SU1716991A1 - Cotton growing method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods of cotton cultivation. The goal is to improve the growing conditions of plants on saline, washed soils by reducing the crust formation on the soil surface and eliminating seed rot. Irrigation furrows are cut down to a depth of 22-24 cm and moisture-watered irrigation is performed. After the ripening of the soil, manure is introduced into the furrows. Cotton sowing is made between the centers of the crests 14–16 cm high simultaneously with their formation at the place of the former fissures. The method allows to increase the yield of cotton by improving soil growth conditions. 5 tab., 2 Il.

Description

(L

WITH

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for the cultivation of agricultural crops, mainly for the cultivation of cotton in the furrow irrigation method.

There is a known method of preparing the floor for irrigation and planting cotton, including cutting irrigation furrows with ridges of narrow peaks. On inclined plots, washing, water-retaining, summoning and vegetative irrigations are conducted along furrows. Furrows are cut in autumn or early spring after all irrigation before sowing cotton, and the soil on the ridges will be compacted. During irrigation, the soils on the ridges are moistened slowly by capillary way as irrigation streams run along the bottom of the furrow and are provided with the necessary moisture at a deficient rate

glaze. Moisture from the soil on the ridges is quickly consumed for evaporation and goes to the lower layers of the soil, therefore most of the soil on the ridges is dry, hard and crusted. After the soil has ripened on the ridges, sowing is carried out on the tops of the ridges of the furrows.

The disadvantages of this method are the large losses of irrigation water on irrigated fields for evaporation, filtration and discharge, which vary within 12, ... 58% of the supplied gross rate. In addition, cotton sowing is not carried out under the same conditions, since as the soil rides, narrow peaks are cut off at the ridges of the furrow for convenient movement of the rink of the sowing unit.

With moisture irrigation, the soil at the beginning of the furrow is moistened almost in

ABOUT

yu yu

1.2 ... 1.5 times more than at the end of the furrow. In this connection, at the beginning of the furrow, the soil has not yet ripened, it has ripened in the middle, and at the end it is dry, as a result, cotton seeds appear under different conditions of moisture, which leads to non-simultaneous sprouting along the furrow lengths. Non-simultaneous sprouting of cotton along the length of the furrows creates unfavorable conditions for the further development of the plant. At the beginning of the brood, the early shoots of cotton already require the implementation of agronomic measures, and at the end of the furrow, the shoots still do not need them.

Watering is conducted along furrows, therefore soil moistening at the bottom and ridges of the furrow is unequal, water is absorbed into the bottom of the furrow by 2. 2.5 times more than into the ridges. This leads to the fact that at the bottom of the soil furrow ripen and the ridges become dry, especially at the end of the furrow. Sowing is carried out as the soil rides on the ridges at a time when the tractor wheel cannot move (stalled) along the bottom of the furrow.

Almost all types of soil in irrigated land in Turkmenistan after evaporation of moisture from the soil becomes hard and crusted. The tender and small cotton roots that have come under such conditions for a long time cannot penetrate into the lower layers of the soil, as a result of which they lag behind in their development, so urgent watering must be carried out.

In order to avoid the unfavorable crops that affect the cotton's livelihoods, urgent measures are required: soil hacking and surface irrigation, which are labor-intensive and affect the economy of the farm.

Fertilizers are applied to the soil in the fall before plowing by continuous spraying, nbdVie plowing occurs in the lower layers of the soil, and it is unknown what percentage of fertilizers fall directly under the crest of the furrow and feed the cotton roots that develop mainly under the crest.

In Central Asia, all types of irrigation are practiced on sloping irrigated lands along furrows: washing, summoning, etc. Therefore, the soil at the bottom of the furrow is washed well, while salts are collected on the ridges and the seeds fall as a result of this not on fresh (fresh) soil, and saline. Salts strongly affect cotton during the first 15 ... 20 days of development, when the roots are very tender. Sometimes, after receiving friendly shoots of cotton, in 15 ... 20 days, 21 ... 30% of plants die under the influence of salts. On

in the furrowed method of irrigating the soil on the ridge become heavily saline, because under the effect of salt extraction from the furrows and capillary lift, salt is collected on the left and right of the ridge, and it turns out that 50% of the soil is not saline at the bottom of the furrow and saline the crest. Therefore, it is necessary to cut the furrows just before the crops in order to improve the growth conditions of cotton.

There is a known method of creating a floor profile that includes cutting parallel shallow irrigated furrows, the bottom of which is located 10 to 12 cm below the upper boundary of the arable layer. Cotton sowing is carried out in the bottom of irrigated furrows, and when plants enter the budding phase, irrigated furrows are cut at the site of the ridges, and at the bottom of the former furrow two-apex ridges are formed.

