および合わせガラス | |
EP2327543A1 (en) | Panel including thermochromic layer and electric conductive layer | |
JP2015509866A5 (zh) | ||
WO2010072974A1 (fr) | Substrat muni d'un empilement a proprietes thermiques et a couches absorbantes | |
EP1160214A1 (fr) | Vitrage comprenant au moins une couche a proprietes thermochromes | |
WO2012134174A2 (ko) | 전도성 구조체, 터치패널 및 이의 제조방법 | |
WO2009122090A2 (fr) | Substrat muni d'un empilement a proprietes thermiques | |
TWI586546B (zh) | 紅外線控制光學薄膜 | |
JP6495903B2 (ja) | 銀製の機能性層とTiOx製の厚いブロッキング下層とを含む積重体で被覆された基材を含むグレージング | |
JPWO2008065962A1 (ja) | 可視光透過熱線反射シート | |
CN107075157A (zh) | 包括红外吸收层的光学膜 | |
WO2014171149A1 (ja) | 透明導電体及びその製造方法 | |
DE102016114281A1 (de) | Schichtsystem und Verbundglas | |
JP2012083686A (ja) | 透明断熱シート及びその製造方法 | |
US20190330100A1 (en) | Solar control window film |