RU2798346C1 - Liman-pit irrigation method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: soil modification.

SUBSTANCE: method consists in creating earthen water-retaining fences dividing the territory into tiers. Pit holes are drilled in 3 rows in front of the water-retaining fences, offset by 0.5 m relative to the adjacent row, performing a water-draining function. Water-retaining fences are bedded rollers made of drilled earth from pit holes, which are subjected to claying, carried out in 2 stages. At the first stage, a 3-5 cm layer of finely dispersed clay is evenly placed in the pit holes. At the second stage, the pit holes are filled to the top with a suspension of clay of the consistency of thick cream. After claying, the pit holes are filled with drainage organic materials.

EFFECT: interception and absorption of spring melt water and summer rainfall is provided, while excluding erosion processes and replenishing soil moisture reserves in the area.

1 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The present invention relates to the agro-industrial complex and its industry - irrigated agriculture and land reclamation, in particular to the improvement of estuary irrigation systems in order to more efficiently cultivate crops on currently not irrigated rainfed lands.

The spring flood on the flat rivers of Russia is formed mainly by the melting of snow accumulated during the winter. The flow of rivers during this period is 50-70% per annum. Melt water due to frozen soil during this period cannot be absorbed into the soil, even if there is not enough moisture in it. And the main sown areas in rainfed farms and the runoff of huge amounts of melt water from such fields is a very undesirable phenomenon, which, moreover, often causes strong erosion processes on them. A similar situation with strong erosion develops in fields with long slopes and with heavy rainfall in summer.

An irrigation system is known that allows the combined use of local surface runoff water and technological discharges of irrigation and irrigation systems (RU, patent No. formed by rollers located along the contours of the terrain, and equipped with slopeless channels and closed distribution pipelines. In the spring period, during the flood, the estuaries are flooded with local runoff waters, and in case of its absence or lack, they are flooded with waste water flowing under pressure through a closed pipeline.

The disadvantages of this system are the high costs for the construction of a closed pipeline, the purchase of mobile pumping stations, and it cannot be applied to vast areas of rainfed land, where there are no water sources nearby.

The closest to the proposed method is the method of irrigation with the classical design of the engineering system of estuary irrigation, carried out on slope areas of the terrain, in which earthen water-retaining ramparts are created, dividing the territory into tiers (A.N. Kostyakov. Fundamentals of melioration: Textbook - Ed. 6- e, additional and revised - M .: Selkhozgiz, 1960. - S. 301-313).

The disadvantage of the prototype is the high cost of creating engineering structures of the system. It is also worth noting the limited scope - only on floodplain lands or in fields with very gentle slopes, in addition, with this method, there is a very large unevenness of moisture within the estuary, which greatly complicates sowing and harvesting on it.

The purpose of the invention is to reduce the cost of the water retention system by eliminating the runoff of natural precipitation from sloping agricultural land without the construction of complex and expensive hydraulic structures, while excluding erosion processes and replenishing soil moisture reserves on the site with precipitation.

The problem is solved by the fact that the method of firth-pit irrigation, carried out on slope areas of the terrain, in which earthen water-retaining ramparts are created, dividing the territory into tiers, characterized in that pit holes are drilled in front of the water-retaining ramparts in 3 rows, displaced relative to the neighboring row by 0.5 m, performing a water-catching function, and water-retaining shafts are laid rollers made of drilled earth from pit holes, which are subjected to claying, carried out in 2 stages, while at the first stage, a 3-5 cm layer is evenly laid into the pit holes dispersed clay, and at the second stage, the pit hole is filled to the top with a suspension of clay of the consistency of thick cream; after claying, the pit holes are filled with drainage organic materials (for example, straw, sawdust, crushed green mass of plants). With a site slope of up to 5 degrees, pit holes are drilled with a diameter of 30 cm with a distance between rows of 1 meter, between holes - 1 meter and a depth of 1 m every 50 m of the slope.

Such an arrangement of the pit holes makes it possible to effectively capture melt and storm water and distribute it more evenly over the field without stagnation on the soil surface. Claying technique allows minimizing the loss of trapped water from seepage into very deep soil horizons, especially on light-textured soils. Filling the pits with organic materials ensures their high duty cycle at any time of the year, and also contributes to the activation of biological processes in the soil in the irrigated area.

