RU2800714C1 - Diatomite-based complex organo-mineral fertilizer - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: complex organo-mineral fertilizer based on diatomite includes burnt diatomite chips with a particle size of 1.0-5.0 mm, potassium humate, chicken manure extract, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium mineral granular fertilizer - “nitroammophoska” with a granule size of 1.5 - 3, 5 mm. The ratio of components by weight, %: burnt diatomaceous earth - 46.0, potassium humate - 12.0, chicken manure extract - 12.0, granulated “nitroammophoska” - 30.

EFFECT: complex organo-mineral fertilizer with an increased content of the major macroelements per unit mass of the fertilizer, which acts as a soil loosener and biostimulator, and increases the yield of field crops.

1 cl, 7 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of crop production, and in particular to the production of a complex organo-mineral fertilizer based on diatomite with a high content per unit mass of the fertilizer of the main macronutrients.

At present, agriculture and crop production are focused on increasing the productivity of field crops and increasing soil fertility through the use of organic and organo-mineral fertilizers and biological products obtained from the processing of organic waste and raw materials and natural minerals, which also contributes to the decarbonization of the Russian agro-industrial complex as a whole.

To obtain biologized crop products and expanded reproduction of soil fertility, it is especially important to use complex organo-mineral fertilizers, which reduce the environmental burden on agroecosystems, and at the same time, in terms of agronomic and economic efficiency, they are not inferior to the main mineral fertilizers, ensuring the entry of macro- and microelements into the soil, useful microorganisms, humic substances, amino acids, phytohormones and other biochemical active substances.

Known natural organic fertilizers, such as cattle manure (cattle) and horse and bird droppings (for example, chicken). However, these organic fertilizers have two significant drawbacks: 1) low content of macronutrients (as a rule, total nitrogen - 2-5%, total potassium - 2-4% and total phosphorus - 1.5-3%); 2) high content of weed seeds, helminth eggs, pest larvae and pathogenic microflora.

Known organo - mineral fertilizer, including an organic component based on humic acids, and mineral, containing components with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium, as well as salts of trace elements of molybdenum and manganese, characterized in that it additionally contains calcium, elemental sulfur, chlorcholine chloride, dimethyl sulfoxide and a binder, at a certain ratio of active ingredients (RF Patent No. 2054404, Organo-mineral fertilizer, publ. 20.02.1996).

The main disadvantages of this complex composition: 1) too complex set of expensive components; 2) the presence of chlorine-containing substances among the components, which adversely affects the ecological state of the soil and the quality of the products obtained.

Known organo-mineral fertilizer containing chicken droppings, vegetable moisture-absorbing material and a mineral component, and they additionally contain humates from brown coal and a biologically active drug, while a mixture of buckwheat husks with oat husks in a ratio of 1: 1 is used as a vegetable moisture-absorbing material, and as a mineral component, phosphate rock. All components are taken at a certain ratio (RF Patent No. 2693888, Organo-mineral fertilizer (options), publ. 07/05/2019, Bull. No. 19).

The main disadvantages of this organo-mineral fertilizer: 1) the use of a mixture of buckwheat husks and oat husks, since buckwheat and oats are not cultivated in all regions, and / or the cultivation areas of these crops are insignificant; 2) low-tech form of fertilizer - in the form of a mixture of husks and powder, which makes it extremely difficult to apply this type of fertilizer both on the soil surface and into the soil during pre-sowing cultivation or during sowing, over large areas; 3) the presence in raw chicken manure of a significant amount of weed seeds, helminth eggs, pest larvae and pathogenic microflora.

An organo-mineral fertilizer is known (Patent No. 2382753, IPC C05F 3/00, publ. 02.27.2010, Bull. No. 6) containing bird droppings, water and zeolite-containing tuff containing more than 50% by weight of clinoptilolite, with the following ratio of ingredients ( %, by weight): bird droppings - 70-80; zeolite-containing tuff - 10-20; water is the rest. The fertilizer is obtained by mixing bird droppings with a moisture content of 35-40% and zeolite-containing tuff, previously crushed to a particle size of less than 1 mm, which are intensively stirred for 20-40 seconds, granulated, and then subjected to dehydration to a moisture content of 10-14 wt.%. The proposed fertilizer is characterized by sufficient strength of the granules, is stable during storage and is effective in application.

