RU2750665C1 - Agro-technical composition with magnetic properties - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: agro-technical composition is proposed containing ground brown coal and ground ultrabasic (alkaline) material. It contains ground natural serpentine as ultrabasic material at the mass ratio with ground brown coal from 0.6 to 1.3. It additionally contains natural clay at the mass ratio with ground brown coal from 0.1 to 1.0. Magnetite included in the composition of the specified ground natural serpentine has magnetization of at least 80% of the saturation level obtained in the result of the exposure of the magnetic field to the ground natural serpentine or agro-technical composition as a whole.

EFFECT: providing the possibility of preserving nutritional elements in the soil while using the composition with simultaneous eliminating the use of components poisoning the soil with obtaining indicators of agro-technical efficiency typical for black soil, as well as creating the magnetic field by the composition when using it, which can affect both the nutritional elements of the soil and plant seeds, and plant itself during the growing season.

5 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely, to an agrotechnical composition for use as an artificial soil with the properties of black soil, or a conditioner for natural soil, giving it the properties of black soil and increasing its fertility, as well as for use in conjunction with seed. Giving the proposed composition of magnetic properties without changing its composition is aimed at the manifestation of the effects characteristic of agricultural products with such properties.

The main features of chernozem that distinguish it from other soils with less fertility are:

1) high humus content, contributing to the development of a bacterial system useful for plants;

2) ability to long-term moisture retention (even at low relative humidity of the ambient air);

3) coarse-grained structure and relatively high porosity (fraction of the volume of intergranular space), providing good drainage properties for water and the possibility of air saturation;

4) high and balanced content of nutrients, macro- and microelements;

5) balanced acid-base properties.

The first property is present in peat, but peat does not fully possess the other properties and, in general, is an acidic or slightly acidic substance.

The second property is more typical for some types of clay, which retain moisture well, but clays do not provide other properties.

Nature has created a unique combination of all the properties listed above only in some regions of the Earth, in particular, in the southern part of central Russia, in Ukraine. A large number of more northern and more southern soils (this is almost one hundred million hectares of agricultural land in our country and many times more in all countries) have less fertility, require constant reclamation, including their deoxidation, and also require the application of mineral fertilizers in relatively large quantities, and in a number of geographic areas - intensive irrigation.

Since the second half of the last century, intensive crop production began to develop on special, more often closed, greenhouse soils with drip irrigation or using computer-controlled fertigation (drip irrigation with the simultaneous introduction of expensive instant fertilizers). However, in geographic latitudes that are not typical for the formation of fertile natural soils, natural anomalies are encountered, i.e. individual areas with a darker color and with increased fertility, which include the so-called Germanic chernozem, areas of high-quality agro-lands on scarce agricultural soils in Latin America, Africa and Indonesia (A.S. Durova. Biocoal for fertility, J. "Agrobusiness" , 04.12.2019 [1]).

A distinctive feature of all these sites is that coal was found in the soil. It is known that some types of coal, for example, brown coal, contain a large amount of humic substances, in an even higher concentration than peat. However, to extract them, brown coal must be treated with chemicals, for example, alkalis. In addition, brown coals are relatively acidic. It should be assumed that the mentioned anomalous chernozems contain some additional components that allow:

- for a long time to promote the release and maintenance of the necessary concentration of humus and other organic substances in the soil to ensure optimal conditions for plant nutrition, as well as the vital activity of soil-dwelling microorganisms;

- to provide the acid-base and elemental balance in soils, the necessary structure and other properties listed above for chernozems.

Nevertheless, the characteristics of abnormally fertile areas discovered in the early 2000s by scientists from Germany and the United States led, especially in the last decade, to another agrarian revolution in developed European countries, America, China and other regions, namely: to production and widespread the use of the so-called biochar (Biochar) to improve soil fertility both on closed and open ground. There are a number of publications, including patent, on this topic, among which we note: US patent No. 8361186, publ. 01/29/2013 [2], European patent No. 2658948, publ. 03.10.2018 [3], RF patent No. 2549876, publ. 05/10/2015 [4], US patent No. 9809502, publ. 01.11.2017 [5], RF patent No. 2688620, publ. 05/21/2019 [6].

A feature of the technologies for obtaining products under these patents lies in the oxidative pyrolysis of wood or agricultural waste to obtain porous carbon-containing materials containing a large amount of organic substances and having good sorption properties and moisture capacity, as well as having a neutral or slightly alkaline aqueous extract.

