RU2509476C2 - Method for preparation of extruded rough fodder for farm animals - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: food industry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to production of an extruded dry fodder for farm animals. The method for preparation of the extruded dry fodder for farm animals, preferably - for cattle and small cattle is as follows: according to the method, a screw supplies into the disintegrator components (preliminarily milled into particles sized 20 mm) with high crude fibre content in an amount of 70-80% of the total weight of the dry mixture and components with low crude fibre content in an amount of 20-30% of the total weight of the dry mixture. Additional milling of the components, their homogenisation and fermentation with multienzyme preparations at a temperature of 50-55°C, the produced mixture discharge from the desintegrator, the mixture maintenance during 30-40 minutes for final fermentation and extrusion at a temperature of 110-160°C under a pressure of 40-80 atm. The components with high crude fibre content are represented by wood saw dust, straw, husks, shellings; the components with low crude fibre content are represented by cereal crops, offal, press cake, extraction cake.

EFFECT: method allows to produce a rough fodder with increased quality characteristics, significantly reduce the fodder prime cost as well as utilise wood wastes.

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Description

The invention relates to the production of extruded dry feed for farm animals and can be used for feeding domestic animals, mainly cattle and small cattle.

A known method of preparing extruded dry pet food, which consists in the preparation of feed based on corn grains and additives. The mixture, pre-wetted and heated to 100 ° C, is loaded into the extruder and extruded under a pressure of 2-6 MPa. The extrudate swells at the exit of the die of the matrix under the influence of a pressure drop, the formation of a porous bundle, followed by cutting it into parts (patent RU 2399295).

There is also a method of preparing steamed grain products or dry pet food, which consists in obtaining a mixture of water with grain flour or grains, its heat treatment with subsequent extrusion (patent RU 2208369). A disadvantage of the known methods is the high cost of production due to the high content of grain feed.

The closest technical solution is a method of preparing food for rabbits, including the introduction of water into the dry matter of the diet and the rabbit droppings separated from urine and extruding the resulting mixture at a temperature of 125-135 ° C and a pressure of 1.4-1.5 MPa for no more than 60 sec (patent RU 2153811). The disadvantage of this method is the narrow focus of the destination feed, as well as the lack of a stage of fermentation of the feed components, which does not allow to increase the proportion of wood waste in the final product.

The problem solved by the invention is the production of environmentally friendly coarse feed, a significant reduction in the cost of feed with an increase in quality characteristics, as well as the disposal of wood waste.

The problem is achieved in that in the method of preparing extruded dry feed for farm animals, mainly cattle and small cattle, comprising preparing a dry mixture of grain crops and pre-ground wood waste and extruding the resulting mixture, according to the invention, a dry mixture containing 70-80% wood waste and 20-30% of grain, fermented with a polyenzyme preparation at a temperature of 50-55 ° C, then subjected to mechanical activation in a disintegrator, and extrusion is carried out lead at a temperature of 110-160 ° C and a pressure of 40-80 atm. As wood waste, straw or industrial technical waste products with a high content of crude fiber are used. In the proposed method, it is possible to use not only grain, but also waste from the technical production of agricultural products with a low content of crude fiber.

Fermentation with a polyenzyme preparation allows one to break down high-molecular compounds to low-molecular-weight compounds, such as protein to di-, monopeptides and individual amino acids, starch to sucrose, glucose and fructose, cellulose to cellobiose, maltose and glucose, pectins to tetra-, tri-, di- and monogalactacturonic acids, xylans - to arabinose, galactose, xylose and glucouronic acids, fats - to free fatty acids, phytates - to phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper and iron, split into free molecules with the formation of inositol, which facilitates appreciates their assimilation by the animal organism.

The process of mechanical activation of the components of the extruded coarse feed in the disintegrator leads to their further grinding, homogenization and increased reactivity with the multi-enzyme preparation. The increase in reactivity is associated with an increase in the contact surface of the phases, as well as the energy-saturated state of the components of the feed, easily entering into various chemical processes.

Extruding feed mixtures (70-80% wood waste and 20-30% grain) allows the product to be exposed to high pressure and temperature. In a short period of time, the raw material manages to go through several stages of processing: heat treatment, grinding and mixing, partial dehydration, stabilization, texturing, expansion, profiling, sterilization and disinfection. After such processing, the palatability of the feed is improved, since various aromatic substances are formed, the activity of enzymes in the digestibility of feeds significantly increases, as well as the neutralization of certain toxins and the death of their producers. As a result of such complex processing, an extrudate with a pleasant bread taste and smell is obtained.