The main disadvantages of this fertilizer: 1) low content of the main macronutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; 2) low content of biochemical active substances as a result of technological processes of granulation and dehydration.

The closest to the proposed invention is an organo-mineral fertilizer, including chicken manure and an adsorbent in a mass ratio of dry matter of 1:4, while burnt diatomite foam is used as an adsorbent (RF Patent No. 2333184, IPC C05F 3/00, publ. 10.09. 2008, Bull. No. 25).

The main disadvantages of this fertilizer: 1) significant doses of application - diatomite - 3-8 t/ha and chicken manure - 1.6-2.0 t/ha - due to the low content of basic nutrients, which significantly increases the technological complexity and economic logistics and application costs; 2) the presence in raw chicken manure of a significant amount of weed seeds, helminth eggs, pest larvae and pathogenic microflora.

The technical result of the proposed complex organo-mineral fertilizer consists in an increased content per unit mass of the fertilizer of the main macronutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and silicon, as well as in the content of humic and other biochemical active substances, in the absence of weed seeds, helminth eggs, pest larvae and pathogenic microflora.

The claimed technical result is achieved due to the fact that the complex organo-mineral fertilizer based on diatomite includes burnt diatomite chips with a particle size of 1.0-5.0 mm; potassium humate, chicken manure extract and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium mineral granular fertilizer - nitroammophoska, with a granule size of 1.5 - 3.5 mm, with the following ratio of components by weight,%:

- diatomite - 46.0;

- potassium humate - 12.0;

- chicken manure extract - 12.0;

- nitroammophoska granulated - 30.

Diatomite - a natural raw material of biogenic origin - opal-cristobalite sedimentary rock, almost completely composed of diatom valves, which are microscopic plants with an external opal skeleton. The shells of diatoms are microscopic opal bodies hollow inside. The number of whole shells of diatoms varies widely in different varieties of diatomite - from 1.17 to 30 million pieces. in 1 cm ³ , which creates a high porosity of diatomites (up to 90 - 95%, on average - 80%), pore size from 1 to hundreds of nm.

Due to the porous structure, diatomite can absorb water up to 180% of its own weight and then gradually release this moisture into the soil and plants; chemically inert, odorless, has a neutral pH; contains organic silicon up to 80-85% of its composition, of which 40-45% is in an amorphous form accessible to plants. Organic silicon increases the immunity and turgor of plants; is a soil loosening agent due to its porous structure and low density (1 liter of pure diatomaceous earth weighs approximately 0.5 kg); is a natural bioinsecticide (especially against nematodes); prevents the development of mold and rot (biofungicidal properties).

Table 1 shows the chemical composition and Table 2 shows the physico-chemical parameters of the high-silicon natural mineral diatomite.

Potassium humate is a source of humic compounds that make up the bulk of soil humus, which plays a decisive role in fertility. Potassium humate increases seed germination and accelerates their development; increases the resistance of plants to stresses caused by drought, salinization, the use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, and also activates the processes of expanded reproduction of soil fertility.

Table 1
Chemical composition of diatomite, % on absolutely dry matter (in the numerator the limits of fluctuations, in the denominator - the average value) Element diatomaceous earth SiO ₂ total 80.40 - 85.30
83.10 SiO ₂ amorphous. 18.70 - 59.53
42.1 CaO 0.43 - 1.94
0.52 Fe ₂ O ₃ 2.09 - 3.60
2.47 MgO 0.30 - 1.07
0.48 K ₂ O 0.08 - 2.01
1.25 R ₂ O ₅ 0.05

table 2
Physical and chemical indicators of diatomite Breed Rock-forming minerals ion exchange capacity,
g-eq/kg Specific surface, m ² / kg⋅10 ³ Porosity, % Effective pore diameter, nm diatomaceous earth opal, opal-cristobalite 0.8-0.12 20-50 up to 75
up to 100
and more

The chemical composition of potassium humate is presented in table 3.

