RU2649590C1 - Method of potatoes planting - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and can be used in cultivation technology and technique of potatoes planting and protecting it from the potato beetle. Method for potatoes planting includes tubers planting with alternating row spacing 80–90 cm on pre-formed cultivation beds in furrows with a W-shaped profile. Tubers in rows are staggered with a distance between the lines of 10 cm. Between the internal lines of a formed bed the tubers are planted with a distance of 60 cm.

EFFECT: use of the invention will allow to conduct a mechanical method of controlling potato beetles and, at the same time, to ensure potato harvesting by basic serially produced potato harvesters.

1 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in cultivation technology and technology for planting and protecting potatoes from the Colorado potato beetle.

Known technology for the cultivation of potatoes with row spacing of 0.7 m (Klimenko V.I. Rice-efficient technology and machines for cultivating potatoes: (Monograph) / V.I. Klimenko. - Gomel: BelGUT, 2009. P. 12-15).

The disadvantages of the traditional technology with the placement of potato tubers with row spacing of 70 cm include its cost due to the presence of a large number of single-operation agricultural machines, the destruction of the structure and compaction of the soil with numerous passes of machines for inter-row cultivation. The introduction of full doses of herbicides, especially soil, adversely affects the microflora of the soil and pollutes the environment. Soil compaction reduces crop yields, increases energy costs for harvesting, increases the amount of impurities in a heap of potatoes and the loss of tubers for harvesting machines.

In addition, the Colorado potato beetle is currently causing the greatest harm affecting the economics of potato growing. 20 ... 30 larvae can cause complete defoliation of the plant, and already with 10% damage to the leaf surface, significant economic harm occurs.

In Russia, the main treatment from the Colorado potato beetle is recommended to be carried out against younger larvae, the most vulnerable during the period of their mass hatching (the period of budding before flowering when colonizing by larvae and egg-laying is more than 10 ... 15% of plants with an average number of 15 ... 20 larvae per plant) (Shpaar D ., Bykin A., Dräger D. et al. Potato / Edited by D. Shpaar. - M.: Publishing House of LLC “DLV Agrodelo”, 2007, pp. 279-283).

The use of the chemical method of combating the Colorado potato beetle, and even more so the mechanical method of collecting Colorado potato beetles, is impossible due to the early closure of row-spacings with the leaf surface of potatoes. When 70 cm row spacing is closed by the leaf surface of potato plants, it is impossible to carry out a row cultivating unit. It remains only to observe how the Colorado potato beetle and its larvae destroy potato leaves.

The technology of cultivating potatoes with a row spacing of 90 cm is also known. Long-term studies of the Potato Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus found that wide-row plantings create better conditions for the realization of the potential productivity of intensive varieties, the soil density in the tuberization zone decreases, the marketability of tubers increases due to lower injury, and a more favorable humidity in the plantings, plant damage is reduced by late blight, yield is increased, and energy consumption for the production of 1 ton of tubers are reduced (Klimenko V.I. Rice-efficient technology and machines for potato cultivation: (Monograph) / V.I. Klimenko. - Gomel: BelGUT, 2009. P. 13-14).

However, ridge technology with 90 cm row spacing is based on a new set of machines and is most effective for loamy soils. It is planned to spring spring tillage in two stages: continuous milling to a depth of 14 ... 16 cm and marking of the field with deep loosening to a depth of 25 ... 27 cm under the future ridge. To carry out technological operations, agricultural machines and combines are used, aggregated mainly with tractors of draft class 20 kN, type JIT3-155. When planting, the tractor works with a cultivator-hiller milling KFO-3,6, which forms ridging ridges from loose soil. When planting potatoes, the LTZ-155 tractor is aggregated with an experimental potato planter SPSh-4-90, ensuring its stable operation. In operations for chemical protection of plantings from diseases and pests, trailed and mounted sprayers are used. When performing this operation, it is advisable to use less powerful tractors T-40 or MTZ-80 with a trailed sprayer OPSh-15-01. An experimental machine BN-4-90 is used to remove the tops before harvesting potato tubers, and a KPK-2-90 combine is used for harvesting. This technology allows you to reduce the number of passes of the machine-tractor unit during soil cultivation in the spring from four to five to two and begin planting at an earlier date. As a result, fuel consumption, labor costs are reduced, it becomes possible to obtain a stable crop of potato tubers under any, even extreme conditions of waterlogging of the soil and harvesting it with combines without significant losses, and the consumption of seed material is reduced. The yield increase reaches 5 ... 6 t / ha while reducing labor costs by 50% and production costs by 25 ... 30%.

