RU2820180C1 - Adaptive system for seismic protection of objects (versions) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: systems and devices for active seismic protection of objects.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to systems and devices for active seismic protection of objects, to the field of machine building, as well as construction and mining, specifically to systems and devices for active seismic protection of critical, including strategic, objects for various purposes, placed in protective structures, for example, industrial reactors, platforms/metal structures with equipment and personnel (surface/buried) for data processing centres of large mass, etc., from spatial shock-seismic and pulse mechanical effects of kinematic nature. Adaptive system for seismic protection of objects provides for the installation of shock-absorbing devices in the seismic isolated layer between the base and the protected object, containing elastomeric shock absorbers of box shape with rigid plates for contact with the support surface of the object and for attachment to the base, respectively attached at the top and bottom to the ends of the side walls of the elastomer shock absorber. On contact surfaces of object and damping device antifriction coating is applied or antifriction elements are installed, as well as installation of unloading supports from rigid/weakly deformable material, made destructible/foldable under conditions of seismic action. Elastomer shock absorber has a barrel-shaped shape with side walls formed by unified elastic elements – tabs, separated by gaps, which can be installed in rows in a parallel quasi-axial pattern both in a circle and on the sides of a regular polygon/n-gon (n≥3), and the shape of the profile of which has an initial bulge providing the required type of power characteristic. Shock absorber is made as a friction-movable pendulum support with a sliding surface in the form of a solid material gasket with an antifriction insert in the form of a ball segment, fixed on rigid plate in its centre and with horizontal displacement of base sliding on spherical section/segment of support surface of object and creating force for re-centring due to compression of part of tabs of elastomer shock absorber. Relief support structure is formed by three separate rigid beams-braces in inverted tripod configuration – a regular triangular pyramid with its top downward and with its lower ends freely installed in the sectors-stops on the friction-movable plate lying on the base. On the upper ends of each beam-brace there are rigid contact plates with a stop and fixation on the support surface of the object by means of installation of elements-limiters of sliding and unlocking in conditions of seismic action when removing the weight load due to increasing the distance between the support surface of the object and the base by a given value and/or when a certain value of loading from the object is exceeded.

EFFECT: providing higher reliability and repairability of seismic protection system, degree of unification of elements/assemblies while providing the required parameters of devices with respect to standard and unique objects and expected dynamic characteristics of action, reduced cost of production.

7 cl, 12 dwg

Description

The group of inventions relates to the field of mechanical engineering, as well as construction and mining, namely to systems and devices for active seismic protection of critically important, including strategic, objects for various purposes located in protective structures, for example, industrial reactors, platforms/metal structures with equipment and personnel (surface/buried) for data processing centers - large data centers, etc., from spatial shock-seismic and pulsed mechanical impacts of a kinematic nature.

A promising direction for ensuring the seismic resistance of buildings and structures, especially during their construction in seismically hazardous areas, is the use of active seismic protection (ASP) systems, which ensure the reduction of inertial seismic loads through seismic insulation, the construction of adaptive systems, systems with increased damping, systems with vibration dampers /B .A. Tarasov et al. Seismic isolation systems. Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251, Russia, St. Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya st., 29. Construction of unique buildings and structures. ISSN 2304-6295. 2016, No. 4(43), pp. 117-140/.

There are a number of technical solutions that implement the principles of ASZ of objects to one degree or another, including adaptive systems and shock-absorbing devices.

Thus, the well-known container shock absorption system (patent US 5353677, C1 F41F 3/04, published 10/11/1994), containing a box-shaped, i.e. having a box-shaped, elastomeric shock absorber with slots and a rigid plate fastened externally to the bottom of the shock absorber, does not have the required energy absorption capacity in the radial direction of the container object, because The damping effect of such shock absorbers is achieved mainly due to the compressive deformation of the elastomer, ensuring approximately constant stiffness with a slight increase when the limiting deformations are reached.

The “Apparatus that absorbs impact energy” is known (patent RU 2624966, C2 B61G 11/18, O.N. Golovach, S.P. Karpov, publ. 07.20.2015), containing a base plate and an elastomeric shock absorber moving in the housing sleeve, as well as “Ship launcher for missiles in a transport and launch container with a mortar launch” (patent RU 2657634, C1 F41F 3/04, Alasheev V.I., Vasiliev B.M. et al., published 06.14.2018), equipped with a longitudinal shock absorption system (SA) with a given stroke of the moving part of the launcher (PU) with a container with a rocket rigidly fixed in it, and the PU is equipped with a shock absorber made of elastomeric material to absorb loads during rocket launch. The absorbing effect of such devices manifests itself in the process of compressive deformation of the elastomer with an increase in elastic-damping force with a limited working stroke. The disadvantage of this device is the impossibility of obtaining a given force characteristic due to high elastic rigidity with limited damping due to small relative deformations of the elastomeric material, as well as a large scatter of dynamic characteristics.

