RU2563146C1 - Method of anti-erosion protection of relief on polders for growing herbs - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: method comprises the discharge of water from the polder area, which is divided into strip bands with the width of 50-60 metres. Along the river the open discharge collectors 2 are placed with direct slope between the strip bands. For better surface runoff and discharge from soil depth of water the collectors 2 are made with the profile of trapezoidal cross-section with the large base upwards. The top of the edge of the collectors 2 remains with the width of 1.0 m, along its length shrub plantings are placed. The discharge of groundwaters from strip bands is carried out through the smooth slopes of the collectors 2 with their simultaneous self-cleaning from accumulated soil. The edges of the strip bands are made with the duo-pitch profile in the form of smooth slopes of the open discharge collectors 2 with a positive slope angle parallel to the river flow. On the borders of the strip bands, namely the edges of the collector with the width of 1.0 m, the soil-protection shrub plantings are planted. The collectors 2 are connected to the accumulating open discharge channel 3 with a slope down to the river in the direction away from the accumulation places of drainage water in a place where there is no its impact on the flooding of the collectors. At the end of the discharge channel 3 the reinforcing structures 4 are arranged. In discharging the excess water of perched water in flooding the areas the shrub plantings enable to discharge water with streams into the collectors, and the positive slope angle of the collectors in parallel to the river flow enables to clean effectively with the water flow of the collector cavity.EFFECT: this technology enables to perform removal of excess surface water and gravitational water from the soil layer depth, to align the fertility of hayfields - pasture lands between the open discharge collectors, to create powerful herbage and to provide expanded reproduction of fertility and to increase yields of herbs grown on polders undergoing prolonged flooding.3 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to a comprehensive land reclamation of an agrolandscape and can be used for anti-erosion arrangement of floodplains with land slopes along a river undergoing prolonged flooding.

A known method of protecting slopes from erosion, including the crafts of a trench with a shaft, filling it with water-absorbing material of inorganic origin, placing diverting elements diagonally relative to the main slope in opposite directions and planting woody plants near the intersection of the water supply elements, lay a forest strip in the upper part of the slope, a trench with the shaft is carried out along its lower edge, and the drainage elements are connected to the trench and placed in the root layer of the soil at different depths, spolzuya this pipe with holes, the landing woody plants operate below the pipes crossing places soil moisture saturation zone through the pipe holes (USSR Author's Certificate №1653553, cl. A01B 13/16, publ. 06.07.1991).

The disadvantage of this method is that with prolonged flooding of large areas there is a low operational reliability due to the siltability of the trench by precipitation falling out of the flooded water and then the need for filter material to discharge water through the pipes. In addition, the system requires a lot of filtering material along the trench and high costs for the construction of waste pipelines, and for the operation of such reclamation systems.

There is also a method of anti-erosion drainage of sloping lands, including tillage across the slope with the formation of dumps and split furrows and subsequent cultivation of crops in the crop rotation system, by which the flow of surface water is delayed, while the drain of excess surface water is diverted by closed collectors installed in one vertical planes with hollows and flowing into a closed collector placed along the slope, while the distance E between the watershed and the first closed collector and between subsequent closed collectors, in which the average annual soil runoff, weighted by rotation, on the upper edge of the trench 1.0 m wide of the lower side of the closed collector does not exceed the weighted average by rotation of the norm of the water plane of soil erosion, is determined by the formula where and the slope of the slope (RF Patent No. 24404557, CL E02B 11/00, A01B 13/16, publ. 01.20.2012).

The use of the known method of anti-erosion drainage of sloping lands for the relief of polder lands, often flooded, cannot provide due to the low operational reliability associated with the installation of closed collectors, limited by the capacity, when it is necessary to discharge the water flow from a large area of floodplain rivers. In addition, in the known method requires laborious and complex hydraulic calculations on the area between the watershed and the closed collector. In addition, these areas of use cannot be found during prolonged flooding when water enters the aquifer. Planting also does not take into account the high humidity of the flooded areas and the outflow of large amounts of water into the collectors to protect the soil from erosion. All this necessitates additional operational costs.

