RU2535399C1 - Method of surface improvement of getting hillock meadows and pastures and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes the undercut of bases and simultaneous milling of vegetative and ground knolls. In addition a turfy layer is cut and milled, and undercut of bases of knolls and turfy layer is performed to the depth 5 cm from the soil surface on the width strip 1.2 m. After that the milled particles of knolls and turfy layer are separated into fine particles with the size no more than 5 cm and into coarse particles, with the size above 5 cm, with laying of fine particles above coarse ones, and grading of the soil surface. Grass seeds are sown to the depth 1-1.5 cm with application of starting dose of mineral fertilizings and after-sown rolling down, leaving unsown 10 cm edge strips along the strip to be sawn. The device includes the vertical milling drums installed on the basic frame at equal intermediate space with a possibility of rotation. The working members of milling drums are designed with the shape of spherical disks with shaped cuts with a cutting edge as convex curve along their edge, milling drums installed on shafts layer-by-layer equally spaced, and with a convex surface facing towards the basic frame. Meanwhile the basic frame is installed at the angle to the direction of the machine motion, ensuring overlapping of trajectories of motion of spherical disks. In addition, the device is equipped with series-installed raking grating and sowing section with raning roller behind the milling drums on the additional frame. Meanwhile the additional frame is rigidly connected with basic one and is installed towards the machine motion. Besides, the raking grating, teeth of which are installed with equal spacing interval 5 cm, is connected articulately to the additional frame, and milling drums are installed on the basic frame with a possibility of rotation towards each other.

EFFECT: inventions allow to increase productivity of meadows and pastures.

2 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods for improving shaded meadows and pastures, and can be used for surface improvement of natural forage lands.

There is a method of accelerated tilling of soddy soils of fodder land and a device for its implementation (RF Patent No. 2423034, class A01B 79/02; A01B 49/06, 2009). The method includes rough milling of the soil with the incorporation of turf into the lower layers. The soil layer is cut by milling five slots with a width of 15 cm and two slots with a width of 1 cm, on the sides of the central slot, with the formation of strips with a width not exceeding 47.5 cm. Three slots are cut in the upper part of the strips 4 cm deep and 1 cm wide Next, a smooth plowing of the strips with the formation revolution in their own furrows is carried out with the turf completely embedded in the lower layer. The compacted track is loosened along the tracks of the energy source to a depth of 4 ... 6 cm. After that, the upper layer of the formation is crushed by milling with a cutting speed of not more than 5 m / s by lateral deformation of the cut chips. Conduct alignment and presowing compaction of the soil. Sowing of seeds is carried out on a compacted bed with local application of a starting dose of mineral fertilizers and post-sowing rolling. The device contains a front-mounted milling drum with L-shaped knives driven by a power tool shaft, has a rear mounted roller, made smooth, chopper-leveling, a rotor with active working bodies and a trailed seeder with a roller. The device is equipped with a frontal-rotary plow with one-sided and double right- and left-turning helical plow bodies and steppers.

The invention relates to methods for radical improvement of natural and degenerated seeded hayfields and pastures, is energy-intensive and requires a universal energy tool.

A known method of improving fodder land (RF Patent No. 2011325, class AB 79/02, 1991), in which to increase the productivity of fodder land and reduce soil erosion, it is necessary to cut the turf into strips to the depth of seed placement. Seeds are sown in the section of the turf and at the same time make fertilizers to the side and deeper from the line of sowing seeds. Then the incision of the turf is rolled.

There is a method of increasing the productivity of degraded pasture lands (RF Patent No. 2239967, CL AB 79/02, 2003), which includes cavity loosening of the soil, sowing grass seeds in these strips and rolling the sown rows. In the pasture rotation system in areas not subject to wind erosion and with a projective soil cover of less than 30%, surface improvement is carried out by treating the strips to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m with heavy disc harrows, sowing of narrow-leaved grain, post-sowing rolling of ring-spur rollers and surface application of mineral fertilizers.

These methods are not applicable for the treatment of shorted meadows and pastures, since they require the devices to operate on a relatively flat surface of natural forage lands.

There is a method of improving the surface of hardened hayfields and pastures and a device for its implementation (AS USSR No. 1690568, class A01B 45/00, 1989), which provides for the destruction of bumps of pike, as well as other small bumps. The bumps are torn from the soil at a depth of 0 ... 10 mm from its surface with a chisel-like working body, they are picked up and removed outside the cultivated area.

A device is also known for treating the surface of shaded hayfields and pastures (A.S. USSR No. 1806496, class A01B 45/00, 1991), including a frame mounted on support wheels, mounted on a frame arranged in a row transverse to the direction of movement of the implement and made in in the form of arcuate racks with chisel-like rails the working bodies for tearing off the bumps, and also means for removing the separated bumps.