However, in the case of mobile rains, after sowing cotton, water is collected at the bottom of the furrow, as a result of which a crust forms on the soil and cotton seed rot is created.

The aim of the invention is to obtain uniform and accelerated cotton shoots using washed lands and ridges with soft soils, improving growth conditions, as well as efficient and economical use of irrigation water and fertilizers.

The goal is achieved by the fact that in order to improve the growing conditions of plants on saline washed soils, due to the reduction of crust formation on the soil surface and the elimination of seed rot, initially irrigated deep furrows are cut from 22 to 24 cm deep and leaching is performed. Then, depending on the mechanical composition of the soil and as the planting dates for cotton are approached, moisture-watered irrigation is carried out.

After the soil has ripened on the ridges and if it is possible for the mechanisms to pass through the furrows, the manure of the required standard is sown, cotton is sown between the centers of the new ridges simultaneously with their formation at the site of the former furrows.

Deep grooves are made to ensure that the ridges created on them do not completely fill the grooves when cutting new irrigation furrows. When forming new medium irrigation furrows of 12 ... 14 cm, the saline upper parts of the former ridges are located close to the irrigation furrows, and the more fresh, ripened and soft soil lies between the peaks, i.e. where cotton is sown.

The magnitudes of the low ridges with two vertices vary within 14 ... 16 cm in comparison with the upper boundary of the arable layer.

The height of the ridges with two vertices is formed after the elimination of the former ridges by furrowing agents, while the limits of their borders are 14 ... 16 cm.

All the parameters of the former irrigation furrows (22 ... 24 cm) are standard, therefore, after their elimination, they produce medium irrigation furrows (12 ... 14 cm) with ridges 14 ... 16 cm high. Since the furrowers are standard and set, at the same level, the lower height of the ridge (border) is 14 cm, and the upper height of the ridge (boundary) is 16 cm. When sowing cotton, the rollers of the sowing unit comfortably and quickly go between two tops, eliminating the tip of the ridges. Gentle and small cotton roots are intensively developed in soft, moist and fresh soil, and before budding, income reaches the washed fresh part of the soil. Seed rot is not observed, as on the ridge where it is planted cotton, water after rain quickly goes down. In addition, the likelihood of crusting is reduced. Since the plants are located between the ridges of newly created irrigation furrows, they are well protected from the influence of strong winds. Cotton roots develop well at the bottom of the former furrow, as they are not exposed to salts, and the bulk of the cotton roots is lower than newly created irrigation furrows. This allows irrigation water to be used effectively, since when watering 82% of the net rate, water is absorbed by gravitational forces, which shortens the irrigation time due to intensive water absorption into the soil. With this method, it is possible to achieve uniform soil moistening along the length of the furrows and reducing the number of irrigations, as the moisture content of the soil increases, which allows for a long time to retain moisture on the ridges of the furrows.

During the first plowing - the roll up of the tractor wheels go along the former ridges, therefore, in order to increase the reliability of its work, small furrowers are installed in front of the wheels, which widen the road on the ridges for easy passage of the tractor wheels, while part of the ground is thrown to both sides of the bottom furrows, which facilitates the movement of the main furrows. As a result, the tractor never slips.

it works freely and goes along the ridge. In addition, there is no need to wait for the soil to dry at the bottom of the furrow, but on the contrary, the wetter the soil is, the better is the moisture from the bottom of the furrow, where fertilizers almost completely remain, the crests are created two peaks, evaporation losses are almost eliminated and moisture in the soil is retained for a long time.

At the same time, by throwing the soil in both directions, the former ridges are eliminated, the land is re-plowed, cotton is spudded and weeds are destroyed, the air temperature and nutrient regime of the soil are improved, and the growing conditions of growing on saline, washed soils are improved.

In the proposed technology, waterborne irrigation is carried out with lower rates (600 ... 750 m3 / ha) than by a known method (900 ... 1400 m3 / ha), since there is no need to moisten the soil on the ridges of the furrows. In connection with this, the soils, into the grooves of which water is absorbed, are moistened evenly along the length of the furrows, while the coefficient of uniformity of soil moistening is 0.77 ... 0.91. 300 ... 650 m3 / ha of irrigation water is saved and irrigation time is reduced by 5 ... 8 hours. The total brigade period for carrying out moisture irrigation is reduced by 10 ... 15 days, and irrigator labor costs are also reduced.