A common disadvantage of technical solutions for these patents, with all the advantages of biochar, is that obtaining the latter, which are products of artificial origin, requires large energy and other material costs. In addition, pyrolysis processes are environmentally unsafe and involve the production of liquid and gaseous products along with biocoals.

Known compositions of artificial soil (RF patents No. 2301249, publ. 20.06.2007 [7], and No. 2301825, publ. 27.06.2007 [8]), containing a moisture-consuming material and a biologically active substance. According to the first of these patents, artificial soil contains peat, and according to the second, sapropel as a material with high moisture capacity. In accordance with both inventions, the composition of the artificial soil includes non-toxic, environmentally friendly wood-based carbon black as a biologically active substance with a volumetric carbon black content of 20-40%.

Known soil ameliorants based on brown coal, treated with acids, obtained by the methods described in RF patents No. 2005763, publ. 01/15/1994 [9], and No. 2008302, publ. February 28, 1994 [10].

The disadvantage of these technical solutions is the need to use strong acids to separate humic substances from brown coal. Another fundamental disadvantage is that these ameliorants have even more pronounced acidic properties than brown coal itself, and cannot be used to treat acidic soils.

Closest to the proposed invention is a technical solution according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2078068 (publ. 04/27/1997 [11]) and international application PCT / RU95 / 00090 (publ. 10.10.1996 [12]). This technical solution relates to an agronomic composition intended for use as a soil conditioner. As follows from the description of the properties and application of this composition in [11] and [12], it is possible to use it also as an artificial soil and, moreover, in the composition of the planting material, when it plays the role of fertilizer for pre-sowing application.

This composition includes mineral and organic components when used as an organic component of ground tertiary brown coal raw. Blast-furnace slag with ultrabasic (weakly alkaline) properties and containing oxides of calcium, silicon, aluminum, magnesium, manganese and iron was used as a mineral component.

The advantage of this composition is that it does not require the use of acutely deficient components for its production. However, it has the disadvantage of a high content of manganese in its blast furnace slag (more than 8% by weight), which can cause serious soil poisoning. Another disadvantage is that this composition has practically no capacity in relation to nutrients (for example, cation exchange capacity) and cannot retain nutrients in the soil. For these reasons, the possibilities of using it as an artificial soil are significantly limited, and its properties as a conditioner for natural indoor and outdoor soils cannot provide agrotechnical efficiency and productivity characteristic of chernozems.

The proposed invention is aimed at achieving a technical result, which consists in ensuring, when using the agrotechnical composition according to this invention, the possibility of preserving nutrients in the soil while eliminating the use of soil-poisoning components with obtaining indicators of agrotechnical efficiency close to those characteristic of chernozems.

At the same time, taking into account one of the features of the chosen way of achieving these types of technical result, which consists in the inclusion of serpentinite in the composition, the aim of obtaining a technical result is also pursued in the form of creating the proposed composition using a magnetic field capable of affecting both nutrient components of the soil and on the seeds of the plant and on the plant itself during the growing season.

Below, when considering particular cases, some additional types of the achieved technical result will also be named.

The proposed agrotechnical composition, as well as the specified known closest to it, contains mixed milled brown coal and milled ultrabasic (alkaline) material.

To achieve the above technical result, in contrast to the closest known one, the proposed composition as an ultrabasic material contains milled natural serpentinite at a mass ratio with milled brown coal from 0.6 to 1.5 and, in addition, it additionally contains natural clay at the mass ratio with ground brown coal is from 0.1 to 1.0, and magnetite, which is part of the specified ground natural serpentinite, has a magnetization of at least 80% of the saturation level.

The properties of the described proposed agrotechnical composition when used as an artificial soil or a soil conditioner, as well as for pre-sowing introduction into the soil, are determined by the optimal choice of components and the resulting synergistic agrotechnical effect.

Note that the use of serpentinite in the composition of soil substrates and organomineral fertilizers is known (RF patents No. 2505512, publ. 01/27/2014 [14], No. 2511296, publ. 04/10/2014 [15]). According to the first of them, serpentinite treated with humus-containing drainage waters of peat bogs is used as a substrate. According to the second, zeolite and other components are additionally added to such a substrate. However, the possibility of producing such substrates is very limited and is tied, on the one hand, to convenient natural objects, and on the other hand, to zeolites, the deposits of which are absent in central Russia. In addition, the corresponding technologies for obtaining such substrates are very laborious. Finally, the mechanism of action of serpentinite in the proposed invention and inventions under patents [14], [15] is fundamentally different: in the proposed technical solution, the weakly alkaline properties of serpentinite are used for prolonged solid phase separation of humic acids from brown coal with their subsequent neutralization.