The “Shock-absorbing container system” is also known (patent RU 2163996, C1 F41F 3/04, V.A. Barynin, I.Z. Dashtiev et al., published on March 10, 2001), containing a box-shaped elastomeric shock absorber equipped with a rigid plate fastened with a bottom, and a movement limiter in the form of a frame, fastened to the side walls along a commensurate contour of a box-shaped elastomeric shock absorber with through slots in the corners between the side walls and thinning on the side walls with the formation of a weakened section along the entire perimeter. This solution makes it possible to obtain characteristics under dynamic influences that provide an increased stroke by using the loss of stability of the walls in places where they are thinned during compression of the elastomeric shock absorber.

The disadvantages of this known device include:

- uncontrolled decrease in efficiency during prolonged operation of elements of the seismic isolation system - box-shaped elastomeric shock absorbers - under conditions of their use under constant load due to the phenomenon of creep of the material - polymer, also accompanied by accelerated aging, and, as a consequence, deformation of the elastomeric shock absorber with loss of elastic-damping properties, which, ultimately, significantly limits the inter-regulatory service life of the protected object (until replacement of shock absorbers);

- limited effectiveness of reducing the loads acting on the protected object, with simultaneous shear forms of bending and compression of box-shaped elastomeric shock absorbers due to the spatial nature of the external influence.

Terms used:

Adaptive seismic protection systems are special structures in a building that directly during an earthquake change the dynamic characteristics of structures, including natural frequencies. If some of the natural frequencies of a building or structure are close to the prevailing frequencies of an ongoing earthquake, then, thanks to the work of adaptive systems, these frequencies change and “leave” from the zone of the prevailing frequencies of the earthquake, thereby eliminating the occurrence of resonance, and as a result of significant destruction.

A shock absorber is a device that protects machines and mechanisms from shock and vibration loads due to the combined action of elastic (returning a deformable element to its original position) and dissipative (damping mechanical vibrations) forces (R 50.1.042-2002 Determinant of the names of assembly units of general machine-building class 30 of the ESKD Classifier ), or a device that reduces seismic load by changing the periods and forms of natural vibrations of a structure (SP 268.1325800.2016 Transport structures in seismic areas. Design rules), or a device for softening shocks in machines and structures, for protection against shocks and shock loads ( BES, publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia", Moscow, 1998), or a device designed to dissipate energy in order to reduce the response of a mechanical system to impact (GOST R ISO 2041-2012 Vibration, shock and technical condition monitoring. Terms and definitions).

A shock-absorbing device (seismic isolator) is a device that has the necessary characteristics for seismic isolation, namely: the ability to withstand the load from its own weight of a part of the structure (object) located above or outside the seismic isolation (shock absorption) system, and the ability to provide vertical and horizontal movements. The devices can provide energy dissipation and assist the seismic isolation system's ability to re-center. (see also GOST R 57364-2016/EN 15129:2010 Anti-seismic devices. Design rules). A shock-absorbing device is a structure that includes one or more shock absorbers and communication units with an object and interacts with the structure and the object.

Object - seismically insulated (shock-absorbing) structure: reactor unit, missile/torpedo in a transport/launch container/launch cup, metal structure with equipment, etc.

Creep - 1. An increase in deformation over time under the influence of a constant load or mechanical stress. Note - Instantaneous deformation is excluded (GOST 32794-2014 Polymer composites. Terms and definitions).

2. An increase in deformation over time under the influence of a constant load (GOST R 58033-2017 Buildings and structures. Dictionary. Part 1. General terms).

A seismic wave is an elastic wave propagating in the geological environment from artificial or natural sources of vibration. Notes: 1. Sources of artificial excitation of elastic waves are explosions or mechanical impact on the medium under study of a pulse or vibration nature using special technical means. 2. Natural sources of elastic waves are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, rockbursts (landslides, avalanches, mudflows, etc.). (GOST R 54363-2011 Field geophysical research. Terms and definitions).

Seismic impact - underground shocks and vibrations of the soil mass and surface caused by natural and artificial causes, for example, earthquakes, the impact of industrial and other explosions, the operation of shock-explosive machines on a buried or surface-mounted protective structure in which the shock-absorbing object is located.

Seismic insulation (seismic protection) of objects is a complex of engineering structures, arranged, as a rule, in the foundation (or on the foundation) of structures and ensuring a reduction in vibrations of the isolated object relative to seismic vibrations of the soil and foundation, as well as elements and systems that provide regulation (shift) of natural frequency values vibrations of the structure to the desired area (see also GOST R 56257-2014 Characteristics of factors of external natural influence. General classification).

Seismic isolation layer - a layer separating the substructure and superstructure, within which a seismic isolation system is installed, usually at the base of the building. (“Manual for the design of buildings with seismic isolation systems and systems for dynamic control of seismic response.” FAU “FCS”. 01/01/2020, developed in development of the provisions of SP 14.13330, 2018).

High damping systems are structures in which special elements have been introduced to increase energy dissipation. An increase in energy dissipation leads to a decrease in seismic accelerations, and hence inertial loads.