Table 3
The chemical composition of potassium humate No. p / p Name of indicator Unit
rev. Result
tests ND
for test method 1 salt extract pH pH 13.0 GOST 11623-89 2 Dry residue % 13.3 GOST 26713-85 3 ppm total nitrogen % on abs. dry wt. 4.0 GOST 26715-85 4 ppm total phosphorus % on abs. cvxoe in-in 7.8 GOST 26717-85 5 ppm total potassium % on abs. dry wt. 4.20 GOST26718-85

Chicken manure extract is produced on the basis of granulated chicken manure. Granulated chicken manure is made from chicken manure compost, granulated on an industrial granulator at a temperature of 80 ° C for 2-3 seconds, which allows you to completely clean the granules from weed seeds, helminth eggs, pest larvae and pathogenic microflora.

Chicken manure extract is produced by mixing disinfected chicken manure granules with water in a ratio of 1:10 by weight, and then regular intensive mechanical stirring of the resulting mass for 10 minutes at regular intervals (2-3 hours) for 2-3 days at a temperature water 20-25°C. This technology allows you to extract the maximum amount of macro- and microelements, humic and other biochemical active substances from chicken manure.

The chemical composition of the chicken manure extract is presented in Table 4.

Table 4
Chemical composition of chicken manure extract no./p. Name of indicator Unit
rev. Result
tests ND
per test method 1 salt extract pH pH 6.8 GOST 11623-89 2 ppm dry matter % 32.5 GOST 26713-85 3 ppm total nitrogen % on abs. dry wt. 7.2 GOST 26715-85 4 ppm total phosphorus % on abs. cvxoe in-in 1.0 GOST 26717-85 5 ppm total potassium % on abs. dry wt. 12.6 GOST 26718-85 6 ppm organic matter expressed as carbon % on abs. dry wt. 33.8 GOST 27980 - 88

Nitroammophoska is a complex nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium mineral fertilizer, the introduction of which is possible for all crops on all types of soil, and it is also relatively acceptable to apply in a row when sowing, subject to moderate doses. The brand "16:16:16" (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contain 16% each) is universal and most in demand in production and among gardeners.

Nitroammofoska as a mineral component is highly adaptable for complex organo-mineral fertilizers: it is non-hygroscopic, completely soluble in water, non-toxic.

The ratio of components in the claimed complex fertilizer is defined as follows: the proportions of the content of the ingredients are due to the technological properties of diatomite as a "carrier container" of other components. 46% diatomite is the optimal content in this type of fertilizer to fill the pores of diatomite with the required amount of potassium humate and chicken manure extract per 1 ha.

The difference between the claimed complex organo-mineral fertilizer from other organo-mineral fertilizers:

- fertilizer - multifunctional - with the functions of a soil improver and a biostimulator;

- fertilizer - prolonged action, due to the porous structure of diatomite (80 - 90% by volume of diatomite consists of pores with a size of 1 to 100 nanometers);

- fertilizer contains macro-, meso- and microelements, as well as organic silicon;

- fertilizer with a high content of the main macronutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium;

- fertilizer with a high content of silicon and humic substances;

- diatomite acts as a soil loosener due to its porous structure and special technological properties (for example, bulk density - 434-588 kg / m ³ ; water sorption - up to 180% of its own weight);

- fertilizer due to the full set of basic macronutrients and their high content ensures intensive growth and development of crops at the beginning of the growing season, which is important in a dry climate;

- high content of silicon and humic substances provides turgor, stress resistance and immunity of crop plants;

- humic and biochemical active substances of the fertilizer activate microbiological processes and humus formation in the cultivated soil layer.

Positive effect when using the declared complex organo-mineral fertilizer:

- has a prolonged action, that is, it gradually releases moisture, humic and biochemical active substances, nutrients into the soil, which is a promising indicator in conditions of increasing aridity of the growing season;

- enriches the soil with microelements, including organic silicon;

- enriches the soil with beneficial microorganisms, activating the microbiological activity of the cultivated soil layer;

- increases immunity, turgor and anti-stress properties of crop plants;

- acts as a soil loosener;

- acts as a biostimulant due to the biochemical active substances of potassium humate and chicken manure extract - phytohormones, amino acids of plant origin, vitamins; a complex of cellulolytic enzymes; soil antibiotics;

- stimulates the growth of the root system;

- increases the yield of field crops by 25-40% (when applied in a row on a seed bed when sowing from a seeder).