The method is illustrated by the figures:

Fig. 1 - View of the side section of the site profile;

Fig. 2 - Top view of the site;

Fig. 3 - Stages of claying pit holes;

Fig. 4 - Filling the hole with drainage organic materials.

The proposed method is carried out as follows: In rainfed areas with long slopes, pit holes 1 are drilled across the slope in straight lines (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). The number of rows in the pit, the diameter of the holes and their depth vary depending on the mechanical composition of the soil in the area and the possible volume of melt water from the planned area of the runoff area (on gentle slopes up to 5 degrees, the option with 3 rows of holes in the pit line with their diameter 30 centimeters and a depth of 1 meter every 50 meters of slope - L) with a distance between them of 1 meter. Between the rows of pits, the gap is also made 1 meter. The location of the holes in each subsequent row is shifted relative to the adjacent row by 0.5 meters.

The soil drilled during the formation of holes is moved slightly down the slope from the last row of pits to form a laid roller 2, which performs the function of short-term containment of the runoff of water masses until they are captured by pit holes 1. To reduce the seepage of water from pit holes 1 immediately into deep soil horizons, claying is carried out in 2 stages (Fig.

3).

After drilling a hole on the bottom of the pit at the 1st stage (position 1 of Fig. 3), a 3-5 cm layer of fine clay is evenly laid (position 2 of Fig. 3), then at the 2nd stage the hole is filled to the top with a suspension of this clay of the consistency of thick cream (positions 3 and 4 Fig. 3). On very loose sandy soils, it is desirable to carry out the second stage twice. To protect the holes from collapsing and washing them out after claying, they are filled with drainage organic materials 3 available for the farm (green manure, straw, sawdust, etc.) (Fig. 4).

These materials are very loose and pass moisture well even in spring, when simple soil is frozen in the field and cannot absorb moisture. The flowing melt waters that enter the pit holes and linger there contribute to faster thawing of the soil and accelerate the start of its absorption and accumulation in a wide range of soil horizons. Due to this, the possibility of runoff from a site equipped with a firth-pit method of irrigation of spring melt or summer storm water is completely excluded. Accordingly, it creates the possibility of a significant increase in the productivity of crops grown on these fields, since moisture is one of the main limiting factors in the yield in rainfed fields. In addition, properly created pit lines of the proposed irrigation method do not allow erosion-prone water flows to form on the field, which practically excludes the possibility of water erosion on it, which is also an extremely favorable effect.

The creation of this irrigation system does not require large capital expenditures, but despite this, it can subsequently function for many decades with proper care.

The technical result achieved by using the proposed method is to reduce the cost of the water retention system by eliminating the runoff of natural precipitation from sloping agricultural land without the construction of complex and expensive hydraulic structures. In steppe conditions, this makes it possible to significantly increase the reserves of soil moisture, which is the main limiting factor of productivity there. In the forest zone, this makes it possible to practically eliminate water erosion and improve soil aeration. The method makes it possible to fully intercept and absorb spring meltwater and summer rainfall, while excluding erosion processes and replenishing soil moisture reserves in the area.

Claims (2)

1. The method of firth-pit irrigation, carried out on sloping sections of the terrain, in which earthen water-retaining ramparts are created that divide the territory into tiers, characterized in that pit holes are drilled in front of the water-retaining ramparts in 3 rows, displaced relative to the adjacent row by 0.5 m , performing a water-catching function, and water-retaining shafts are laid rollers made of drilled earth from pit holes, which are subjected to claying, carried out in 2 stages, while at the first stage a 3-5 cm layer of fine clay is evenly placed in the pit holes, at the second at the stage, the pit holes are filled to the top with a suspension of clay of the consistency of thick cream; after claying, the pit holes are filled with drainage organic materials. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that when the slope of the site is up to 5 degrees, pit holes are drilled with a diameter of 30 cm with a distance between rows of 1 meter, between holes - 1 meter and a depth of 1 m every 50 m of the slope.

Images