RU2613291C1 - Composition for production of vermicompost based on wastes of tea and coffee - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture. The composition for the production of vermicompost consists of wastes of tea and coffee dregs mixed with the soil in a ratio by weight %: soil - 25, coffee and tea wastes - 75.

EFFECT: invention provides a shortening of the term of composting with worms and the vermicompost quality improvement.

3 tbl

Description

The invention relates to biotechnology and agriculture. Composition for the production of vermicompost consists of waste tea and coffee. As a nutrient substrate for settling with earthworms, coffee grounds and used packaged and leaf tea are used, which do not require grinding and preliminary composting. As a filler-structurant, the soil is used in the ratio, wt. %: soil - 25, tea and coffee waste - 75. Introduction to the mixture of crushed eggshells or lime (if necessary) optimizes the pH of the mixture to a neutral environment and provides faster processing of the substrate by worms.

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used, on the one hand, to improve soil fertility and productivity of agroecosystems, and on the other hand, on a large scale, for the disposal of wastes from coffee houses and other catering establishments, as well as kitchen wastes of individuals in household vermicomposters.

With a large accumulation, food waste is harmful to the environment in general and to humans in particular. At the moment, the disposal of food is one of the pressing problems of our time. Food enterprises increase their production volumes every year, and consequently, the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of increases.

Most enterprises involved in the disposal of food waste, places them at landfills, which is not a satisfactory solution. The problem is complicated by the fact that food waste has high humidity (on average about 80%), it quickly soups, decays and becomes a source of infection by pathogenic microorganisms. Rotting foods are food for various types of disease vectors (flies, cockroaches, rodents, etc.). Liquid food effluents contain a large amount of organic acids. They contribute to the extraction of heavy metals from the thickness of the landfill into soluble forms, increasing the toxicity of the landfill filtrate (Zhukova E.S., Zhurilkina I.V. Food waste disposal at economic facilities: the current situation in Russia and abroad // Economics and Management: New Challenges and prospects. - Tolyatti: Volga State University of Service, 2011. - No. 2. - S. 379-381).

Note that, in principle, some products cannot be used 100%. These include tea leaves and coffee grounds, the remains of which occupy a significant part in the structure of the food waste of the country's population.

Vermicomposting technology involves the reuse of organic waste to obtain effective biofertilizer - vermicompost. At the same time, the principles of resource conservation, environmental safety and reliable support for the growing demand for agricultural products are observed.

Earthworms, which accelerate the decomposition of organic matter many times over, make it possible to turn various kinds of organic waste into valuable fertilizer in a relatively short time in an absolutely environmentally friendly way.

A known method for producing vermicompost by introducing a dung worm into a compost-containing substrate, including beet pulp, mixed with defecate in a ratio of 1: 3 by volume. The resulting mixture is stirred, brought to a moisture content of 60-70% at a temperature of 22-25 ° C, add manure worm in the amount of 15-20 individuals per 1 liter of the obtained compost-containing substrate (RU 2339601, IPC C05F 5/00, A01K 67/033, publ. 11/27/2008 Bull. No. 33).

A known method of producing bioorganic fertilizer from tobacco dust, characterized in that the initial components of the compost mixture are pre-dosed in predetermined quantities, wt. %: tobacco dust - 40-60, soil (chernozem) - 20-40, lowland peat - 10-30, after which they are mixed, the resulting homogeneous mixture is laid in trenches, then moistened to a moisture content of 50-60%, composting is carried out over 60-65 days at an average daily air temperature of at least 15 ° C, while samples of a homogeneous compost mixture are taken three times and the nicotine content, pH and cellulolytic activity are determined in them: before laying the compost mixture in a trench, after 30-35 days and at the end the composting process of the mixture, and the resulting target pr The product is a ready-to-use bioorganic fertilizer for various crops of open ground and at the same time raw material for the production of biohumus and fertilizers for greenhouses (RU 2520730 C2, IPC C05F 11/00, published on 06.27.2014 Bull. No. 18).

There are many ways to obtain biohumus from manure and litter of various animals processed by the method of vermiculture. The disadvantages of the substrate based on cattle manure include its contamination with helminths and pathogenic microflora, low content of mineral nutrition elements, a long pre-composting period, unsatisfactory phytosanitary condition of the substrate (Bioconversion of organic waste in a biodynamic economy. - Gorodniy N.M. et al. - Kiev: Publishing House "Harvest", 1990, S. 111-130).

A known method of processing organic waste by vermicomposting, including preliminary composting of organic waste with the introduction of canynga as a source of trace elements and extracts of yeast or yeast themselves as a source of nitrogen. Organic waste with additives is stirred for 7-12 days and get immature compost. Unripe compost is mixed with waste from the pulp and paper or woodworking industry and an additional amount of nitrogen sources, molasses and earthworms. In the process of vermicomposting control changes in the enzymatic activity of vermicomposted mixture (RU 2290389, IPC C05F 11/8, publ. 12/27/2006).