A disadvantage of the known method and devices is their use only for the destruction of small hummocks, which require further disposal outside the treated area, while the soil layer is also removed.

The closest in essence to the claimed method of surface improvement of hardened meadows and pastures is a method implemented by a device for removing hummocks (RF Patent No. 2400955, CL АВВ 45/00, 2009, prototype), including grinding layer-by-layer vegetative and earthy hummocks while cutting the bases bumps and their grinding.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed device is a device for removing bumps (RF Patent No. 2400955, CL A01B 45/00, 2009, prototype), including vertical milling drums mounted on the frame at an equal distance from each other with the possibility of rotation in one direction, the working bodies of which are made in the form of spherical disks mounted on the axis in tiers at an equal distance from each other and with a convex surface facing the frame. Disks have curved cutouts along their edge with a cutting blade in the form of a convex curve. The frame is mounted at an angle to the direction of movement of the machine, providing overlapping trajectories of the movement of spherical disks.

The known device is energy-intensive, due to the design of the working body, as well as the performance of two functions (cutting and grinding) by one working body, while ensuring high-quality performance of operations. But the resource-saving technology of surface improvement of natural forage lands, which allows to reduce energy and material costs to increase the productivity of meadows and pastures in comparison with, for example, the technology of radical improvement, cannot be limited only to the destruction of hummocks and cannot be implemented without creating a grass stand.

The problem solved by this invention is to create a resource-saving technology for surface improvement of natural forage lands, as well as to create a device for implementing this technology.

The technical result from the solution of this problem is to reduce energy and material costs for the destruction of bumps and sowing grass seeds in one pass of the machine to create a grass stand and increase the productivity of meadows and pastures, contributing to the strengthening of the forage base of Russia and aimed at the development of animal husbandry.

The problem is solved in that a method for the surface improvement of shaded meadows and pastures is proposed, including cutting the bases of the hummocks and sod layer to a depth of 5 cm from the soil surface in a strip of width 1, 2 m with their simultaneous grinding, after which the ground particles of hummocks and sod layer are exposed separation into small particles with a size of not more than 5 cm and large ones, the size of which exceeds 5 cm, laying small particles on large and leveling the surface of the soil, then sow grass seeds to a depth of 1 ... 1, 5 cm with the introduction of a starting dose of mineral fertilizers and post-sowing rolling, while leaving a strip of 10 cm wide not sown at the edges of the strip prepared for planting grass seeds.

To implement the claimed method, a device is proposed for the surface improvement of shortened meadows and pastures, including vertical milling drums mounted on the main frame at an equal distance from each other with rotation, the working bodies of which are made in the form of spherical disks with curly cuts with a cutting blade in the form of a convex curve along their edge mounted on the shafts of milling drums tiered at an equal distance from each other and a convex surface facing the main frame, while the main and is set at an angle to the direction of movement of the machine, providing overlapping trajectories spherical disks. The device is additionally equipped with a rake grate and a sowing section with a packer roller sequentially installed behind the milling drums on an additional frame, and the additional frame is rigidly connected to the main one and installed in the direction of the machine’s movement, in addition, the rake grate, the teeth of which are installed at an equal distance from each other, equal to 5 cm, pivotally connected to an additional frame, and milling drums mounted on the main frame with the possibility of rotation towards each other.

The creation of resource-saving technology for the surface improvement of natural forage lands, as well as the creation of a device (machine) for the implementation of this technology, involves reducing energy and material costs for destroying bumps and sowing grass seeds in one pass to create a grass stand and increase the productivity of meadows and pastures.

The claimed method provides for the simultaneous execution of two or three operations by one working body in one pass of the machine:

- cutting of the base of the bumps and the sod layer and their simultaneous grinding by the discs of milling drums;

- separation of the crushed hummocks and the turf layer into small, no larger than 5 cm, and large fractions, the size of which is more than 5 cm, with the laying down of fine fractions of the crushed hummocks and the turf layer into larger fractions and leveling the soil surface with a rake grid.

Technological parameters of the method were obtained by calculation, confirmed experimentally and meet the agrotechnical requirement for basic machine technological operations (Initial requirements for basic machine technological operations in crop production. / - M .: Rosinformagroteh, 2005. - 270 p.).

The depth of cutting the base of the bumps and the sod layer to a depth of H = 5 cm from the soil surface is justified by the design of the milling drum disk, the height of the spherical layer of which is 10 cm, and the conditions for providing cutting by sliding in order to reduce the energy consumption of the machine and the adequacy of the depth of sowing and incorporation of small-seed crops of forage grasses. Processing to the specified depth is not subject to the entire surface of meadows and pastures, but only strips with a width of B = 1.2 m at the locations of the bumps, which is set based on the design parameters of the working bodies of the machine, in particular the diameter of the disk, which crushes the bumps and the turf layer into pieces , the size of which satisfies the agrotechnical requirement, as well as from the condition of reducing the energy intensity of the machine, solving the task of performing resource-saving technology.