Closest to the invention is a method of draining the polders, including sequential discharge of water from the polder area by gravity and mechanical pumping, the polder areas are divided into sections and the water discharge from them by mechanical pumping is carried out alternately with simultaneous bypass of water from the plot to the site by gravity (USSR Author's Certificate No. 487980 , CL E02B 11/00, publ. 10/15/1975).

The disadvantage of this method is the need for a pumping station and a large diameter pipeline. The method consumes a lot of scarce and expensive energy. All this requires large expenditures during construction, as well as during the operation of such reclamation systems. In addition, in the known method, the reduction of surface runoff is associated with a specific scheme of the reclamation system, which has a cross-sectional scheme, with a regulating network, which must drain water by intensive drainage of excess groundwater remaining in the soil after the decline in the surface volume of runoff, while its planned the location causes soil clogging and its effective operation quickly stops, which leads to a deterioration in the drainage of the flooded area. In addition, there is no possibility of flushing the system and it becomes expensive, and complicates operational reliability due to the inability to use the slope of the river floodplain, when the water level directly in the riverbed gradually drops to the minimum - this happens in June - August of the year; height is reduced to 3 meters or more; the river acquires steep banks and a low-water character, especially in the middle and upper zones of its course, that is, there is no, as such, floodplain support from the side of its confluence into another water source, from which the surface water discharge is discharged, which is quite large in discharge. The difference in water horizons between the level in the river and the earth’s surface, respectively, increases sharply, therefore, soil can be washed off into conducting channels, and they are silted with sediments falling out of the washed away soil, and the need for mechanized cleaning of conducting collectors. Another drawback is, as a rule, the surface relief created by the well-known transverse pattern of such lands, and the cultivated herbs (plants), it turns out, do not receive moisture in the dry period with the full discharge of drains from the thickness of the drainage water. Thus, accelerated water, both planar soil erosion, and rapid internal outflow of water from the soil appear. Moreover, all these factors depend on the length, width and slope of the floodplain.

The problem solved by this invention is to prevent erosion of the banks of the conductive channels as a result of erosion and to improve the moisture supply of the grass stand on hay-pasture lands with positive slopes, as well as to reduce damage to nature, operating costs and increase the service life of the collectors. In general, it can be noted that the problem solved by the invention is to increase the effectiveness of anti-erosion measures on sloping floodplain lands.

The technical result obtained from the solution of the problem is to drain excess surface water and increase the drainage efficiency during the period of grass growth by improving the discharge of groundwater from areas exposed to prolonged flooding, which are intended for growing grass for haylage, creating a powerful natural soil layer and as a consequence, in increasing the yield of natural hayfields of grasses grown in floodplains of rivers, the relief of which has a slope parallel to the course of the river.

The object of the invention is solved by the fact that the method of anti-erosion protection of the relief on grass polders, including the discharge of water from the polder area, is divided into sections and the discharge from them is carried out by conducting channels, the polder area is divided into strip tapes 50-60 m wide from each other parallel to the river flow according to the longitudinal scheme, by means of which the runoff of surface water is delayed, in addition, the runoff of excess surface water and filtering from the soil are diverted by open discharge tori located along the river slope, while discharging groundwater from strip tapes through gentle slopes of the collector with simultaneous self-cleaning of accumulated soil during the period of flooding, the collectors of which are located along the borders of strip tapes along their banks on the upper edge of the collector with a width of 1.0 m shrubs are planted with soil-protective shrubs, and the waste collectors are connected to a collective open discharge channel, at the end of which a reinforcing structure is arranged, while the collective waste anal arranged sloping down towards the river beds with removal of water drainage collection, in a place where there is no influence on its flooding collectors.

