RU2714226C1 - Method for increasing productivity of estuaries hayfields - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and land reclamation, in particular, to elements of technology for improvement of sown long-term hayfields in arid conditions. Method includes geodetic survey of area, determination of flow rate and boundaries of flooded territory. Shallow estuaries constructed on the spring runoff waters are arranged. Flooding is carried out by means of dam-rolls with flooding period from 5 to 20 days, height from 1.2 to 1.9 m, with slope of estuary within 0.001–0.002, width along crest of shaft, spurs and webs – 2.3 m. Open bridges are arranged, trapezoidal profile weirs. Works on weir reinforcement are carried out with crushed stone at thickness of layer 10 cm with marks of ground at ends of crosspieces at 10 cm below marks of spill spurs, elevation mark of water passage of spurs at 30 cm below ridge. Shaft is piled in layers – 20–30 cm by bulldozers and scrapers, and then it is rammed with tractor rollers upon reaching the required height with subsequent sowing of perennial grasses on the area under shafts, water passes and ponds immediately after construction or in spring of next year.

EFFECT: method ensures increased efficiency of haymaking.

1 cl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to elements of a technology for improving seeded long-term hayfields in arid conditions.

A well-known irrigation system that allows the combined use of local surface runoff water and technological discharges of irrigation and watering systems (RU, patent No. 2467561, IPC (7) A01G 25/00, Bull. No. 26, 2012), which is a network of longline estuaries, formed by rollers located along the horizontal lines of the area, and equipped with steady channels and closed distribution pipelines. In the spring, during floods, estuaries are flooded with local water, and in the absence or lack of water, flooding with waste water coming under pressure through a closed pipeline is carried out.

The disadvantages of this system are the high costs of constructing a closed pipeline, the acquisition of mobile pumping stations, as well as its focus on leveling the surface and the general slope of the relief. For a closed estuary lowering this scheme is not applicable.

Closest to the proposed system is the classical design of the engineering system of the estuary irrigation, consisting of a water supply source, earthen water-retaining and water distribution shafts, water supply and spillway structures (A.N. Kostyakov. Fundamentals of Land Reclamation: Textbook - Edition 6th, add. And revised. - M .: Selkhozgiz, 1960 .-- S. 301-313).

The disadvantages of the classical system include: limited scope, which consists in a one-time flooding and a single spring soil moisture recharge; insufficient uniformity of hydration within the estuary; the inability to effectively use differential irrigation technologies.

The essence of our invention is as follows.

The problem to which the invention is directed is to increase the productivity of hayfields by flooding the estuaries.

The technical result - the creation of a forage base for livestock, where the flooding of estuaries is carried out using engineering structures directed to temporary irrigated lands or snow melt.

The specified technical result is achieved in the method when conducting geodetic surveys of the terrain, determining the runoff and the borders of the flooded area, characterized in that it is necessary to arrange shallow estuaries built on spring runoff waters, flooding is carried out using dyke-rollers with a flooding period of 5 to 20 days , with a height of 1.2 m to 1.9 m, with a slope of the estuary within 0.001-0.002, a width along the crest of the shaft, spurs and lintels - 2.3 m, open lintels, trapezoidal weirs, creme work spillway weeding is carried out with crushed stone at a layer thickness of 10 cm with ground marks at the ends of the lintels 10 cm below the spur weirs, a height mark of the spurs creep 30 cm below the ridge, the shaft is poured in layers of 20-30 cm with bulldozers and scrapers, and then rammed with tractor rollers upon reaching the required height with the subsequent sowing of perennial grasses in the area under the shafts, waterways and ponds immediately after construction or in the spring of next year.

The purpose of the water-retaining shafts is to collect and delay the flow of water coming from the catchment area and thereby prevent erosion of the ravines. The slope of the estuary is in the range of 0.001-0.002, which allows you to flood a large area and prevent soil erosion.

Shafts are placed along horizontal lines, but in some cases, in order to reduce the number of rotations of the axes of structures, straightening of the axis of the shaft with the intersection of shallow ravines and hollows is allowed. In this case, the total maximum height of the shaft at the intersection of the ravine and the hollow should not exceed the maximum permissible height of 3 meters.

The shaft height during design is assigned depending on the site land, runoff value, the necessary shaft length, covering the distance between the boundaries of the catchment and the slope of the site.

As a rule, when holding the same runoff value, the shafts that are large in height can reduce the amount of excavation and the area occupied by the shafts.