Serpentinite has ultrabasic (alkaline) properties, being an anionite with a small anion-exchange capacity (RF patent No. 2316479, publ. 10.02.2008 [13]). As part of the proposed composition, it neutralizes the acidic properties of brown coal. Therefore, by adjusting the ratio with coal in the above-mentioned ranges (0.6-1.5), it is possible to ensure the optimal pH value for certain soils, including, simultaneously with other factors of agrotechnical impact, to ensure the neutralization (deoxidation) of acidic soils of medium stripes of Russia. Outside of this range, when the serpentinite / coal ratio is less than 0.6, as shown by tests, the mixture becomes completely acidic and unsuitable for acidic soils. With a ratio of more than 1.5, the total content of humic substances decreases (up to 40% compared to the initial content in brown coal), which sharply reduces the agrotechnical efficiency. The anion exchange capacity of serpentinite helps to retain useful anions: phosphates, nitrates and sulfates, preventing them from being washed out by soil waters. In addition, serpentinite itself is a proven and used fertilizer containing magnesium, calcium, iron and useful microcomponents.

Given the anion-exchange properties of serpentinite, the designation A is used below for it as a component of the proposed product.

Due to the presence in the composition of serpentinite magnetite, which is in a state of magnetization close to saturation, the proposed composition, when used, becomes a source of additional impact on the soil and plants by a physical factor - a magnetic field. The latter will increase the germination energy of seeds and adjust the depth of their planting, providing an earlier formation of the tillering node. As estimates show, with the actual content of magnetite corresponding to the above content in the composition of serpentinite, the achieved values of the magnetic field induction in artificial soil or conditioner when using the composition correspond to values that are significant for plants (N.I.Bogatina, N.V. Sheikina. The influence of magnetic fields on plants. Scientific notes of the Vernadsky Tavrichesky National University. Series "Biology, chemistry." Volume 23 (62). 2010, No. 4. P. 45-66 [16]).

It should be noted, continuing the discussion of the synergistic nature of the agrotechnical effect, that the provision of this component of the achieved technical result did not require either the introduction of a specially designed ingredient into the composition, or any special implementation of it (in contrast, for example, from the technical solution according to European patent No. 3222603 , published on June 17, 2020 [17], which provides for mandatory granulation with the application of shells made of glauconite with magnetic properties to the granules).

The clay component is a cation exchanger and, having a moderate cation exchange capacity, allows you to retain useful cationic nutrients, in particular, ammonium and potassium. The choice of clay as a component (and not natural zeolite, despite the lower cation exchange capacity in comparison with it) gives great advantages, since clay is often found in deposits together with the third component - brown coal, which makes it possible to use them without separating, and provide economic benefits.

The use of a ratio of natural clay / ground brown coal exceeding the upper limit of 1.0 of the above interval (0.1-1.0) is impractical, since with a higher clay content, as tests show, even with uniform mixing, it can cake with loss draining properties. When the ratio is less than the lower limit of 0.1 of the specified range, the selective cation exchange capacity of the composition to potassium and ammonium becomes negligible, and the presence of clay becomes useless.

For clay as a component of the proposed composition, due to its cation-exchange properties, the designation K. is used below.

The component brown coal contains humic substances in a bound state and is a source of organic substances. In addition, brown coal, having a low specific gravity, provides a loosened structure and low density of artificial soil. As follows from patents [9], [10], brown coal has been approved as a soil ameliorant.

For it, as a component of the proposed composition, the designation M. is used below.

All three components A, K and M provide moisture holding and moisture retention to the composition of the invention.

The mentioned synergistic effect is also determined by the following factors. The data obtained during experimental use on the agrotechnical efficiency of the proposed composition allow us to conclude that the presence of an ultrabasic material of serpentinite without the use of active alkalis and acids makes it possible, in the presence of the root system of plants, to extract humic substances from brown coal, as well as carbon-containing components consumed by plants.

The components of the composition, interacting with each other, provide a loosened structure of artificial soil, characteristic of chernozems. The combination of components A, K and M provides a high rate of protein ammonization.

The implementation of the present invention with obtaining the above-described composition is reduced to a simple mixing of its crushed components A, K, M.

In this case, the implementation of the feature providing for the presence of magnetization of magnetite, which is part of ground natural serpentinite, is possible in various ways, each of which is associated with the use of exposure to a magnetic field.