Ingredients of the dry mix are components with high (sawdust, straw, industrial waste products such as husks, husks, etc.) and low (grain crops and industrial waste products, such as bran, oilcake, meal, etc.) the content of crude fiber.

The method is as follows. Wood sawdust, or straw, or technical industrial waste products with a high content of crude fiber in the amount of 70-80% of the total weight of the dry mixture are fed to the preliminary grinding stage to a particle size of not more than 20 mm. Next, the resulting material and grain are fed by a screw into a disintegrator, where additional grinding of the components, their homogenization and fermentation at a temperature of 50-55 ° C takes place. After unloading from the disintegrator, the resulting mixture is aged for 30-40 minutes for final fermentation and then fed to the extruder at a temperature of 110-160 ° C and a pressure of 40-80 atm. After the extruder, the expanded feed can be fed for crushing and subsequent granulation. This stage is used to increase the density and reduce the volume and cost of transportation of finished products.

The effectiveness of the use of the inventive extruded roughage can be illustrated by six examples. In the first example, the study of nutrition is shown, and in the following, the toxicological properties of the claimed feed are determined.

All pharmacotoxicological tests are performed according to the approved research methods in accordance with the following regulatory and technical documentation:

1. Methodological guidelines for research on the study of irritating properties and justification of the maximum permissible concentrations of selectively acting irritants in the air of the working area. 2163-80. Approved Ministry of Health of the USSR. 08/11/80.

2. Guidelines for the prevention of animal mycotoxicosis, approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, RAAS 17.03.2010.

3. Assessment of the effects of harmful chemical compounds on the skin and justification of the maximum permissible levels of skin contamination. " Approved deputy Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the USSR. No. 2102-79.

4. Guidelines for determining the toxic properties of drugs used in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry "Approved. Ministry of Health of the USSR, VASKHNIL, GUV Gosagroprom of the USSR, presented in the directory "Veterinary preparations" M., Agropromizdat, 1988.

5. “Guidelines for the study of the embryotoxic effect of pharmacological substances and their effect on reproductive function” (Moscow, Pharmacological Committee, 1986, 25 pp.).

In the experiments, white mice, white rats, and rabbits were used as experimental animals. The parameters of acute and subchronic toxicity of the test food were determined, and the local irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the eye and on application to the skin were studied. An extract (extract) from high-quality extruded roughage was made according to the methodological recommendations (Methodical recommendations for the prevention of animal mycotoxicosis, approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, RAAS on March 17, 2010). To do this, 50 g of feed was thoroughly ground in a laboratory mill, then placed in a flat-bottomed flask with a ground stopper, 150 ml of acetone was poured and extracted with shaking on a shuttle machine for two hours. The extract was filtered through a paper filter into a porcelain cup and evaporated under draft in a water bath until it evaporated, after which the precipitate was dissolved in an alcohol solution (1 part alcohol and 3 parts water) and filtered again.

For toxicological tests, a feed mixture was used containing 80% aspen sawdust and 20% rye grain, as less nutritious.

Example 1. The study of the nutritional value of extruded roughage.

The studies were carried out with extruded roughage, which is a light brown foam granules, poorly soluble in water, with a pleasant bread smell. Table 1 shows the data on individual nutrients of the feed mixture under the action of fermentation, processing in a disintegrator and extruder (experiment). As control were taken similar feeds that were not subjected to all technological processing. The composition of the first test feed mixture included 80% of aspen sawdust and 20% of rye grain, and the second of 70% of aspen sawdust and 30% of barley. For comparison, the nutritional value of sowing hay is given (Norms and rations for feeding farm animals: A reference manual - 3rd edition revised and supplemented / Edited by A.P. Kalashnikov, V.I. Fisinin, V.V. Shcheglova, N.I. Kleimenova. - M.: Russian Agricultural Academy [et al.], 2003. - 456 p.).