Seismic isolation system - a set of devices used to provide seismic isolation, including those that increase the natural vibration periods of the building relative to the prevailing period of seismic impact (flexible struts; swinging supports; rubber-metal supports, spring supports, etc.), as well as increasing the absorption (dissipation) of seismic energy building vibrations (dry friction dampers; sliding belts; hysteresis; viscoelastic dampers, etc.).

A structure (protective structure, support contour) is an enclosing structure that performs the function of preserving the contour of a structure when subjected to seismic shock waves in an elastic-fused-plastic medium - a soil mass. The structure has a base on which a depreciable object is installed.

Aging is an irreversible change in the structure of polymers over time as a result of exposure to chemical or physical factors, leading to deterioration in the performance properties of products (GOST 32794-2014. Polymer composites. Terms and definition).

A data processing center, or data center, is a specialized facility that is a connected system of IT infrastructure and engineering infrastructure, the equipment and parts of which are located in a building or room connected to external networks, both engineering and telecommunications (GOST R 58811-2020 . Data processing centers. Engineering infrastructure. Stages of creation).

An elastomer is a polymer or a material based on it that is in a highly elastic state (i.e., has the ability to undergo significant reversible deformation when a small mechanical stress is applied). Elastomers include rubbers, rubber compounds, rubbers and thermoplastic elastomers (GOST 32794-2014. Polymer composites. Terms and definitions).

Adaptive seismic protection systems began to be developed in the USSR from the early 60s of the 20th century and can be structurally represented by two types of connections: switching connections and switching connections.

Breaking connections are structural elements (usually braces, panels, etc.) of low rigidity that are destroyed during an earthquake. In their absence, the structure becomes less rigid, which means its natural frequencies decrease. Despite the apparent simplicity and convenience of arranging such connections, they have two significant drawbacks. The first is that for the safe operation of the structure, immediately after an earthquake, the destroyed connections must be restored, and this is not always possible. The second drawback is that the frequency spectrum during an earthquake is constantly changing over time, which means that the new frequency of the structure (with connections already turned off) may at some subsequent moment again be in the range of the prevailing frequencies of the earthquake.

Included connections are those connections that do not participate in the operation of the structure before the earthquake begins. These connections are activated only during an earthquake, when the displacements of the structure reach certain, predetermined values. These connections (usually one-sided) can be made with special stops-limiters installed with gaps, or, for example, sagging guy wires.

The “Depreciation Device” is known (patent RU 2786579, C2 F16F 15/04, F16F 7/12, Brigadin I.V. et al., published 10/03/2022) with the properties of an adaptive seismic protection system, consisting of a spring block and additionally between the object and soil of rigidly installed disposable destructible elements, including a damper, which ensures a reduction in overloads on the shock-absorbing object. However, it does not provide for adjustments and settings of the power characteristic - the load diagram “force-displacement” (increasing the stroke, achieving the required variable stiffness) to the dynamics of the impact and is intended exclusively for single use.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed technical solutions regarding the adaptive system of seismic protection of objects is “Method of seismic isolation of objects and shock-absorbing device (options) for its implementation” (patent RU 2787418, C1 F16F 1/34, Zabegaev A.I., Dashtiev I. Z., Tikhomirov I.V. et al., publ. 01/09/2023), where the shock-absorbing device (in various versions) is intended for group installation in the seismic isolating layer between the base of the protective structure/supporting contour and the supporting surface of the object. It contains an elastomeric shock absorber of a box-shaped (solid-cast) shape (hereinafter referred to as the elastomeric shock absorber), for example, in the form of a cylinder, as well as a rigid flat plate for contact with the flat supporting surface of the object and a movement limiter in the form of a plate-frame for attachment to the base, respectively fastened from above and from below with the ends of the side walls of the elastomeric shock absorber, made with through longitudinal slots, as well as with thinning and the formation of a weakened section along the entire perimeter of the side walls. Achieving a large stroke in the working areas of the power characteristic when working in the vertical direction is ensured due to the processes of “loss of stability” of the side walls during the forward stroke (compression) of the elastomeric shock absorber.

To eliminate deformation of the elastomeric shock absorber due to creep phenomena and accelerated aging of the elastomeric material under load, leading to a gradual loss of its elastic-damping properties, compensation of the weight load from the object under normal operating conditions is provided by installing unloading supports - in the shock absorber or independently - in the form of a telescopic rack/support rod, destroyed/folded when a given threshold of load on the shock-absorbing device is exceeded under seismic influence, i.e. functionally representing a switchable connection.

Compensation for lateral displacements of an object relative to the base with its return to its original position when exposed to spatial external loads, including ultra-high levels of impact, both in compression and in transverse (shear) forms, i.e. re-centering in the specified shock-absorbing device is ensured by a special unit, including an axial rod interacting with an elastomeric membrane - a limiter of its horizontal movement (options - with an integrated design of elements - a support and an axial rod - as a single structure - a telescopic rod-support, and with independent supports and additional horizontal installation of shock absorbers). To increase the efficiency of the re-centering mechanism, an anti-friction coating is applied to the contacting (sliding) flat surfaces - the supporting surface of the object and the surface of the rigid plate of the shock-absorbing device - or anti-friction elements are installed.