The separation of the crushed hummocks and the sod layer is aimed at the high-quality treatment of shortened and soddy soils of fodder land also in compliance with the agrotechnical requirements for basic machine technological operations, according to which grinding should be carried out to fractions of less than 5 cm. soil of fodder land for sowing grass seeds.

Sowing grass seeds with the introduction of a starting dose of mineral fertilizers is done, leaving strips up to b = 10 cm wide not sown at the edges of the strip, which reduces the competition of natural grass stand and helps to improve plant growth in the initial phase of vegetation, and also eliminates the need for treatment with herbicides. Sowing grass seeds to a depth of 1 ... 1.5 cm at a depth of the treated strip of 5 cm with rolling to compact the soil with sown grass seeds is an important condition for germination for small seed crops and provides favorable conditions for the germination of grass seeds.

Based on the foregoing, the claimed technology for surface improvement of shortened meadows and pastures is resource-saving, and the device for implementing this technology is energy-intensive, which will reduce the energy and material costs of destroying bumps and sowing grass seeds in one pass to create a grass stand and increase the productivity of meadows and pastures.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows the technological scheme of the soil section after the passage of the device, characterizing the technological parameters of the method; figure 2 - structural diagram of the device, a General view from above; figure 3 is a structural diagram of the device, side view; figure 4 - rake lattice, General view; figure 5 - sowing section, General view.

The method of surface improvement of shaded meadows and pastures includes the following operations:

- cutting the bases of the bumps and sod layer to a depth of H = 5 cm from the soil surface with a strip of width B = 1.2 m with their simultaneous grinding;

- separation of the crushed hummocks and the turf layer into small, no larger than 5 cm, and large fractions, the size of which is more than 5 cm, with the laying down of fine fractions of the crushed hummocks and the turf layer into larger fractions and leveling the surface of the soil;

- sowing grass seeds to a depth of h = 1 ... 1.5 cm with the simultaneous introduction of a starting dose of mineral fertilizers, while leaving a strip of width b = 10 cm not sown at the edges of the strip prepared for planting grass seeds.

- post-sowing soil rolling.

The claimed method for the surface improvement of shaded meadows and pastures is as follows.

On a strip with a width of B = 1.2 m to a depth of H = 5 cm from the soil surface, the sod layer with the bases of plant and earthy hummocks is cut and subjected to layer-by-layer grinding. With disks of vertical milling drums, each hummock and sod layer are cut into small pieces and discarded onto the teeth of the rake lattice, with which they (slices) are further ground. Small pieces of crushed bumps and sod layer with a size not exceeding the distance between the teeth (5 cm) pass between them, and larger ones fall onto a strip cleared of a shortened sod layer. The pieces of the crushed hummocks and the sod layer are separated into smaller and larger fractions, with the larger fractions being laid first on the soil, after which smaller pieces of the minced hummocks and the sod layer are poured onto them, and at the same time, pre-sowing of the surface with the teeth of the rake grate takes place. Sowing grass seeds to the soil prepared in this way is carried out to a depth of h = 1 ... 1.5 cm with the simultaneous introduction of a starting dose of mineral fertilizers, while leaving strips of width b = 10 not sown at the edges of the prepared strip (B = 1.2 m wide) see. After which the soil is rolled.

The claimed method for the surface improvement of shaded meadows and pastures is implemented using the claimed device.

A device for the surface improvement of crooked meadows and pastures includes a frame, which consists of a beam 1 rigidly interconnected, a main frame 2, located at an angle to the direction of movement of the machine, and an additional frame 3, mounted on the main frame 2 perpendicular to the beam 1 (in the direction of movement cars). On the beam 1 of the frame there is an automatic coupler 4 for mounting on the tractor and the main bevel gear 5 is installed. On the main frame 2, vertical milling drums 6 are installed, rotating towards each other. The milling drums 6 are driven from the tractor PTO through the main bevel gear 5, the cardan gear 7 and the bevel gears 8. The working bodies of the milling drums 6 are made in the form of spherical disks 9 and are mounted on the shafts of the milling drums 6 in tiers. The spherical discs 9 have a convex surface facing the main frame 2 and have curly cuts along their edge with a cutting blade in the form of a convex curve. The device frame has a support wheel 10, which serves to set the depth of processing of the sod layer of the soil. Behind the milling drums 6, a rake grating 11 is pivotally mounted on the additional frame 3, which serves to separate the grinding particles and obtain a fine grinding fraction no larger than 5 cm and a large fraction larger than 5 cm. The teeth 12 of the rake lattice 11 are installed at an equal distance from each other, equal to 5 cm. In the cross section, they have the shape of an isosceles triangle, with the apex directed towards the side of the reels 6, and can be made of corners. The lower part of the teeth 12 of the rake lattice 11 performs the function of a rake for presowing leveling the surface of the layer of crushed soil.