Table 1 Indicators Test food Sowing hay sawdust - 80% + rye - 20% sawdust - 70% + barley - 30% timothy clover the control experience the control experience Dry matter, g 900 916 900 900 830.0 830.0 Crude protein, g 35.7 80.7 42.3 107.5 85.0 156.0 Crude fiber, g 394.0 147.4 403.5 124.1 269.0 257.0 Lignin, g 140,4 120.3 145.4 108.3 Crude Fat, g 4.7 23,2 4.1 19.8 22.0 19.0 Crude ash, g 20.8 27.1 20.3 31,4 36 31 Sugar, g 18.1 55.0 18.7 57.6 35 25.0

Thus, the data in the table indicate that high-temperature fermentation of the feed mixture with a polyenzyme preparation, with further processing in a disintegrator and extruder, helped to reduce the amount of crude fiber in the feed containing 80% aspen sawdust and 20% rye grain by 2.7 times, lignin - 1 , 15 times and increase in protein - 2.3, crude fat - 4.9 and sugar - 3.0 times compared with the control sample, in a feed mixture containing 70% aspen sawdust and 30% barley, these figures were 3.2, 1.34 and 2.5, 4.8, 3.1 times, respectively. Technological processing of feed mixtures brought the composition and nutritional value of extruded roughage closer to sowing hay: by raw protein - to cereal, and the content of crude fat and sugar exceeded bean hay by 1.2 and 2.2 times, while the content of crude fiber was 1, 7 times lower compared to clover hay. These changes in the composition of the feed occurred under the influence of high-temperature fermentation, processing in a disintegrator and high pressure and friction in a press extruder. During high-temperature fermentation and extrusion, part of the cellulose and lignin is broken down to dextrins of varying degrees of complexity and simple sugars.

Example 2. Determination of acute toxicity.

Acute toxicity experiments were conducted on males and females of mature white mice weighing 18-20 g. An extract from the extruded roughage was introduced into the stomach of the animals using a metal probe with soldered olive at the end. In the experiments, animals were divided into 5 groups (3 males and three females each), which were given the drug in various doses and one control, the animals of which were injected with distilled water in similar volumes. The volume of the studied extract for mice introduced into the stomach was 0.3-0.4 ml (depending on the weight of the animal).

The extract was administered on an empty stomach. Animals were fed 3 hours after administration of the hood, observing them for 2 weeks. The results of the experiments are presented in table 2.

table 2 Dose mg / kg Number of animals Survived Fell Z D Zd 2000 6 6 0 3000 6 6 0 0 1000 0 4000 6 6 0 0 1000 0 5000 6 6 0 0 1000 0 6000 6 6 0 0 1000 0 The control 6 6 0 - - -

Where:

Z - half the total number of animals killed by two adjacent doses

D - the difference in the values of the doses standing next (mg / kg)

Zd is the product of Z b D

From the data of table 2 it follows that with the oral administration of extruded feed in doses from 2000 to 6000 mg / kg in the experimental group, as well as in the control, the death of experimental animals and in the analysis of clinical signs, no pronounced deviations from the norm were observed.

At postmortem autopsy, the internal organs of the killed control and experimental animals did not visually differ.

According to the hygienic classification according to the main parameters of harmfulness, the proposed high-quality extruded roughage belongs to non-toxic compounds, and according to the degree of danger GOST 12.1.007.76 - to class IV (slightly hazardous).

In the second series, experiments to determine acute oral toxicity were carried out on males and females of adult white rats weighing 180-220 g. An extract from extruded roughage was introduced into the stomach of the animals using a metal probe with soldered olive on the end. In the experiments, the animals were divided into 6 groups (3 males and three females each): 5 experimental, which were given the drug in various doses and one control, the animals of which were injected with distilled water in similar volumes. The volume of the studied extract for rats introduced into the stomach was 4-5 ml (depending on the weight of the animal).

An extract was introduced onto an empty stomach. Animals were fed 3 hours after drug administration, observing them for 2 weeks. The results of the experiments are presented in table 3. The rats were observed for 2 weeks.

Table 3 Dose mg / kg amount Survived Fell Z D Zd 2000 6 6 0 3000 6 6 0 0 10,000 0 4000 6 6 0 0 10,000 0 5000 6 6 0 0 10,000 0 6000 6 6 0 0 10,000 0 The control 6 6 0 - - -

From the data of table 3 it follows that when orally administered extracts from extruded roughage in doses from 2000 to 6000 mg / kg in the experimental group, as well as in the control, the death of experimental animals and in the analysis of clinical signs, no pronounced deviations from the norm were observed.

At postmortem autopsy, the internal organs of the killed control and experimental animals did not visually differ.

According to the hygienic classification according to the main parameters of harmfulness, the proposed high-quality extruded roughage belongs to non-toxic compounds, and according to the degree of danger GOST 12.1.007.76 - to class IV (slightly hazardous).