In addition, the upper edges of the collector leave a width of 1.0 m along the length of the shrub plantings.

In addition, the longitudinal arrangement of strip tapes may additionally contain dead end open end discharges of collectors made deep, with the ability to accumulate maximum surface runoff and filter from the soil, given the large decrease in the level of the water horizon in the river in dry dry years.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing, explaining the proposed method.

In the drawing, FIG. 1 schematically shows a polder system for implementing the described method; in FIG. 2 shows a cross-section along the width of a strip tape with open discharge manifolds in a vertical plane; in FIG. Figure 3 shows a variant of a schematic implementation of dead-end open end discharges of collectors, plan.

The width of the floodplain along the length of the river determines the boundaries of periodic long-term flooding and the contour of area 1. Then, within the known boundaries, measure the width of the floodplain from the river bank towards its border of possible flooding and make a longitudinal outline of the object. Create strip tapes with a width of 50-60 m. Parallel open discharge collectors relative to the river flow, maintaining a parallel scheme of the drainage network, are laid along the river and with a direct slope by known earth-moving machinery. The width of the collector along the bottom depends on the width of the working body of the mechanism by which it is performed and can be at least 1.0 m or more. For better surface runoff and exit from the soil, the collector is made with a trapezoidal section profile, the base is large, the base is up, the upper edges of the collector remain 1.0 m wide along its length to accommodate shrub plantings, with a slope of 1: 2 or 1: 3 . The water absorption of the flooded area depends on the filtration properties of the soil in the floodplain of the river. Based on the geographic location and surface slope of the periodically flooded area, this may affect the rates of planar water erosion of the soil.

The end sections of the collectors 2 are connected to a gravity-fed collective open channel 3 with a downward slope and gravity-connected to the river, away from the drainage water collection points. At the sites where the channel 3 is connected to the river, fortifications 4 are arranged to protect the erosion of the river bank from the inflow from the overlying cascade of collectors 2 by means of a gravity collector of the open channel 3. The collectors 2 and the gravity open channel 3 are taken no deeper than the water level divide in the river, which allows us to prevent the influence of the backwater flow of water, taking into account the influence on the decompression amplitude of fluctuations in the ground level from existing soil, freed from flooding it in the summer (June - the month of August). The creation of a gable profile of strip tapes in the direction of the waste collectors 2 along the upper edge up to 1.0 m wide is strengthened by planting shrubs (plants), and the walls themselves - the slopes of open collectors are made shallow, which allows to save the slopes of the collectors from destruction, which in the first year of operation , after construction, strengthen with crops of perennial herbs.

The length of the water-absorbing collector L depends on the following values: the values of the slopes m; the distance l between the collectors with a strip tape (map); the volume of accumulated groundwater Q in the thickness of groundwater and its decompression amplitude of level fluctuations, which depends on the filtration properties of the soil; slope i of the bottom of the collector.

With this arrangement of water-holding obstacles, the surface runoff does not immediately flow over the upper edge of the collectors on both sides of the strip strips 50-60 m wide, and the water is absorbed into the groundwater column, and the other part of the water flows slowly into the open discharge collectors by streams, t. e. it concentrates the collector shrubbery strip in the floodplain strip strip, while water, penetrating deep into the soil (in its thickness), accumulates on the water-retaining strip area with shrubby vegetation along the banks of the edge of the collectors, which reduces the loss of nutrients in the water, and there is an accumulation of moisture in the soil, which is necessary for the better development of natural hayfields during their ripening period (July - August), when the level in the river begins t fall, and its banks become quite high (more than 3 m). This ensures the expansion of the reproduction of soil fertility and increase the productivity of grasses on hay-pasture lands.

Water seeping through the slopes (walls) of the collectors is cleaned of dissolved pollutants and by filtering from strip tapes (cards) on both sides, thereby increasing moisture availability for the growth of herbs on strip tapes, in particular, in cases when a high temperature regime occurs - in the summer with the onset of dry summer.