The claimed complex organo-mineral fertilizer is produced as follows. In an industrial device - a drum-type mixer, during the rotation of the drum, diatomite is poured and liquid potassium humate is added until it is completely absorbed by diatomite, in the following proportions,% by weight: diatomite - 23 and potassium humate - 12.

Then the next batch of diatomite is poured and the liquid extract of chicken manure is added, until completely absorbed by diatomite, in the following proportions,% by weight: diatomite - 23 and chicken manure extract - 12.

Rotation of the drum during backfilling of each batch lasts 5-7 minutes, until the liquid component is completely absorbed, and the fertilizer is converted into a uniform loose mass. Then two batches of the resulting mixes, as well as nitroammophoska, are loaded into the drum and mixed to a uniform loose mass.

The indicated ratio of ingredients in the complex fertilizer, according to vegetation and field experiments, turned out to be the most effective in comparison with other ratios.

4 compositions of complex fertilizer were prepared, the ratios of the ingredients of which are presented in table 5.

Table 5
The ratio of the ingredients of complex fertilizer,% by weight Compound diatomaceous earth potassium humate Extract
chicken manure Nitroammophoska Control Typical heavy loamy chernozem, humus - 5.9%
(central zone of the Samara region) 1 thirty 8 8 54 2 46 12 12 thirty 3 60 12 12 16 4 70 10 10 10

The compositions of the complex fertilizer were placed in four repetitions in vessels for research, in which a test object (plant - bioindicator) was sown - a watercress - lettuce culture, a variety of "Dukat" (seeding rate - 1 g/m ² ). Watercress plants were harvested 10 days after full emergence and yield determined (Table 6).

Table 6
Productivity of compositions of complex fertilizer Compound Productivity, kg/vessel Yield increase, % Control 0.31 - 1 0.48 +54.8 2 0.51 +64.5 3 0.41 + 32.3 4 0.37 +19.4

Studies have shown that the greatest increase in yield is provided by composition No. 2 with the ratio of fertilizer components,% by weight: diatomite - 46, potassium humate - 12, chicken manure extract - 12, nitroammophoska - 30.

The claimed organo-mineral complex fertilizer has a high content of the following macro- and microelements in a form readily available to plants and natural substances: Nitrogen is a building material for any plant, ensures the growth of the aerial part of the crop and the full formation of the ovary. Nitrogen is a part of: proteins, peptides and amino acids; nucleic acids (DNA and RNA); chlorophyll molecules; enzymes; phosphatides; hormones; most vitamins. Phosphorus - controls the metabolic processes occurring in the plant, and is a source of energy; is part of the cell nucleus; participates in the synthesis of carbohydrates; is responsible for accelerating the formation of plant root systems. Most of the phosphorus is present in the reproductive organs and young parts of plants. Potassium is an element of cell youth; preserves and retains water, increasing the viscosity of protoplasm; enhances the formation of sugars and their movement through tissues; increases the thickness of cell walls, resistance to lodging, disease, drought and low temperature. Silicon - rejuvenates cells; increases immunity, stress resistance to adverse conditions and plant turgor. Humic substances - contribute to the activation of soil fertility restoration processes, increase crop productivity, enhance plant immunity.

The claimed complex organo-mineral fertilizer has the following advantages due to its components: diatomaceous earth is a soil loosening agent, a source of biosilicon, a biofungicide and a bioinsecticide; potassium humate - humic substances, potassium and phosphorus, trace elements, slightly alkaline pH; extract of chicken manure - the absence of pathogenic microflora, seeds of weeds and helminths; humic and biochemically active substances (amino acids, phytohormones, soil antibiotics and others); nitrogen and potassium; trace elements; nitroammophoska - high content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; non-toxic, non-hygroscopic, completely soluble in water.

Studies of the effectiveness of a new complex organo-mineral fertilizer were carried out in 2020-2022. in field small-plot experiments (plot area - 3 m ² , placement of plots - sequential; in triplicate) on the experimental field of the Samara State Agrarian University: the central zone of the Samara region (southern forest-steppe of the Trans-Volga region), soil - typical medium-thick heavy loamy chernozem, humus - 5.9% (table 7).