However, this device has the following significant disadvantages.

Firstly, the complexity of the design, high labor intensity and cost of manufacturing unloading supports, which, together with other additional elements introduced into the shock-absorbing device to ensure re-centering, including in the integrated version, leads to an increase in cost and a decrease in the reliability of the shock-absorbing devices and system generally.

Secondly, the installation of destructible/folding telescopic-type unloading supports, especially in versions of their installation inside shock-absorbing devices, requires complex and lengthy restoration work after each operation (which is important for earthquake-prone areas), i.e. causes their low maintainability, and also limits the potential compression stroke.

Thirdly, a consequence of the limited universality of the adopted design of elastomeric shock absorbers - a solid-cast box-shaped form - is the need to build a model range of shock absorbers (according to the parameters of load capacity and working strokes) taking into account the variety of types of objects (in terms of weight, dimensions, installation location, etc.) and dynamic characteristics of the expected impact, which leads to limited possibilities for adapting power characteristics to a new model of impact and changes in the weight parameters of the object, as well as unification of the product, and, as a consequence, high production costs.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed variants of technical solutions in terms of a shock-absorbing device is “A shock-absorbing device for seismic isolation of objects (options)” (patent RU 2799276, C1 E02D 27/34, Tikhomirov I.V. publ. 07/04/2023), which, through group installation in a seismic isolating layer allows you to build a support-type shock absorption system and, in accordance with the power characteristics of the box-shaped elastomeric shock absorbers included in its composition, limits the amount of loads transferred to the object. At the same time, a variant of the design of a shock-absorbing device is proposed on the principle of friction-movable pendulum-type supports with a spherical sliding surface and a movable hinged slider built into a rigid plate to ensure re-centering, i.e. compensation of the lateral shift of the object relative to the base under external spatial influence. In addition, to adapt the power characteristics in relation to design options, coaxial schemes - parallel, serial and combined - for group installation of shock absorbers are proposed. These solutions, to a certain extent, make it possible to increase operational reliability by simplifying and unifying the design, as well as the effectiveness of seismic protection by increasing the working stroke and achieving the required variable stiffness under spatially multidirectional impacts.

However, this shock-absorbing device has the following significant disadvantages.

Firstly, the complexity of the design, high labor intensity of manufacturing, which leads to a decrease in reliability and an increase in the cost of the shock-absorbing device and the system as a whole.

Secondly, a consequence of the peculiarity of the used design of elastomeric shock absorbers - a solid-cast box-shaped form - is the need to build a model range of shock-absorbing devices (according to the parameters of load capacity and working strokes) taking into account the variety of types of objects (in terms of weight, dimensions, installation location, etc.) and dynamic characteristics of the expected impact, which leads to limited possibilities for product unification and their high cost.

The technical problem to be solved by a group of inventions, including an adaptive system and a shock-absorbing seismic protection device, is to meet the requirements for technical parameters - load capacity, stroke length, variable stiffness of the power characteristic - for various objects and a wide range of predicted impact characteristics while increasing reliability work and cost reduction by simplifying and unifying/simplifying the design of devices, ensuring maintainability and reducing the labor intensity of maintenance and operating costs.

The result is ensured within the framework of the construction of an adaptive system for seismic protection of objects as a support-type depreciation system, providing for an independent group installation in the seismic isolating layer between the protected object and the base of the protective structure of unloading supports made of rigid/weakly deformable material, for example, metal, made falling under seismic conditions, and associated with the base of shock-absorbing devices of a friction-moving pendulum type with a spherical sliding surface, containing box-shaped elastomeric shock absorbers operating in compression. Moreover, in contrast to the prototype, the solution to this problem in the proposed system is achieved by the fact that the design of the unloading support is formed by three separate rigid beams-braces in the configuration of an inverted tripod - a regular triangular pyramid placed with the top down, the lower ends of which, forming the top of the pyramid, are freely installed in sectors - stops (recesses) on a friction-movable plate lying on the base, and at the upper ends of each brace beam, rigid contact plates are fixed to rest against the supporting surface of the object, the fixation of which on the supporting surface of the object is ensured by installing sliding limiting elements under the influence of a weight load from the object side. Unfixing occurs under seismic conditions in two situations: firstly, when the distance between the supporting surface of the object and the base increases above a given value and, secondly, when a certain load on the part of the object is exceeded. Maintainability and reduction in labor intensity of maintenance and operating costs are achieved through separate independent installation of unloading supports with reserve/restored elements - slip limiters and actuating connections - sagging cable braces to limit the fall of brace beams.