The last treatment for the care of potato plants, as well as the operations to combat the Colorado potato beetle, can be carried out much later than when cultivating potatoes with a row spacing of 70 cm, since 90 cm row spacing is closed by the leaf surface of plants much later.

The main drawback that restrains the use of potato cultivation both on a flat surface, as well as on pre-cut ridges with a row spacing of 90 cm, is not present in potato growers with potato planting machines or potato harvesters.

There is also a known method of planting potatoes on seeds with two-line ribbons, in which potatoes are planted in furrows with a W-shaped profile, the tubers are arranged in staggered stitches, and the distance between the stitches is 18-20 cm (a.s. for the invention of the USSR No. 357904, IPC F01S 7/00, publ. 03.11.1972, bull. No. 34).

Planting potatoes by a known method is carried out in furrows having a W-shaped profile in a checkerboard pattern, i.e. the tubers are laid alternately in the left and right grooves of the furrows located at a distance of 18-20 cm from each other. Such a groove profile allows you to withstand the specified distance between the tubers along the width of the tape and prevents them from shifting when filling the furrow with known devices.

When cultivating seed potatoes, the known staggered planting makes it possible to plant about 1.5 times more tubers per hectare compared to the known planting methods with 70 or 90 cm row spacing, but in one line while maintaining the same distances between the tubers.

However, with the known method of planting potatoes, it is impossible to cultivate the soil of 18-20 cm in the tape between two lines.

Also known is a method of planting potato tubers, including planting potatoes in furrows with a W-shaped profile, with the arrangement of tubers in staggered stitches with rows between rows 70 ... 90 cm, and the distance between the rows is 8 ... 10 cm. (RF patent for invention No. 2604290 , IPC A01C 7/00, declared July 8, 2015, published December 10, 2016, Bulletin No. 34).

For the mechanical method of combating the Colorado potato beetle, a device for collecting harmful insects is known, comprising a frame on wheels, equipped with guides for crimping potato stems at the root, drives made with a recess above the wheel axis and having a divider mounted on the frame symmetrically to the longitudinal axis of the device, and a divider made in the form of a bell made of a central cone and parts of truncated cones with different base diameters and mounted on a square shaft (patent for the invention of the Russian Federation No. 2469533 , IPC A01M 5/04, decl. 06/20/2011, publ. 12/20/2012, bull. No. 35).

The device for collecting the Colorado potato beetle works simultaneously when carrying out inter-row cultivations, hilling potatoes and applying mineral fertilizers when cultivating potatoes with 70 or 90 cm aisles.

During the operation of the row-crop aggregate, the drives installed on the device for collecting the Colorado potato beetle according to the patent 2469533, and the device itself is placed in front of the tractor of the row-cultivator, move with an even speed along the row-spacing. Guides compress potato stems at the root. A divider with the end of a conical shape spreads and tilts the stalks of potatoes over the drives. Extendable and tilted stems slide along the conical part, and then fall into the depressions formed by the cylindrical surface of the part and the conical part of the divider. In this case, the potato stalks are shaken and the Colorado potato beetles, as well as the larvae, break away from the stems and fall into the drive.

Field studies of the known device showed that when collecting Colorado potato beetles from planting potatoes cultivated with 70 and 90 cm row spacing in one line, a divider made in the form of a bell made of a central cone and parts of truncated cones with different diameters according to RF patent No. 2469533, tears off part of the leaves and stems of potatoes.

In order to ensure the collection of Colorado potato beetles from potato plants mechanically, that is, devices in the form of conical parts, biconvex lenses (RF patents No. 2056105, 2202883, 2469533, 130203), which allow shaking potato plants, potatoes are planted in furrows with a W-shaped profile , with the arrangement of tubers in rows in a checkerboard pattern with row spacing of 70 ... 90 cm, but the distance between the rows is 8 ... 10 cm.