For sowing grass seeds and making a starting dose of mineral fertilizers, there is a sowing section 13, mounted on an additional frame 3 behind the raking grid 11. The sowing section 13 includes a container for seeds and mineral fertilizers 14, seed metering devices of the reel type 15, seed tubes 16, coulter sections 17 with tubular openers 18. To set the seeding rate for grass seeds, there is a gearbox 19 with a set of interchangeable gears. The sowing section 13 is mounted on the additional frame 3 using the brackets 20. The sowing apparatus is driven from the main bevel gear 5 using chain gears 21, 22 and the shaft 23.

Behind the sowing section 13, an additional smooth rolling roller 24 is installed on the additional frame 3, which serves for post-sowing rolling to compact the soil with sown grass seeds and create reliable contact between the seeds and the soil.

The device operates as follows.

In preparation for operation, the capacity 14 of the sowing section 13 is filled with seeds and fertilizers; using the gearbox 19 set the seeding rate, and the support wheel 10 - the depth of processing; the device’s frame is installed in the working position using the tractor’s central link so that the plane of the lower disk 9 is at an angle of 2 ° ... 3 ° to the soil surface, which ensures high-quality grinding of the bumps and sod layer.

With the translational movement of the machine, the cutting edges of the blade of the spherical discs 9 cut into the hummock and sod layer of the base of the hummock, cut and qualitatively grind them due to the fact that the rotation paths of the spherical discs 9 overlap. Disks 9 having curly cuts along their edge with a cutting blade in the form of a convex curve provide slip cutting as the least energy-intensive cutting process. Due to the fact that the milling drums 6 rotate towards each other, the crushed particles of the bumps and sod layer do not scatter to the sides, but fall on the rake grating 11. Hitting the teeth 12 (corners) of the rake grating 11, they are additionally crushed. Small pieces of crushed bumps and sod layer no larger than the distance between the teeth (5 cm) pass between them. Since the rake lattice 11 is pivotally mounted on the additional frame 3, under the influence of crushed pieces of hummocks and sod layer falling on it, it deviates back. Large residues fall down, and when the lattice returns to its original position, the crushed particles passing through the lattice are stacked on top of large residues. The lower part of the teeth 12 (corners) of the rake lattice 11 simultaneously aligns the surface of the soil layer to ensure high-quality sowing of grass seeds in compliance with a given sowing depth. Next, the tubular coulters 18 of the sowing section 13 perform grooves into which seeds and mineral fertilizers enter through the seed tubes 16. The smooth rolling roller 24 carries out post-sowing rolling to compact the soil with sown grass seeds and to create reliable contact of the seeds with the soil, which is an important condition for the germination of small-seeded grass cultures.

The claimed method for the surface improvement of shaded meadows and pastures and a device for its implementation are industrially feasible, since the method can be used in agriculture to improve natural forage land, and the device is manufactured industrially, efficiently, feasibly and reproducibly. Based on theoretical studies, justification of the design parameters of the working bodies of the machine, design documentation was developed and a prototype was made. When using two milling drums, energy consumption amounted to 2.1 kW, which is 15-20% lower than existing machines for improving fodder land.

Claims (2)

1. A method of surface improvement of shaded meadows and pastures, including cutting of the bases and simultaneous grinding of plant and earthy hummocks, characterized in that the sod layer is additionally cut and ground, and the base of the hummocks and sod layer is cut to a depth of 5 cm from the soil surface in a strip of width 1.2 m, after which the crushed particles of the hummocks and the sod layer are subjected to separation into small particles no larger than 5 cm and large ones, the size of which exceeds 5 cm, with the laying of small hours egg large and leveling the soil surface, and grass seed sowing is carried to a depth of 1-1.5 cm introducing starting dose of fertilizer and posleposevnoe compacting while leaving the edges of the grain is not prepared for planting grass seed strip 10 cm wide strips. 2. A device for the surface improvement of shaded meadows and pastures, including vertical milling drums mounted on the main frame at an equal distance from each other with rotation, the working bodies of which are made in the form of spherical disks with curly cuts with a cutting blade in the form of a convex curve along their edge, milling drums mounted on the shafts are tiered at an equal distance from each other and with a convex surface facing the main frame, while the main frame is installed at an angle to the direction of movement m machines that provide overlapping of the trajectories of the movement of the spherical disks, characterized in that it is additionally equipped with a rake grate and a sowing section with a rolling roller arranged sequentially behind the milling drums on the additional frame, while the additional frame is rigidly connected to the main one and installed in the direction of movement of the machine, in addition, a rake grate, the teeth of which are mounted at an equal distance of 5 cm from each other, are pivotally connected to the additional frame, and the milling drums are mounted on a main frame for rotation toward each other.

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