An embodiment with dead-end open end discharges of the collectors (Fig. 3) have an artificial recess in the form of storage tanks, located below the strip tapes with a downward slope towards the natural relief of the floodplain. Depending on the filtration properties of the floodplain soils, the accumulated water after the strip tape is absorbed for some time (in the summer period) and enters the underground water column, and then filtered into the river when the water horizon level from the riverbank drops by a predetermined one (for example, 4 m and more) depth from the surface of the floodplain. Water reduction in the end part of the collectors will be carried out by reducing the water supply in the river, depending on the dry season of the onset of dry summer.

Water from the soil seeps through gentle slopes and is discharged by collectors 2 with slopes, and with the accumulation of excess water is discharged through the collecting channel 3, this contributes to their washing with a large flow of water, which eliminates the risk of complete siltation, while the flow rates should be less than critical, not sealed, which are determined by calculation according to formulas known in hydraulics and according to building codes (in accordance with SNiP).

Example (practical observations)

Practice has shown, for example, that in r. The Nerl, before it flows into the Klyazma River, Vladimir Region, at a distance of up to 5 km, forms a floodplain up to 500 m wide with steep banks, with a slope expressed above the river, which can be used for the proposed method and exclude waterborne planar soil erosion for collecting grasses good quality.

Using the proposed method of antierosion relief of the relief on the polders provides interception and absorption of surface runoff, the water flows of which occur after the flood of rivers (their decline to a minimum level), that is, where the rivers themselves enter their natural river bed, along the border of the collector shrub bands with longitudinal slopes, with erosion objects (hay-pasture floodplain), preventing erosion of river banks and reservoir edges; increasing the moisture supply of the strip tapes of the flooded area after a slow decline in the river level due to water seeping through the capillary borehole - water is absorbed and enters the underground water column and undergoes infiltration along the roots of shrub plantings, the excess of which also goes out through the gentle slopes of the open collector gradually over the period regrowth of meadow grasses for hay-pasture use; the groundwater level (GWW) will decrease, respectively, the accumulating floodplain area will be used, affecting the growth of grass stand, while the proposed method provides for the expansion of soil fertility and increase grass yields on flooded polders.

Thus, the use of strip tapes, limited by gently sloping collectors and provided by additional strips for shrub plantings, which ensures root strengthening of the soil with the possibility of eliminating fast maximum surface runoff of long repeatability and cleaning the surface runoff from suspensions and contaminating ingredients on a strip tape (map) with capillary duty cycle with the current thickness of the aquifer and soil, while the level itself in the river gradually decreases lowers to a minimum level depending on the seasonality of the year and hot summers.

Claims (3)

1. A method of anti-erosion protection of the relief on grass polders, including discharging water from the polder area, which is divided into sections and discharging from them by conducting channels, characterized in that the polder area is divided into strip tapes 50-60 m wide parallel to each other the river flow according to the longitudinal scheme, by means of which the runoff of surface water is delayed, in addition, the runoff of excess surface water and filtering from the soil are diverted by open discharge collectors along the river slope, while discharging groundwater from strip tapes through gentle slopes of the collectors with simultaneous self-cleaning of them from accumulated soil during the period of flooding, the collectors of which are located along the borders of strip tapes, they are planted along the banks of the collector’s edge 1.0 m wide shrub plantings, moreover, the discharge collectors are connected to a collective open discharge channel, at the end of which reinforcing structures are arranged, while the collective discharge channel is arranged with a bias of from the river to the side with a distance from the drainage water collection points in a place where there is no effect on drainage of collectors. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the upper edges of the collector leave a width of 1.0 m along its length to accommodate shrubbery. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the longitudinal arrangement of strip tapes may additionally comprise dead end open end discharges of the collectors made deep, with the ability to accumulate maximum surface runoff and filter from the soil, given the large decrease in the level of the water horizon in the river in dry dry years.

Images