When conducting moisture irrigation, the soil in the bottom of the furrow is re-washed again, and with the known method, salts are collected on the ridge of the furrow, where cotton is sown. In addition, there is no need to ripen the soil in the bottom of the furrow. After the formation of the ridges at the place of the former furrows, intensive evaporation of water is eliminated, and the water utilization rate on the field is (0.69 ... 0.85). ;

With the known method, call irrigation (700 ... 1100 m / ha) is often carried out to increase the moisture content in the soil after sowing, in order to achieve the necessary shoots of cotton. Without carrying out call irrigation it is impossible to get friendly shoots of cotton. In the proposed method, after moisture irrigation, as the soil rides on the ridges of the furrows, manure of the required rate (8 ... 25 t / ha) is introduced into the furrows, depending on the thickness of the soil. The fertilizers applied remain directly under the ridge of the furrow, after they have been formed at the place of the former furrows, where the cotton planting is carried out just between the two peaks. Fertilizers fall under the ridge and under the cotton roots and are well used by plants. In the known method, fertilizers are applied to the soil in the fall before plowing by continuous spraying, after plowing they occur in the lower layers of the soil, so it is not known what percentage of the fertilizer is used by the roots of cotton. After the formation of the ridges, the distance from the seeds of the cotton plant to the manure is approximately 45 ... 50 cm. Therefore, the probability of the availability of manure to the cotton roots decreases. After the formation of the ridges at the place of the former furrows, manure remains in the arable layer of the soil, therefore plants are effectively used in the growing season. Manure is more intensively decomposed and assimilated during and after irrigation, and the moisture capacity of the soil increases by 1.5–2.0 times. Salted cotton lands, under the influence of manure, acquire better water permeability and settle more easily. The humus formed in the soil during the decomposition of manure and other local fertilizers contributes to a better retention of moisture in the soil, which is less evaporated due to a partial disruption of the capillary flow of water in the upper soil layer.

In the proposed method, manure is also used as a heat collector, since more solar energy gets to the ridges, in connection with which an optimum temperature condition is created, which contributes to a fast friendly shoot of cotton. The likelihood of a soil crust on the surface of the ridges is drastically reduced.

Figure 1 shows the profile profile of the floor; 2 is a flow chart of experiments, where X is a triangular weir, O is the sampling for soil moisture, Q is the determination of the rate of water absorption into the soil.

Irrigation furrows 1 are cut down to a depth of 22 ... 24 cm and ridges 2; after washing and moisture irrigation irrigation, as the soil ripens on the ridges of furrows, fertilizer 7 of the required rate is applied to the bottom of the furrow. The thin line shows the grooves 3, the depth of which is located 10 ... 12 cm below the upper boundary of the arable layer 5, cut in place of the former crests. Cotton 6 is sown 4 ... 5 cm above the upper boundary of the arable layer on the ridge between two peaks 4, the distance between which is approximately 6 ... 10 cm. The soil wetting contours 8 are shown by dotted lines.

The proposed method of preparing the floor for planting cotton has been studied during irrigation.

on furrows at the irrigated landfill using two technologies: planting cotton on the ridge of the furrow in the proposed (option 1) and known (option 2) methods. Cotton variety ASH-25. Sowing was carried out at an inter-dull distance of 0.9 m. The length of the experimental furrows was 50 m. The area of the experimental plot was 0.35 ha. The groundwater level is 1.8 .... 2.0 m, slope 0.002. Mechanically

The composition of the soil of the experimental plot refers to sandy and moderately saline. In the experimental field, the furrows were divided into three groups, each of which consisted of five furrows. Two of the five furrows were defensive.

5 The uniformity of water supply to each group of furrows was achieved by means of a soothing basin, from which flow through the triangular weirs (with a 90 ° cutout) was fed to the furrows.

0 At the head of each of the five furrows, weirs were installed at the same level to ensure the same costs. On the field, 15 experimental furrows were studied, of which 9 are accounting (see figure 2). All measurements to determine the time and rate of jet movement, flow rates, hydraulic quantities, phenological observations, and other parameters were carried out with a quadruple repetition and the calculated conditions

0 kept until the end of the season.

Option 1. Deep grooves of 22 ... 24 cm were cut and after moisture irrigation (600 m3 / ha) fertilizer was applied to the bottom of the furrow - manure (12 t / ha). Then irrigated furrows were created at the place of the ridge, and at the place of the bottom of the former furrow formed ridges with two peaks. Cotton was sown between two peaks on newly created ridges.

0 Option 2. Carried out in a known manner as in production. Before plowing the land, 12 t / ha of manure were also introduced.

Vegetation irrigation in two variants of experiments was carried out with irrigation rates of 400 ... 500 m / ha, depending on the development of cotton.

The number, timing, inter-irrigation periods, vegetation and irrigation rates of cotton irrigation options are given

0 in the table.1.