The result is also achieved in the proposed system options in relation to various models of seismic impact: with folding pantograph-type supports (switching off when a certain load from the object is exceeded) and with falling spring-type supports (switching off when the distance between the supporting surface of the object and the base increases above a given value ).

In contrast to the known solution, the proposed shock-absorbing device, intended for use in an adaptive seismic protection system, contains an elastomeric shock absorber of a box-shaped barrel shape with a side wall/walls formed by divided/separate unified elastic elements - petals with gaps between them, the profile shape of which has an initial convexity, providing the required type of power characteristics. At the same time, in order to form/adapt the power characteristics (load capacity, stroke length, required variable stiffness) to the parameters of the object and the type of design of shock-absorbing devices, as well as to the predicted characteristics of the impact, the parameters of the petals can be varied - their size, number, installation configuration, degree of initial convexity and etc.

In addition, the shock-absorbing device is made in the form of a friction-movable pendulum support with a sliding surface in the form of a gasket made of solid material with an anti-friction liner in the form of a spherical segment, fixedly mounted on a rigid plate in its center and with a horizontal displacement of the base, sliding along the spherical section/segment of the support surface of the object and creating a force for re-centering, and the petals of the elastomeric shock absorber can be installed in rows in a parallel quasi-coaxial pattern and mounted in a rigid plate and in a displacement limiter-frame both in a circle and on the sides of a regular polygon/n-gon (n≥3).

The essence of the invention is illustrated by drawings (Fig. 1-9), photographs (Fig. 10), graphs (Fig. 11, 12).

In fig. 1 and fig. Figure 2 shows a general diagram of the installation of devices for an adaptive seismic protection system for objects in a seismic isolating layer.

In fig. 3 - fig. Figure 6 shows the designs of switching supports (for adaptive system options): falling tripod type (Fig. 3), folding pantograph type (Fig. 4, Fig. 5), falling spring type (Fig. 6).

In fig. 7 shows a schematic diagram of the design of a box-shaped, barrel-shaped, single-acting elastomeric shock absorber operating in compression (hereinafter referred to as the elastomeric shock absorber), and FIG. 8 - its elastic element - the petal in its original position.

In fig. Figure 9 shows the design of a shock-absorbing device with a quasi-coaxial installation diagram of the petals of an elastomeric shock absorber.

In fig. Figure 10 shows photographs of a sample of an elastomeric shock absorber during compression.

In fig. 11 and fig. 12 shows typical/experimental power characteristics - load (compression) “force - displacement” diagrams of an elastomeric shock absorber.

The operation of the proposed adaptive system for seismic protection of objects is considered within the framework of the construction (Fig. 1, 2) in the seismic isolating layer 1 between the base 2 of the protective structure (support contour) and the supporting surface of the object 3 of a support-type depreciation system, consisting of two functionally different groups of devices:

- unloading supports 4, switchable folding/falling ones - at given dynamic parameters of seismic impact;

- shock-absorbing devices 5 with barrel-shaped elastomeric shock absorbers of one-way action/compression, installed on the base 2 and supporting/damping the protected object 3, having the ability to withstand the load from the own weight of the object 3 and provide vertical and horizontal movements with energy dissipation and the ability to re-center.

In the initial position, before the start of the impact, the weight load from the object 3 is distributed between the unloading supports 4, the structure of which (Fig. 3) is formed by three separate rigid beam-braces 6 in an inverted configuration, i.e. a tripod placed with the top down - a regular triangular pyramid. The top of the pyramid is formed by the lower ends of the beam-braces 6, freely installed in sectors - stops 7 in the center of the friction-movable support plate 8 with a flat sliding surface lying on the base 2, while an anti-friction coating is applied to the contacting sliding surfaces or anti-friction elements are installed. At the upper ends of each brace beam 6, contact plates 9 are fixed to rest against the supporting surface 10 of the object 3, the fixation of which on the supporting surface 10 is ensured by installing sliding stops under the influence of the weight load from the object 3. Stops 11 and/or are offered as options for such stops. or rods - pins 12, destroyed/cut off when a given level of load on them is exceeded under impact conditions. In order to adjust/distribute the load on the limiters, sections 13 of the supporting surface 10 of the object 3, in contact with the contact plates 9, are made obliquely at an angle in the range from 0° to 45° to the horizontal plane with the possibility of forming a regular triangular pyramid (Fig. 3, view A ).

Models of spatially multidirectional seismic impact assume the movement of the base 2 relative to the protected object 3 both in the horizontal plane and in the vertical direction (as a rule, first down, then up).

When the base 2 moves horizontally, the friction-moving plate 8 of the unloading support 4 slides along the surface of the base 2, leaving the support 4 in working condition. In this case, equipping the seismic protection system with shock-absorbing devices 5 that implement the re-centering mechanism ensures restoration of the position of the unloading support 4 on the base 2 after the impact.