Thus, the claimed high-quality extruded roughage relates to non-toxic compounds, and according to the degree of danger GOST 12.1.007.76 - to class IV (slightly hazardous).

Example 3. Determination of subchronic toxicity.

Subchronic toxicity experiments were conducted on white rats for 90 days. At the same time, the studied extruded food was administered to rats in an amount of 90% of the total diet, which is higher compared to the recommended level (20-50%). Control rats were fed a diet recommended for laboratory animals. The experiments were carried out on 20 males and females of sexually mature white rats with a live weight of 180-220 g, divided into two equal groups according to the principle of analogues (experience control).

Feeding experimental rats of the studied extruded roughage in the amount of 90% of the total nutritional value of the diet did not have a negative effect on their body. The growth and development of the experimental individuals did not differ from the control animals, and were within the physiological norms.

Thus, feeding white rats the proposed extruded roughage in the amount of 90% of the total nutritional intake for 90 days did not have a negative effect on their body.

Example 4. Determination of the irritating effect of extruded roughage on the skin and mucous membrane of the eyes.

Experiments to determine skin irritation were performed on 4 rabbits of both sexes. To do this, patches of skin 5x5 cm per day of the experiment were carefully trimmed on the back to the left and to the right of the spine. Plastic collars were put on the neck of rabbits to prevent licking of the test substance. The test feed in the form of an aqueous slurry was applied to the clipped skin area in its native form (slightly mixed with distilled water) at a rate of 20 mg / cm ^{2 to the} right of the spine, control - 0.02 ml of distilled water / cm ^{2 to the} left of the spine, the exposure time was 4 hours, and then the applied preparation was removed with warm water and soap. After washing off, the skin reaction was recorded after 1 and 18 hours, evaluated in comparison with the symmetrical skin areas of the same animal where distilled water was applied. Rabbits were observed for 7 days.

During the observation period in the experiments with the proposed extruded feed, no functional impairment of the skin was noted, and it did not differ from the control site. According to the severity of the irritating effect, the claimed extruded food can be attributed to the first class of drugs that do not have an irritating effect on the skin of rabbits.

When determining the irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the eyes, 4 rabbits were taken into the experiment, for which purpose 20 mg of ground native suspension from the test food was introduced into the conjunctival sac of the left eye of the rabbits, the right eye served as a control, where distilled water was added in the amount of 2-3 drops . After making the drug for 1 minute, the tear duct was pressed at the inner corner of the eye. Monitoring the condition of the mucous membrane and the transparency of the cornea was carried out for a week.

In experiments with extruded food, edema of the mucous membrane of the eyes was not observed, the corneas of the eyes were clean, there was a slight hyperemia of the mucous membrane, disappearing after 1-1.5 hours. The experimental data show that the test food is a substance that does not cause irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes of rabbits.

Thus, the proposed extruded food does not have an irritating effect on the skin and does not cause irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes of rabbits.

Example 5. Determination of allergenic action.

The experiments to determine the allergenic effect of the studied feed were carried out on 4 rabbits, which were previously trimmed skin areas (5 × 5 cm) on the back, left and right of the spine. The right side served for the application of water slurry from the studied feed, and the left side was used for control (distilled water). The experiment was carried out for 30 days, i.e. daily, water slurry from the test food was applied to the clipped skin area. During this period of allergic reactions, with the exception of slight redness on day 25, which disappeared a day after the end of the experiment, therefore, the test food can be attributed to substances that do not cause allergic reactions.

Example 6. Determination of embryotoxic and teratogenic properties.

In experiments on the study of embryotoxic and teratogenic properties of the studied extruded roughage, white rats weighing 180-200 g were used, for which two groups of 24 animals were formed (there were 48 rats in total in the experiment). Females were planted to males in a 2: 1 ratio for a period of 2 estrous cycles (10-14 days). Fertilization was recorded using vaginal smears. The first experimental group was injected with a water-alcohol extract at a dose of 6000 mg / kg from the proposed extruded feed, and the second (control), distilled water during 19 days of pregnancy. On the 20th day of the experiment, 12 rats were killed in each group. The research results are presented in table 4.