The rise of the shaft edge above the calculated water level with a shaft height of up to 1.4 m is 20 cm with a shaft height of more than 1.4 m - 30 cm.

During floods and showers, the water horizon in the pond rises 10-15 cm higher than the calculated one, forming a forced horizon.

The width along the crest of the shaft, spurs and lintels is the same for all shafts - 2.3 m.

Slope laying coefficients are accepted for shafts of 2 m and more m _c - 1.5 and high m _m - 3.0, for high shafts up to 2 m, high m _m - 2.0 and low m _c - 1.5.

Coefficients of laying of slopes of spurs are identical with coefficients of laying of slopes of corresponding shafts; the coefficients of laying of the slopes of the jumpers are assumed to be the same as the coefficients of laying of the upper slopes of the corresponding shafts.

The water passages are earthen spillways with a wide threshold, arranged at the ends of the protective ramparts and serving to protect estuaries from overfilling them with water or automatically transfer water from the upper tiers to the lower. The water passage begins to work after the estuary is filled to the mark of the NPU.

Prior to commencement of work, the elevation marks of the spillways should be carefully checked with geodetic tools.

With open spurs at both ends of the shaft, the height of the spillway must be the same for both spillways, which will ensure uniform discharge of water through both spurs. The ground marks at the ends of the lintels should be 10 cm below the marks of the spur weirs.

Rough planning work with cutting off excess soil is carried out by a bulldozer. The final layout for the rail is carried out manually.

To fix the platform and slopes of the spillway, crushed stone should be used with a layer thickness of 10 cm.

Spurs are designed in two types: deaf and with waterways or weirs. If at the end of the shaft the discharge of water to this area for any reason is undesirable or unacceptable, then the spur is deaf. If there are no such restrictions, then spurs are made with weirs. Jumpers divide the volume of the pond into several closed volumes. If the shaft is destroyed in any section, only part of the delayed runoff will be dumped into the ravine and cause less damage.

The crest elevation is the same for the shaft, spurs and lintels and does not change throughout them. The elevation of the spurs water passage is 30 cm below the ridge, and the lintels are 10 cm lower than the spurs spillway mark.

All jumpers are open type, trapezoidal weirs, work on fixing weirs is carried out by rubble.

The most important process in the construction of water holding shafts is a thorough layer-by-layer compaction with optimal soil moisture. Layer-by-layer artificial compaction of soils should provide increased stability, reduced precipitation and increased water supply of these earthworks.

Soil compaction must be carried out at their optimum moisture content. In the case of compaction of soils whose moisture differs from the optimum, the performance of compaction machines is sharply reduced, therefore, to achieve the compaction effect, it is necessary to increase the number of compaction machines or the number of passes along one track.

Cutting of vegetable soil from the surface of waterways produced by scrapers with a thickness of 0.2 m is moved to a temporary dump up to 200 m. The development of mineral soil in the excavation of the waterway is carried out by scrapers and is used to create a high-quality embankment of spurs of the guide shaft.

The timing of the water supply to the estuary can vary significantly depending on the climatic conditions of the spring, without significantly affecting the dynamics of the development of the grass stand and its yield. Only the deadlines for flooding are important. Flooding should be carried out no later than the second decade of April (regrowth - the beginning of tillering of cereals).

Estuary irrigation is the oldest method of irrigation close to natural conditions, which allows to obtain higher-quality hay of natural and seeded grasses with the lowest cost of funds and labor. In modern conditions, forage production on estuaries remains very effective.

Claims (1)

A method of increasing the productivity of estuary hayfields, including geodetic surveying of the area, determining the runoff and the boundaries of the flooded area, characterized in that it is necessary to arrange shallow estuaries built on spring runoff waters, flooding is carried out using dyke-rollers with a flooding period of 5 to 20 days , with a height of 1.2 m to 1.9 m, with a slope of the estuary within 0.001-0.002, a width along the crest of the shaft, spurs and lintels - 2.3 m, open lintels, trapezoidal weirs, work weed fixing is carried out with crushed stone at a layer thickness of 10 cm with ground marks at the ends of the lintels 10 cm below the marks of spur weirs, a height mark of the spurs creep 30 cm below the crest, the shaft is poured in layers - 20-30 cm with bulldozers and scrapers, and then rammed tractor rollers upon reaching the required height with the subsequent sowing of perennial grasses in the area under the shafts, waterways and ponds immediately after construction or in the spring of next year.