When the base 2 moves vertically downwards, the weight load is removed from the unloading support 4, and when a given amount of movement is reached, the fixation of the contact plates 9 on the stops 11 is removed, after which the brace beams 6 fall under their own weight. Moreover, to ensure reliability of release, especially for the option of fixation using cut pins/rods 12, for each brace beam 6, installation of a guy cable 14 is provided, the initial tension/sagging of which, the attachment points 15 on the supporting surface 10 of the object 3 and the base 2, as well as the location of the rigging ring/eye 16 on the base 2, are determined taking into account ensuring reliable operation and, accordingly, turning off the unloading support 4 when the distance between the supporting surface 10 of the object 3 and the base 2 increases by a given amount. As a result of the activation of the described mechanism for turning off the unloading support 4, the beam-braces 6 fall onto the base 2 and do not interfere with the compression work of the shock-absorbing devices 5 for seismic protection of the object 3 during the subsequent movement of the base 2 upward.

If the base 2 begins to move upward when the unloading supports 4 are turned on, when the specified loading threshold is exceeded, the sliding limiting elements - stops 11 and/or pins/rods 12 - are destroyed/cut off and the unlocked brace beams 6 fall, the unloading supports 4 are thus turned off, including shock-absorbing devices in the compression/damping work 5.

In order to increase the maintainability/restorability of the unloading supports 4, the magnitude of the fall of each beam-brace 6 can be limited by the length of the cable suspension 17 to the supporting surface 10 of the object 3. It can also be provided for the installation of backup elements-slip limiters - stops 11 in sections 13 of the supporting surface 10 and/ or pins/rods 12 in contact plates 9 for use in restoration work.

For the version of the adaptive system with a folding pantograph-type unloading support (Fig. 4, Fig. 5), the levers 18 are connected to each other by means of axial hinges 19, as well as using brackets with the upper 20 and lower 21 support plates, and the lower support plate 21 is rigidly fixed on the base 2, and the upper support plate 20 is frictionally movable relative to the supporting surface 10 of the object with the application of an anti-friction coating or the installation of anti-friction elements on the contacting surfaces. The initial position of the support under the weight load from the object is fixed by means of two horizontal rods 22, fixed at one end in the corresponding axial hinge, and at the other end connected to each other by means of a rod/pin 23, cut off when a given load value is exceeded (when the base 2 moves upward under seismic conditions impact), which leads to the folding (switching off) of the support. Horizontal movements of the base 2 do not affect the operation of the support in its working state.

A variant of the design of a falling-type unloading support (Fig. 6) is a rack 24 with an upper bracket 25 rigidly fixed to its lower part, movably connected by means of an axial hinge 26 to a lower bracket 27, rigidly fixed to the base 2 and in which a spring unit 28 is installed horizontally with springs in a compressed state between the upper 25 and lower 27 brackets, while for free rotation on the axial hinge 26, the upper bracket 25 has a beveled shape on the side of the fall of the support when the base 2 moves down and removes the load from the object. The height of the support 4 is adjusted by means of an additional section 29 installed on the threaded connection 30 in the upper end of the rack 24 with the application of an anti-friction coating or the installation of anti-friction elements 31 to ensure sliding during horizontal movements of the base 2 with the support 4.

The main element of the shock-absorbing devices 5 installed in the adaptive seismic protection system is a box-shaped single-acting elastomer shock absorber operating in compression, having a barrel shape, the design diagrams of which in the initial position are shown in Fig. 7 and fig. 8.

Its side walls are formed by elastic elements - petals 32 (Fig. 8) of height H, separated by gaps. The working part of the petal 32 has a height h, a thickness G, and the profile shape is an initial convexity with radii: external - R, internal - r, which provides the required type of power characteristics.

The ends 33 of the petals 32 are fixed in a shock-absorbing device (Fig. 7) - at the top in a rigid plate 34, and at the bottom - in a movement limiter - a plate-frame 35, fixed to the base 2 through holes 36 (for example, with bolts). The shape of plates 34 and 35 is a circle/regular polygon with a diameter/side D.

The shock-absorbing device (Fig. 9) is made as a friction-movable pendulum support with a sliding surface in the form of a gasket 37 made of solid material with an anti-friction liner in the form of a ball segment 38, fixedly mounted on a rigid plate 34 in its center and with a horizontal displacement of the base 2 sliding along spherical section/segment 39 of the supporting surface 10 of the object 3. and creating a force for re-centering due to compression of part of the petals 32 of the elastomeric shock absorber. To increase the efficiency of the re-centering mechanism, as well as vibration protection, an additional insert 40 made of elastic vibration-isolating material (for example, rubber) can be installed.

In this case, to form/adapt the power characteristic - the force-displacement load diagram, including increasing the load capacity and/or changing the nature of the growth of forces (increasing/regulating the degree of damping), as well as to save space, the petals of the elastomeric shock absorber 32 can be installed in rows along a parallel quasi-coaxial pattern both in a circle and along the sides of a regular polygon/n-gon (in Fig. 5 n=4), and combinations of petals 32 of varying degrees of convexity can be used.