The collection of Colorado beetles and other harmful insects is carried out during inter-row processing of potatoes. In front of the row cultivating unit (tractor), a device for collecting Colorado beetles is hung, having cone-shaped or biconvex shakers that allow bending and shaking of plant bushes. In this case, Colorado beetles and other harmful insects when shaking potato plants fall into the drives, which are located between rows of 70 ... 90 cm

But when planting potatoes in furrows with a W-shaped profile, with the tubers arranged in stitches in a staggered pattern with row spacing of 70 ... 90 cm, when the distance between the rows is 8 ... 10 cm, the disadvantages remain, as with the cultivation of potatoes with a row spacing of 90 cm.

When planting potatoes, the LTZ-155 tractor is aggregated with an experimental potato planter SPSh-4-90. In operations for chemical protection of plantings from diseases and pests, trailed and mounted sprayers are used. When performing this operation, it is advisable to use less powerful tractors T-40 or MTZ-80 with a trailed sprayer OPSh-15-01. An experimental machine BN-4-90 is used to remove the tops before harvesting potato tubers, and an experienced combine KPK-2-90 is used for harvesting.

With basic potato planters it is impossible to plant potatoes with a row spacing of 70 ... 90 cm in two lines, between which the distance is 10 cm, and most importantly, experienced potato harvesters must be used to harvest potatoes.

Thus, potato growers are not able to harvest potatoes with the arrangement of tubers in rows in a checkerboard pattern with row spacing of 70 ... 90 cm, when the distance between the rows is 8 ... 10 cm.

The objective of the technical solution is to develop a method of planting potatoes that allows for a mechanical method of combating Colorado potato beetles, as well as harvesting potatoes with basic commercially available potato harvesters.

The technical result of using the method of planting potatoes is to place potato tubers with alternating row spacing on the ridges with two lines, the distance (s) between them is 10 cm, and the distance (B) between the inner rows of two rows on the ridges is 60 cm.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of planting potatoes, including planting tubers on preformed ridges in furrows with a W-shaped profile, with the arrangement of tubers in stitches in a checkerboard pattern with a distance between stitches of c = 10 cm, and between the inner lines of the formed ridge, tubers are planted with a distance of B = 60 cm.

Comparative analysis with the prototype shows that the inventive method of planting potatoes meets the criterion of "novelty", as it differs from the prototype.

1. Planting potatoes is carried out in pre-cut ridges.

2. The placement of potato tubers on the ridges is carried out in two lines, the distance between which s = 10 cm, and the distance between the inner lines of the two rows B = 60 cm.

Identified signs of a technical solution of the proposed method of planting potatoes allow us to conclude that the technical solution meets the criterion of "significant differences".

The technical solution is illustrated by the drawing, which shows the layout of the potato tubers according to the claimed method of planting potatoes.

It is known that the configuration of the nutritional area of potato plants does not affect the crop and is determined primarily by the width of the aisles. In Europe, the predominantly accepted row spacing is 75 cm, in the CIS countries - 70, less often 90, in the USA and Canada - 90 cm, in England and the Netherlands - 80 ... 90 cm. Numerous experiments have shown that the row spacing is from 60 to 90 cm for different the distances of plants from each other within the row do not affect yield if planting material of the same weight and the same average size of tubers is used.

The row spacing is a compromise between the gauge of tractors and machines and the crop requirements of potatoes when grown.

The cultivation of potatoes on ridges 180 ... 200 cm wide in two or three rows has no advantage. Compared to cultivating potatoes on ridges, their productivity when growing on ridges is not higher, but a number of technological complications are needed (more land should be sifted out during harvesting, etc.), a different system of machines is required (Shpaar D., Bykin A., Dreger D . and other Potatoes / Edited by D. Shpaar. - M.: Publishing House of LLC "DLV Agrodelo", 2007, S. 141-148).

In the proposed method of planting potatoes, the gauge (M) of the tractor of the planting unit, as well as the tilled and harvesting unit, is M = 170 cm. The distance (B) between the inner rows of planted tubers is B = 60 cm. The distance (A) between the outer rows of planted tubers is A = 80 cm. Depth (h) of planting potato tubers h = 8 cm.

When planting potatoes by the present method, it is possible to harvest potatoes by commercially available potato harvesters.

Claims (1)

A method of planting potatoes, including planting tubers on preformed ridges in furrows with a W-shaped profile, with the arrangement of tubers in stitches in a checkerboard pattern with a spacing of 10 cm between stitches, characterized in that tubers are planted with a distance of 60 cm between the inner rows of a formed ridge.

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