The first of these ways is to apply a magnetic field to the ground natural serpentinite (component A) before mixing the latter with the other ingredients (K and M) of the composition. Another way is to implement the effect of a magnetic field on a composition containing already mixed ingredients A, K and M. Compared to the previous one, it requires more efficient equipment used to create a magnetic field. From this point of view, the simplest is the third way, in which not the composition as a whole and not even its separate component, serpentinite, is exposed to the magnetic field, but directly magnetite contained in the serpentinite. It is obvious, however, that such a simplification is achieved at the cost of complication caused by the need for preliminary separation of magnetite from serpentinite.

When using any of these ways of implementing the discussed feature, the choice of the mode of effecting a magnetic field is made at the stage of developing the technology by selecting the exposure time depending on the specific available equipment for creating a magnetic field while simultaneously monitoring the achieved magnetization of magnetite. Obviously, such a control is easiest to carry out when choosing the last, third way of implementing exposure to a magnetic field. When choosing the first or second way to control the magnetization of magnetite, it is necessary to take samples from serpentinite or the composition as a whole.

When applying a magnetic field and selecting its modes, one can use, for example, the technology described in RF patent No. 2026991 (published on 01.20.1995 [18]) and the MTM-02 magnetometer (see: Three-component small-sized magnetometer MTM-02. Operation manual. OOO "NTM-Zashchita". Moscow, 2017, [19]).

To ensure the greatest agrotechnical efficiency in the composition of the proposed composition for its intended use as a soil conditioner or artificial soil, ground components with a grain size of no more than 3 mm are used. In the case when the pre-sowing use of the composition together with the seed is supposed, it is performed in granular form. In this case, upon receipt of the composition, the above product containing the milled components is subjected to granulation. Execution of the composition in granular form is possible in the particular cases described below. In the case of pre-sowing use, the properties of the ACM composition discussed above are manifested, and the effect is directly in the root zone of plants in the initial phase of their growth. In addition to the aforementioned properties in this method of use, it is necessary to indicate the release of heat, which contributes to the acceleration of the development of plants. Preferred are the sizes of granules 2-5 mm, which corresponds to the size of the seeds, when sowing which can be used the proposed composition in granular form. In addition, when the size of the granules is less than 2 mm, losses through the sowing unit mesh increase, and if the size is above 5 mm, its speed of action may be insufficient.

To reduce the cost of obtaining artificial soil in the composition of the proposed composition can be used brown coal not cleaned of clay with a natural content of natural clay in it, since in this case the mass ratio of clay / brown coal is deliberately in the above ranges from 0.1 to 1 , 0.

To increase the agronomic efficiency of the proposed composition, it may additionally contain ammonia at a ratio of the mass of the latter to the mass of brown coal from 0.001 to 0.005. At a ratio of less than 0.001, the bactericidal properties of the composition are lost in relation to pathogenic microorganisms of the soil. At a ratio of more than 0.005, the cation exchange capacity of the clay is substantially filled with ammonia and becomes nonselective to potassium.

The preparation of the proposed composition in this particular case is carried out by adding liquid ammonia or its aqueous solution to the mixture of crushed basic components (ACM composition) at the ratio of the mass of conditionally pure ammonia to the mass of brown coal, included in the above limits. In this case, in addition to the interaction of ammonia with the cation-exchange aluminosilicate of clay with the formation of a partially ammonium form of aluminosilicate, part of the ammonia interacts with acid functional forms contained in coal, in particular with carboxyl groups, with the formation of an ammonium form as well. Finally, some of the ammonia interacts with the soil microflora, leading to the death of microorganisms.

For the convenience of transportation and storage, the proposed agrotechnical composition, both if it contains only components A, K, M, and these components with the addition of ammonia, at the final stage of its manufacture can be subjected to briquetting. In this case, the preparation of a composition having a particle size distribution required for use as artificial soil or soil conditioner or for pre-sowing use is carried out immediately before use. The specific dimensions of the briquettes can be different within the limits corresponding to the standards of the technology for briquetting substances in the industry, and are determined by the technological and other preferences of the manufacturer, for example, 100-160 mm.

The use of the proposed composition as artificial soil or soil conditioner has been investigated experimentally. The results obtained are illustrated in Figures 1-4.

Figures 1-3 show photographs of herbal seedlings grown under the same conditions (5 days after sowing) on artificial soils: Fig. 1 - serpentinite; in fig. 2 - clay mixed with brown coal (50% each); in fig. 3 - three-component composition (ACM): brown coal, serpentinite and clay in the ratio: 40%, 30%, 30%, respectively, with magnetite magnetization equal to 85% of the saturation magnetization. Photo for clean coal is not shown, because it is difficult to get seedlings in a clean coal, because in such a light soil the roots do not hold. From the presented data it can be seen that the greatest efficiency of grass growth is provided by the three-component composition of AKM (Fig. 3).