Table 4 Indicators Group experience the control The number of yellow bodies in the ovaries 128 129 The number of implantation sites 124 124 The number of live fruits 120 119 Number of dead fruits four 5 Preimplantation death,% 3.1 ± 0.2 3.9 ± 0.3 Postimplantation death,% 3.3 ± 0.2 4.2 ± 0.5 Total embryonic mortality,% 6.2 ± 0.9 7.8 ± 0.8 The mass of fruits, g 2.81 ± 0.05 2.84 ± 0.03 The mass of the placenta, g 0.60 ± 0.01 0.61 ± 0.01 Fetal placental coefficient, conventional units 21.3 21,4

From table 4 it follows that the use of extracts from extruded feed in experimental rats did not contribute to inhibition of the reproductive function of females, and a decrease in the number of corpus luteum in the ovaries did not lead to an increase in pre- and post-implantation death compared with the control. Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the proposed feed does not have embryotoxic properties.

When studying the teratogenic effect of extruded roughage during external examination of embryos, there were no signs of malformations. A study of the state of internal organs did not reveal anomalies in the development of organs in all experimental animals. The study of the skeleton of the embryos showed that the studied feed did not affect the laying and development of the bone system of rats.

The remaining pregnant rats, 12 animals each in the experimental and control groups, were used to produce offspring. The results of observations of the development of experimental rats and the resulting offspring are presented in table 5.

Table 5 Indicators Group experience the control Duration of pregnancy, days 21.1 ± 0.3 21.0 ± 0.1 The number of rats born 120 119 Stillbirth,% - - Craniocaudal dimensions, cm: Newborns 4.89 ± 0.09 4.91 ± 0.07 On the 8th day 7.65 ± 0.11 7.67 ± 0.07 On the 16th day 8.71 ± 0.08 8.73 ± 0.06 On the 24th day 16.58 ± 0.12 16.57 ± 0.08 On the 28th day 18.64 ± 0.15 18.65 ± 0.06 Duration of ear detachment, days 4.25 ± 0.08 4.24 ± 0.07 The period of pubescence, days 7.49 ± 0.14 7.48 ± 0.12 Duration of insight, days 15.22 ± 0.09 15.23 ± 0.06 Postnatal mortality by day 28,% 2,50 ± 0,5 2,52 ± 0,6

From table 5 it follows that the experimental rat pups obtained from rats that were intragastrically injected with a water-alcohol extract from the studied extruded feed did not differ from the control animals in craniocaudal sizes, terms of ear detachment, pubescence, insight and indicators of postnatal mortality, therefore, the proposed feed does not have embryotoxic and teratogenic effects.

As a result of pharmacotoxicological studies using various (mice, rats, rabbits) laboratory animals, it was found that extruded roughage according to the hygienic classification according to the main hazard parameters belongs to non-toxic compounds, and according to the degree of danger GOST 12.1.007.76 - to class IV.

Determination of the irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes showed that the test food does not have an irritating and allergenic effect. A study of the effect of extruded roughage on the reproductive qualities of female animals and the consequences on the offspring made it possible to conclude that the test feed does not have embryotoxic and teratogenic effects.

Thus, the proposed extruded roughage does not have a toxic effect on animals, promotes the disposal of wood waste and can be used for feeding farm animals, mainly cattle and small cattle, for partial or complete replacement of bulky feed. High-temperature fermentation with a multienzyme preparation at a temperature of 50-55 ° C with further processing of the wood-grain feed mixture in a disintegrator and extrusion at a temperature of 110-160 ° C and a pressure of 40-80 atm helps to reduce the amount of crude fiber, in particular lignin, and increase protein and sugar in the original material. After extrusion, granulation of the product is possible, which will also contribute to the further breakdown of the nutrients of the wood-grain mixture and will reduce the volume of the final product, which will reduce the cost of transportation. The size of the final product - granules will not exceed 4 mm, which is most optimal for feeding ruminants.

Claims (1)

A method of preparing extruded dry feed for farm animals, mainly for cattle and small cattle, characterized in that it provides for the feeding into the disintegrator of components pre-crushed to a size of 20 mm with a high content of crude fiber in an amount of 70-80% of the total weight of the dry mixture and components with a relatively low content of crude fiber in an amount of 20-30% of the total weight of the dry mixture, additional grinding of the components, their homogenization and fermentation polyenzyme preparations at a temperature of 50-55 ° C, unloading the resulting mixture from a disintegrator, keeping it for 30-40 minutes for final fermentation and extrusion at a temperature of 110-160 ° C and a pressure of 40-80 atm, while as components with high the content of crude fiber is used in sawdust, straw, husk, husk, and as components with a low content of crude fiber, cereals, bran, cake, meal are used.