Table 7
Crop yield (average for 2020-2022), t/ha Fertilizer culture Yield increase, % Yarovaya
wheat
hard chickpeas Sunflower Yarovaya
wheat
hard chickpeas Sunflower Control 3.07 1.93 1.85 - - - Nitroammophoska
(16:16:16) 3.35 2.16 2.02 +9.1 +11.9 +9.2 "Diatomite + Potassium humate + Chicken manure extract + Nitroammophoska"
(46:12:12:30) 3.43 2.33 2.46 +11.7 +20.7 +33.0 "Diatomite + Wood Ash + Urea" (50:25:25) 3.39 2.17 2.27 +10.4 +12.4 +22.7

Varieties of crops, zoned: durum spring wheat - "Bezenchukskaya Stepnaya", (originator: Samara Research Institute of Agriculture - branch of the Sam Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, urban settlement Bezenchuk); chickpeas - "Galileo" (originator: LLC OVP "Pokrovskoye"); sunflower - hybrid "Svetlana" (originator - breeding and seed company "Agroplazma", Krasnodar).

Seeding rates: hard spring wheat - 4.5 million viable seeds (approximately 200 - 220 kg/ha), chickpea - 0.8 million (200 - 240 kg/ha), sunflower - 4 kg/ha. Seeding rates were recalculated based on 3 m ² .

Fertilizers were applied when sowing in a row on the seed bed.

Nitroammophoska - 100 kg/ha ("16:16:16"); the application rate was determined on the basis of the cost of mineral fertilizer and a safe dose for plant seedlings. Nitroammophoska is a mineral complex fertilizer, the introduction of which in a row during sowing is relatively acceptable, subject to moderate doses.

"Diatomite + Potassium humate + Chicken manure extract + Nitroammophoska" ("46:12:12:30") - 150 kg/ha; the application rate was determined based on the cost of the fertilizer components and the manufacturability of the application.

"Diatomite + Wood Ash + Urea" ("50:25:25") (abbreviated - "DZM") - 200 kg / ha; the application rate was determined based on the cost of fertilizer components, the content of the main macro- and microelements, and the manufacturability of application.

The research was carried out within the framework of the scientific topic "Digital Organic Farming".

The increase in crop yields, on average for 2020-2022, on the variant with the declared complex organo-mineral fertilizer "Diatomite + Potassium humate + Chicken manure extract + Nitroammophoska" in relation to the control amounted to 11.7 - 33.0%, in relation to to the variant with nitroammophos - 2.6 - 23.8%, in relation to the organo-mineral fertilizer "Diatomite + Wood Ash + Urea" - 1.3 - 10.3%.

The highest yield increase was noted in sunflower (33.0% in relation to control, 23.8% in relation to nitroammophoska, 10.3% in relation to DZM fertilizer), which is explained by the high responsiveness of the sunflower root system to humic substances and microelements .

Thus, the complex organo-mineral fertilizer with a high content of the main macronutrients per unit mass of fertilizer and with the functions of a soil improver and a biostimulator in terms of its effect on the yield of cereals, legumes and sunflower is superior to the mineral fertilizer nitroammophoska ("16:16:16") and organo-mineral fertilizer "Diatomite + Wood Ash + Urea" with a higher application rate per 1 ha.

For the biologization of agriculture, and the decarbonization of the agro-industrial complex as a whole, these results are an extremely promising factor, given the positive impact of organo-mineral fertilizers on soil fertility, the ecological state of the agroecosystem, the possibility of obtaining biologized products, lower production costs and the cost of applying complex organo-mineral fertilizers.

Claims (5)

Complex organo-mineral fertilizer based on diatomite, including burnt diatomite chips with a particle size of 1.0-5.0 mm, potassium humate, chicken manure extract, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium mineral granular fertilizer - nitroammophoska, with a granule size of 1.5- 3.5 mm, with the following ratio of components by weight,%: - burnt diatomaceous earth - 46.0; - potassium humate - 12.0; - chicken manure extract - 12.0; - nitroammophoska granulated - 30.