For comparison, FIG. 4 shows the seedlings obtained, all other things being equal (after 5 days after sowing) on the chernozem of the Tambov region, taken in the vicinity of Michurinsk. It can be seen that artificial chernozem (Fig. 3) "works" more efficiently than natural.

The results obtained confirm the expected properties of the proposed agronomic composition when used as a conditioner for soil or artificial soil.

With regard to quantitative data on the influence of the magnetic properties of the proposed agrotechnical composition on its agrotechnical indicators as artificial soil or air conditioner, there is every reason to disseminate information on them related to known means with similar properties (for example, according to the patent [17], RF patent No. 2113781, publ. 27.06.1998 [20], RF patent No. 2172100, publ. 20.08.2001 [21], etc.).

Due to the dissolving ability of root exudates, including carbonic acid, organic acids and amino acids, an effect on the solid phase of the soil occurs, converting the necessary nutrients and trace elements into an accessible form. So, phosphorus and sulfur are assimilated in the form of anions of phosphoric and sulfuric acids - Н ₂ РО ₄ ^- and SO ₄ ^{2 -} potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron - in the form of cations К ⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , Fe ^{2 +} , and trace elements - in the form of the corresponding anions or cations. This sets the stage for a range of plant and animal feeds with adjustable properties that can provide a balanced set of beneficial supplements for optimal absorption. Obtained according to the proposed invention agrocompositions (artificial chernozems and conditioners) create the ability to directly regulate the content of certain nutrients and trace elements in plant food, thereby closing the circular cycle of movement of these elements in nature.

The acquired magnetic properties of the ACM composition will act on the moisture retained by the composition, providing additional benefits. The magnetic field has a beneficial effect on the water itself, due to which the acceleration of the growth of agricultural crops is also noted.

Information sources

1. A.S. Durov. Biochar for fertility, J. "Agrobusiness", 04.12.2019.

2. US patent No. 8361186, publ. 01/29/2013.

3. European patent No. 2658948, publ. 03.10.2018.

4. RF patent No. 2549876, publ. 05/10/2015.

5. US patent No. 9809502, publ. 01.11.2017.

6. RF patent No. 2688620, publ. 05/21/2019.

7. RF patent No. 2301249, publ. 20.06.2007.

8. RF patent No. 2301825, publ. 27.06.2007.

9. RF patent No. 2005763, publ. 01/15/1994.

10. RF patent No. 2008302, publ. 28.02.1994.

11. RF patent No. 2078068, publ. 04/27/1997.

12. International application PCT / RU95 / 00090, publ. 10.10.1996.

13. RF patent No. 2316479, publ. 10.02.2008.

14. RF patent No. 2505512, publ. 27.01.2014.

15. RF patent No. 2511296, publ. 10.04.2014.

16. N.I. Bogatina, N.V. Sheikin. Influence of magnetic fields on plants IN AND. Vernadsky. Series "Biology, Chemistry". Volume 23 (62). 2010, No. 4. S. 45-66.

17. European patent No. 3222603, publ. 06/17/2020.

18. RF patent No. 2026991, publ. 01/20/1995.

19. Magnetometer three-component small-sized МТМ-02. Manual. LLC "NTM-Zashchita". Moscow, 2017.

20. RF patent No. 2113781, publ. June 27, 1998.

21. RF patent No. 2172100, publ. 20.08.2001.

Claims (5)

1. Agrotechnical composition for use as artificial soil, or a conditioner for natural soil, or fertilizer for pre-sowing application, containing ground brown coal and ground ultrabasic material, characterized in that it contains ground natural serpentinite as an ultrabasic material at a mass ratio with ground brown coal from 0.6 to 1.3 and additionally contains natural clay at a mass ratio with ground brown coal from 0.1 to 1.0, and magnetite, which is part of the specified ground natural serpentinite, has a magnetization of at least 80% of the saturation level, obtained as a result of exposure to a magnetic field on ground natural serpentinite or agrotechnical composition as a whole. 2. A composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the ground brown coal, natural serpentinite and natural clay have a grain size of not more than 3 mm. 3. The composition according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it additionally contains ammonia at a ratio of the mass of the latter to the mass of brown coal from 0.001 to 0.005. 4. Composition according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it is made in the form of granules. 5. Composition according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it is made in the form of briquettes.

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