As a result of the compression force, the elastomeric shock absorber moves to the working (compressed) position (Fig. 10). The given compression states correspond to a typical force characteristic - a “force-displacement” loading diagram (Fig. 11, where sections of the stroke: I - lead-in, II - working, III - sharp increase in forces). The compression force is formed as the total compression force of the individual petals 32, which form the side walls of the shock absorber.

At a load close to the operating load (section I of the diagram, Fig. 11), initial compressive deformations of the side walls/lobes 32 occur. With a further increase in the load, a “loss of stability” occurs (see section II of the diagram, Fig. 11) of the side walls/petals 32 and they begin to bend, forming plastic “hinges”. In this deformation range, due to a decrease in the rigidity of the shock absorber and a significant range of working strokes, external influences of large amplitudes up to tens of g are effectively damped. In the event of a “breakdown” of the shock absorbers under a load exceeding the working load (section III, Fig. 11), a hard impact is eliminated due to the deformed side walls/petals 32 (see Fig. 10).

In fig. Figure 12 shows experimental loading diagrams for a sample of a barrel-shaped elastomer shock absorber, including A - for the initial ("warming up" the elastomer material) compression stroke, B - for subsequent - forward compression strokes, C - for reverse strokes returning to the starting position after removing the compression force.

The technical and economic effect of the proposed solutions in general is as follows.

1. The design is significantly simplified and the reliability of the elements of the seismic protection system is increased - shock-absorbing devices and unloading supports due to their independent installation and the elimination of moving elements/assemblies (telescopic racks/rods, rods, self-retracting rods, hinges, membranes, etc.).

2. The potential working stroke of shock-absorbing devices is increased by replacing the folding telescopic structure of the unloading supports with a falling structure.

3. High maintainability of the system is ensured due to a significant reduction in the requirements (in terms of accessibility, complexity, duration) for restoration work after each seismic impact (which is especially important for earthquake-prone areas), the labor intensity of maintenance and operating costs are reduced.

4. A high level of unification of elements/assemblies is achieved through the use of completely unified elements - rigid beams in unloading switching supports and elastomeric petals in box-shaped elastomeric shock absorbers while ensuring the specified/required parameters of devices (power characteristics, load capacity, stroke length,) in relation to the features of specific protected objects, both standard and unique, and to the expected dynamic characteristics of the impact, which significantly reduces the cost of production.

5. The possibilities for adapting the power characteristic (increasing the working stroke, achieving variable rigidity) to multidirectional spatial influences on the protected object are expanding by varying installation patterns and the number of unified elastic elements - petals (in rows / coaxially, in various base configurations - circle / polygon, combinations of petals of varying degrees of convexity).

The use of the invention makes it possible to provide effective long-term seismic protection of various objects (chemical and nuclear reactors, data processing centers - data centers, missiles in transport and launch containers, torpedoes and other equipment) located in protective structures, both surface and buried, by constructing an adaptive seismic protection system capable of absorbing ultra-high spatial seismic shock loads, with an almost unlimited service life (service life).

Currently, prototypes of barrel-shaped elastomer shock absorbers based on elastic elements/petals of various load capacities, stroke lengths and convex profile shapes have been created, and experimental studies (including static and dynamic tests, see Fig. 10) have confirmed their performance and efficiency.

Claims (7)