The closest in technical essence to the proposed invention is a composition for the production of vermicompost, consisting of mixed food waste (Dondokova DB Influence of environmental conditions on the cultivation of earthworm Eisenia foetida upon receipt and use of vermicompost // Abstract of thesis. - Ulan-Ude, 2006 ) obtained as a result of experiment on the production of vermicompost organic waste in containers area of 0.45 m ² BSAA under laboratory conditions for one year and open field from May to August in 2001. Fault m this method is lengthy and laborious preconditioning of the substrate - fermenting, composting. According to researchers, the substrate from mixed food waste is susceptible to the development of molds. Mixed food waste is heterogeneous and can be processed by earthworms with varying degrees of success, which can produce unpleasant odors depending on the composition. Without specifying a specific composition for the production of vermicompost, difficulties may arise in using this method in practice. A comparative assessment of the agrochemical characteristics of vermicomposts showed the advantages of vermicompost based on tea and coffee wastes (Table 1).

In terms of the content of humus and gross nitrogen, the proposed vermicompost exceeds the known vermicompost by more than two times. The proposed vermicompost is significantly ahead (more than 5 times) in the content of metabolic potassium, and in general, has better quality and a higher concentration of nutrients.

According to Kuban researchers (Kosenko I.S. Possibility of using coffee and tea production wastes in compound feeds // I.S. Kosenko, E.S. Shumelev, E.V. Solovyova // University proceedings. Food technology. - 2007. - No. 2. - S. 101-102), tea and coffee sludge contains a large amount of valuable substances, but they suggest using this recyclable material in the production of animal feed (Table 2).

Researchers RCTU them. DI. Mendeleev showed that coffee sludge can be used as raw material for the production of high-protein yeast biomass used in the cultivation of various microbial cultures (Bashashkina E.V., Suyasov N.A., Shakir I.V., Panfilov V.I. Bioconversion of waste the production of instant coffee in feed products // Ecology and Industry of Russia (ECiP). - 2011. - No. 1. - P. 18-19).

The present invention proposes to use the waste of tea and coffee for the preparation of vermicompost for use as an environmentally friendly concentrated fertilizer.

The advantages of the proposed tea and coffee vermicompost:

1) the possibility of cooking at home due to the absence of an unpleasant odor and good phytosanitary condition of the substrate, its hygiene;

2) the particle size (2-3 mm) of the initial substrate, allowing the worms to immediately begin processing it without preliminary grinding, rapid decomposition of the components;

3) high content of nutrients in the feedstock;

4) high quality vermicompost obtained by agrochemical indicators (humus, mineral forms of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, the amount of exchange bases), superior to vermicompost obtained on the basis of mixed food waste.

The difference between the claimed invention and the known solution is that waste tea and coffee mixed with soil are used as a substrate in the following ratio of components, wt. %:

Soil - 25,

Tea and coffee waste - 75.

The purpose of the invention is the reduction of vermicomposting and improving the quality of vermicompost. The goal is achieved in that the main components of the substrate are small wastes of used tea and coffee. At the same time, the term of vermicomposting is reduced to 1-1.5 months. The basis of improving the quality of vermicompost is a wide micro- and macroelement composition of the mixture, tonic and stimulating effect, sterility. Coffee grounds, used tea leaves and tea bags are free raw materials. The annual volumes of their accumulation in landfills continue to increase and require disposal.

The composition is prepared as follows: 7.5 kg of tea and coffee grounds used are mixed with 2.5 kg of soil, mixed thoroughly, then checked for acidity. If the reaction of the solution of the prepared mixture is close to neutral, then the substrate is populated with red California worm (Eisenia foetida) in the amount of 1500-2000 individuals per 1 m ² . Otherwise, crushed eggshell or lime is added and kept for several days. The fine particle size of the substrate promotes faster processing by worms and eliminates the need for pre-grinding or fermentation.

Vermicomposting is carried out for 1-1.5 months, and then the finished product is separated from the worms by sifting or luring the worms onto a new substrate.

The use of the finished product - vermicompost in the vegetation-field experiment on agro-gray soil contributes to a statistically significant increase in potential and effective soil fertility and an increase in the yield of ground wheat phytomass in comparison with the control variant (Table 3).

The introduction of 3 and 6 t / ha of vermicompost obtained on the basis of tea and coffee wastes into the agricultural gray soil contributed to a significant increase in the following agrochemical parameters: humus by 1.9–2.2 times, nitrate nitrogen by 2.7–3.6 times, ammonia nitrogen 1.5-2.9 times, easily hydrolyzable nitrogen 1.5 times, mobile phosphorus 1.2 times to control depending on the dose. Under the influence of vermicompost, the reaction of the medium with the slightly acidic, noted in the control, changed to neutral in the fertilized versions of the experiment. A significant improvement in all agrochemical parameters under the action of vermicompost led to an increase in wheat productivity by 1.8-2.4 times to control, depending on the dose of fertilizer application. Thus, the obtained new fertilizer - vermicompost - is of high quality, which contributes to a reliable increase in the agrochemical properties of agrosulfur of the soil and an increase in wheat yield.

Claims (2)

Composition for the production of vermicompost, consisting of food waste, characterized in that the waste used is the rest of tea and coffee mixed with soil in the ratio, wt.%: the soil 25 tea and coffee waste 75