In Option 1, the following positive factors were observed: sowing was performed on washed lands; fertilizers remained directly under the cotton roots,

5 that favorably influenced the seedlings of plants (110 thousand pieces per 1 hectare) and held moisture for a long time during the whole vegetation period (21 ... 9 days); manure during the growing season serves as a nutrient and moisture-containing substance. Cotton roots quickly reached

before the washed soil layer (before budding) and salt did not affect their development.

The central and lateral roots developed best in fresh soil. Sowing was carried out on ridges between two peaks. Before budding, cotton on the ridge between the peaks felt better during strong winds.

During vegetative irrigation, moisture quickly reached the layer where the main mass of cotton roots was located, thereby reducing the duration of irrigation (to 2 ... 3 hours). During vegetative irrigation and after it, the fertilizer (manure) was wetted and turned into a liquid state. Cotton for the entire growing season did not lack nutritional status, since the fertilizers applied were mainly used by plants.

In variant 2 (control), in conditions of sandy soils, cotton was noticeably lagging behind in its development as compared with the proposed technology.

It is known that when a fertilizer is in the topsoil, it is quickly decomposed and efficiently absorbed by plants.

The bulk of the residual phosphate is in the upper soil layers (0 ... 20, 20 ... 40 cm). In the proposed technology, fertilizer (manure) is located directly under the cotton roots in a 24 ... 26 cm soil layer, after creating a new furrow.

After each irrigation, the fertilizer gradually decomposes and at the end of the growing season, yellow spots appear on the ridges of the furrows. Cotton roots are within 0.8 ... 1.1 m, i.e. increases the amount of capture roots.

All this reduces the number of irrigations to 8, saving irrigation water is 2050 m3 / ha, cotton yield 28.1 centners / ha.

The yield of raw cotton option 1 was compared with the known method, the analysis of variance and the NDS.

The peculiarity of processing the vegetation experience data with different repetition of the variants is the necessity of calculating several values of the smallest significant difference, since not all averages are equally accurate. In the experiment there are two options and four observations.

We draw up a calculation table, having in it the initial data on the rows and columns, we define the sum of yields and the average of the options, the total amount and the average yield of the experience (see Table 2).

To calculate the sum of squares of deviations, it is advisable to convert the original dates by the ratio Xi X - A, taking in conditional mean A number 25, close to the average yield of the experience X 24.9 (see Table 3).

5Calculations of the sum of squares deviations are in the following sequence:

the total number of observations N hn 2x4 8 ;.

correction factor C (10s (-0.8f: 8 0.08;

sum of squared deviations

Su Ј X2 1 - C - (1.82 + 4.32 + 2.42 + 3.82+

15 + 3.42 + 3.92 + 2.62 + 3.22) - 0.08 85.70 - -0, 62;

Cp Ј p2: 2 - ° -08 0 B2 + 0-42 + ° -22 +

+ 0.62): 2-0.08 (2.56 + 0.16 + 0.04 +

+0.36): 2 - 0.08 3.12: 2 - 0.08 1.48;

Cv X V2: n - C (12.32 + 13,12): 4 - 0.08

 (151.29 + 171.61): 4 - 0.08 322.9: 4-0, 08 80.65;

thirty

Cz Su - Wed - Su 85.62 - 1.48 - 80.65 3.49.

Now it is possible to fill in the analysis of variance table (see Table 4).

As can be seen from Table 4, in the experiment there are significant differences between the options and But is rejected ().

To assess the materiality of private differences and variants, the error of the experiment, the error of the difference of means and HCPos are calculated in absolute and relative values:

45 5,

: -Jf aS4iO

Ofi

 a ° -76 about 50 НСРод -б 3,, 76 2,.

W5d

2.42

HCP05 - -hmoo - mo and 9.72%.

The results of the experiment and statistical processing recorded in the table.5.

Thus, the cotton yield with the proposed technology significantly exceeds the control variant.

Claims (1)

Claims The method of cultivating cotton, including plowing the floor, initial cutting of irrigation furrows with the formation of ridges on both sides, sowing of cotton and cutting of irrigation furrows on the track of the formed ridges with the formation of ridges on the site of the former furrows, characterized by the fact that improve plant growing conditions 0 on salted, washed soils, by reducing crust formation on the soil surface and eliminating seed rot, initially irrigated furrows are cut to a depth of 22-24 cm, moisture-watered irrigation is produced, and after ripening the soil manure is sown, centers of the crests in height, 14–16 cm simultaneously with their formation at the site of the former fissures. Table 1 table 2 Table 3 7 2 Table 4 Table 5 2 3