1. An adaptive system for seismic protection of objects, providing for the installation in the seismic isolating layer between the base and the protected object of shock-absorbing devices containing box-shaped elastomeric shock absorbers with rigid plates for contact with the supporting surface of the object and for fastening to the base, fastened respectively at the top and bottom with the ends of the side walls of the elastomeric shock absorber, wherein an anti-friction coating is applied to the contacting surfaces of the object and the shock-absorbing device or anti-friction elements are installed, as well as the installation of unloading supports made of rigid/weakly deformable material, made destructible/collapsible under seismic conditions, characterized in that each elastomeric shock absorber has a barrel-shaped shape with side walls formed by separated gaps by unified elastic elements - petals, which are installed in rows in a parallel quasi-coaxial pattern in a circle or on the sides of a regular polygon/n-gon (n≥3), and the profile shape of which has an initial convexity, providing the required type of power characteristic, in this case, the shock-absorbing device is made as a friction-movable pendulum support with a sliding surface in the form of a gasket made of solid material with an anti-friction liner in the form of a spherical segment, fixedly mounted on a rigid plate in its center and with a horizontal displacement of the base, the supporting surface of the object slides along the spherical section/segment and creating a force for re-centering due to compression of part of the petals of the elastomeric shock absorber, and the design of the unloading support is formed by three separate rigid beams-braces in the configuration of an inverted tripod - a regular triangular pyramid placed with the top down, with the lower ends freely installed in sectors-rests on the frictionally lying on the base - a movable plate, and at the upper ends of each brace beam, rigid contact plates are fixed with a stop and fixation on the supporting surface of the object by installing sliding limiting elements and unlocking under seismic conditions when the weight load is removed by increasing the distance between the supporting surface of the object and the base by a given amount and/or when a certain amount of loading from the object is exceeded. 2. The adaptive system according to claim 1, characterized in that stops mounted on the supporting surface of the object and/or pins/rods connecting the contact plates with the supporting surface are used as sliding limiting elements, cut off when a certain amount of loading on the part of the object is exceeded surface of the object, while part of the pins/rods is installed in a working recessed position, held in it under the weight load of the object, and the other part is installed as a reserve without recessing with the possibility of being transferred to the working position during restoration work, with temporary fixation of all pins/rods with sealing elements in the holes of the contact plates of the beams, in addition, the upper part of each brace beam by means of a guy cable, the initial tension/sag of which is adjusted to ensure that the beam falls when the distance between the supporting surface of the object and the base increases by a given amount, is connected to the supporting surface of the object through rigging ring/eye attached to the base. 3. Adaptive system according to any one of paragraphs. 1, 2, characterized in that the magnitude of the fall of each braced beam is limited by the length of the sagging extension of the cable suspension to the supporting surface of the object. 4. Adaptive system according to any one of paragraphs. 1-3, characterized in that the supporting surface of the object in areas in contact with the upper ends of the brace beams is inclined at an angle not exceeding 45° to the horizontal plane, with the possibility of forming an inverted regular triangular pyramid. 5. An adaptive system for seismic protection of objects, providing for the installation of shock-absorbing devices in the seismic isolating layer between the base and the protected object, containing box-shaped elastomeric shock absorbers with rigid plates for contact with the supporting surface of the object and for fastening to the base, fastened respectively from above and below to the ends of the side walls of the elastomeric shock absorber, wherein an anti-friction coating is applied to the contacting surfaces of the object and the shock-absorbing device, or anti-friction elements are installed, as well as the installation of unloading supports made of rigid/weakly deformable material, made destructible/collapsible under seismic conditions, characterized in that the elastomeric shock absorber has a barrel-shaped shape with lateral walls formed by separated gaps by unified elastic elements - petals, which are installed in rows in a parallel quasi-coaxial pattern in a circle or on the sides of a regular polygon/n-gon (n≥3), and the profile shape of which has an initial convexity, providing the required type of power characteristic, with In this case, the shock-absorbing device is made as a friction-movable pendulum support with a sliding surface in the form of a gasket made of solid material with an anti-friction liner in the form of a spherical segment, fixedly mounted on a rigid plate in its center and with a horizontal displacement of the base, sliding along the spherical section/segment of the supporting surface of the object and creating a force for re-centering due to compression of part of the petals of the elastomeric shock absorber, and the unloading support is a pantograph-type structure, the levers of which are connected to each other and to the upper and lower support plates by means of axial hinges, the lower support plate being rigidly fixed to the base, and the upper support plate is frictionally movable with an antifriction coating or antifriction elements, while the initial position of the support under the weight load from the object is fixed by means of two horizontal rods, fixed at one end in the corresponding axial hinge, and at the other end connected to each other by means of a rod/pin, cut off when the specified value is exceeded load magnitude. 6. An adaptive system for seismic protection of objects, providing for the installation of shock-absorbing devices in the seismic isolating layer between the base and the protected object, containing box-shaped elastomeric shock absorbers with rigid plates for contact with the supporting surface of the object and for fastening to the base, fastened respectively from above and below to the ends of the side walls of the elastomeric shock absorber, wherein an anti-friction coating is applied to the contacting surfaces of the object and the shock-absorbing device, or anti-friction elements are installed, as well as the installation of unloading supports made of rigid/weakly deformable material, made destructible/collapsible under seismic conditions, characterized in that the elastomeric shock absorber has a barrel-shaped shape with lateral walls formed by separated gaps by unified elastic elements - petals, which are installed in rows in a parallel quasi-coaxial pattern in a circle or on the sides of a regular polygon/n-gon (n≥3), and the profile shape of which has an initial convexity, providing the required type of power characteristic, with In this case, the shock-absorbing device is made as a friction-movable pendulum support with a sliding surface in the form of a gasket made of solid material with an anti-friction liner in the form of a spherical segment, fixedly mounted on a rigid plate in its center and with a horizontal displacement of the base, sliding along the spherical section/segment of the supporting surface of the object and creating a force for re-centering due to compression of part of the petals of the elastomeric shock absorber, and the unloading support is a falling-type structure, including a height-adjustable stand with an upper bracket fixed to its lower part, movably connected by means of an axial hinge to the lower bracket, rigidly fixed to the base and in in which a spring assembly with springs is installed in a horizontal position and compressed between the upper and lower brackets, while for free rotation of the upper bracket on the axial hinge, the upper bracket has a beveled shape on the side where the support falls. 7. Adaptive system according to claim 6, characterized in that the height of the support is adjusted by an additional section installed on a threaded connection at the upper end of the rack with the application of an anti-friction coating or the installation of anti-friction elements to ensure sliding during horizontal movements of the base.