RU2802798C2 - Method for reducing the damage to winter wheat plants by root rot in energy-accumulating soil maintenance system - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method consists in carrying out irrigation and sowing of winter wheat. The field vacated after harvesting the winter wheat is irrigated at the rate of 1000 m³ per 1 ha, an afterharvesting natural phytocenosis (ANP) is formed after harvesting the reseeded winter wheat. The accumulated 20 t/ha of ANP green mass is plowed into the soil in the phase of milky ripeness of the dominant cereal components in the first decade of September, the soil is prepared and winter wheat is sown in the second or third decade of September.

EFFECT: method provides reduction of plant infestation with root rots.

1 cl, 2 tbl

Description

The main reason for the decrease in the yield of winter wheat during repeated and permanent sowings in crop rotations, along with the spread of weeds, is the spread of root rot [1]. The most pathogenic among them in the Western Caspian region are Ophiobolus gramines Soc. and Fusarium avenacum [2].

There is a known method of combating root rot and other diseases in winter wheat crops using chemical means [4]. The disadvantage of this method is the increase in financial, material and technical costs, pollution of the environment and plant products during their use.

There is a known method of reducing soil infection and the incidence of winter wheat plants with root rot by annually alternating it in crop rotation with less susceptible crops - corn, root crops, sunflower, sweet and grain sorghum and others (prototype) [1, 2, 3]. The disadvantage of this method is the need to reduce the share of winter wheat in the crop rotation in order to place it among predecessors that are weakly affected by root diseases.

There is a known method of reducing soil infection and the incidence of winter wheat plants with root rot by alternating it in crop rotation with sown stubble crops - corn, sweet sorghum, sunflower and their mixtures for green fodder or silage [2]. The disadvantage of this method is the increase in labor costs and funds for preparing the soil, sowing and harvesting stubble crops.

The purpose of the invention is to find such a precursor of winter wheat, which forms the vegetative mass in the second half of summer by stimulating the formation of stubble natural phytocenosis (SNP) for green fertilizer with the help of one watering, the plowing of which can significantly reduce the incidence of plant root rot, without resorting to chemical and other means, and increase the yield of winter wheat.

This goal is achieved by irrigating the field vacated after harvesting winter wheat with a norm of 1000 m ³ of water per 1 ha to provoke the germination of weeds, plowing formed, accumulated 20 t/ha of PEF phytomass in the milky ripeness phase of the dominant cereal components (gray mouse, upturned acorn) in the first ten days of September, preparing the soil and sowing winter wheat according to existing technologies in the second - third ten days of September.

The maximum distribution and development of root rot on winter wheat plants was observed during its three-year continuous cultivation (control) - 36.8 and 11.5%, respectively (Table 1).

The more organic matter accumulates in the soil, the more intensively the number of soil microorganisms increases, the competition for nutrient substrate intensifies, and in soil rich in organic residues, parasitism of bacteria and actinomycetes occurs on the vultures Ophiobolus gramines Soc. [3]. This explains the decrease in the incidence of winter wheat plants with root rot after alfalfa and winter wheat + PEF for green fertilizer, which accumulate in the soil, respectively, 14.95 and 9.62 t/ha of plant mass, while in the control - only 4.04 t /ha. A decrease in the spread and development of diseases is also observed after corn and sunflower, although they leave much less plant mass in the soil - 3.38 and 3.28 t/ha. This fact is explained by the nonspecific stimulating effect of exudates of undamaged plants, in this case corn and sunflower, which is the biological basis for the use of crop rotation in crop rotation against root rot of grain crops [3].

The low degree of root rot infestation of winter wheat plants placed after alfalfa and winter wheat + PEF, in combination with the optimization of other soil and space life factors, ensured the highest grain yields of winter wheat (Table 2). Using these predecessors, 46.9 and 12.6% more grain yield was obtained, respectively, than with three years of continuous cultivation.

After corn for grain and sunflower for seeds, although the incidence of plant root rot decreases by 3.0-3.2 times, the yield of winter wheat decreases by 1.2-1.3 times compared to the control.

Considering the high degree of saturation of crop rotations in the Western Caspian region with winter wheat (more than 60%) and the inexpediency of placing it after late-harvested row crops, as well as the impossibility of sowing alfalfa in crop rotations on more than 10-12.5% of the area (one field in 8-10% of the area must be plowed annually). 10 field crop rotations), after harvesting winter wheat in the irrigation landscapes of the Western Caspian region, one should practice forming a PEF for green fertilizer to place winter wheat after it on the remaining fields of the crop rotation. In terms of the degree of damage to plants by root rot and grain yield of winter wheat, this predecessor is second only to the best predecessor in irrigation landscapes - alfalfa.

Thus, the claimed “Method for reducing the incidence of winter wheat plants with root rot using an energy-storage soil maintenance system” is characterized by the presence of features that meet the conditions of patentability.

Literature

1. Loshakov V.G. Crop rotation and soil fertility. - M.: VNIIagrokhimii im. D.N. Pryanishnikova. 2012. 511 p.

2. Gasanov G.N. The role of field crops and crop rotations in the formation of soil fertility. In the book. Soil resources of Dagestan, their protection and rational use / Edited by Gasanov G.N. and Balamirzoeva M.A. Makhachkala, Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Dagestan. pp. 164-183.

3. Korshunova A.F. Chumakova A.E., Shchekochikhina R.I. Protection of wheat from root rot. L.: Kolos, 1976, 184 p.

4. Vorobyov S.A. Improving crop rotations // Agriculture. - 1983. No. 1. pp. 33-34.

Claims (1)

A method for reducing the incidence of winter wheat plants with root diseases in an energy-storage system of soil maintenance, which consists in watering and sowing winter wheat, characterized in that the watering of the field freed up after harvesting winter wheat is carried out at a rate of 1000 m ³ per 1 ha, forming a stubble natural phytocenosis (PEF) ) after harvesting winter wheat for re-seeding, the accumulated 20 t/ha of green mass of PEF is plowed into the soil in the milky ripeness phase of the dominant cereal components in the first ten days of September, the soil is prepared and sowing of winter wheat is carried out in the second - third ten days of September.