JP7471107B2 - Feed for monogastric livestock - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to feed for monogastric livestock. In particular, the present invention relates to feed that can reduce fecal weight while preventing soft or watery stools.

In the livestock industry, proper disposal of livestock waste is required, and a great deal of effort and cost is spent on it.
For example, in terms of feed processing, it has been proposed to reduce the amount of excrement by pelleting or expanding feed, and in terms of feed formulation, technology has been proposed to reduce excrement while maintaining livestock growth.

For example, Patent Document 1 proposes reducing the amount of feces excreted by pigs by feeding them feed containing specific amounts of β-glucanase, xylanase, and pectinase. Patent Document 2 proposes reducing the amount of excreta from livestock and poultry by using feed containing Tartary buckwheat. Patent Document 3 proposes reducing the amount of excreta from livestock by using feed containing 0.1 to 30% rapeseed meal with a protein content of 41% or more and crude fiber of 8% or less.

JP 2001-299236 A JP 2006-174790 A International Publication No. 2009/157112

Previously, technologies have been proposed to reduce livestock manure through feed formulation, but these either required special feed ingredients or were not effective enough.
In view of the above circumstances, an object of the present invention is to provide a technique capable of reducing fecal weight while preventing loose or watery stools.

After extensive research, the inventors have succeeded in reducing the feces weight of monogastric livestock without significantly changing the moisture content of the feces by adding a certain amount of rice to the feed and one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of xylanase, protease, and amylase to the feed.

The present invention includes, but is not limited to, the following aspects.
[1] A feed for reducing the weight of feces in monogastric livestock, comprising 13% by weight or more of rice and containing one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of xylanase, protease, and amylase.
[2] The feed according to [1], which contains any one of xylanase, protease, and amylase.
[3] The feed according to [1] or [2], which is for birds.
[4] A method for raising livestock, comprising feeding the feed according to any one of [1] to [3] to monogastric livestock.
[5] A method for reducing feces weight in livestock, comprising feeding the feed according to any one of [1] to [3] to monogastric livestock.

The feed of the present invention can maintain the growth of monogastric livestock, prevent soft or watery stools, and reduce fecal weight.

1 is a graph showing the results of Experiment 1.

The present invention relates to feed for monogastric livestock, which can reduce fecal weight while preventing soft or watery feces. The feed of the present invention contains 13% by weight or more of rice and one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of xylanase, protease, and amylase. If the rice content is less than 13% by weight, a satisfactory reduction in fecal weight is not observed, and even if the rice content is 13% by weight or more, if it does not contain one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of xylanase, protease, and amylase, the fecal weight will decrease but the feces may become soft or watery. Soft or watery feces are difficult to handle during feces processing and lead to poor sanitary conditions.

The monogastric livestock of the present invention means livestock with one stomach. The livestock of the present invention means animals that are tamed and raised for human use for their products (milk, meat, eggs, hair, skin, fur, etc.) or abilities (strength, senses, etc.). Examples of monogastric livestock include, but are not limited to, pigs, birds, horses, dogs, etc. Digestion and absorption of feed is actively carried out in the small intestine of monogastric livestock, and in the stomach of ruminant livestock. Digestion and absorption in the small intestine of monogastric livestock involves intestinal juice, pancreatic juice, membrane enzymes present in the microvilli of the small intestine, and there is no significant difference between monogastric livestock. The monogastric livestock of the present invention is preferably pigs and birds, and more preferably birds. Birds include chickens, quails, turkeys, ducks, geese, etc. More preferably, chickens, and even more preferably adult chickens. The adult chicken of the present invention refers to chickens after the start of egg laying, other than breeding chickens.

The feed of the present invention contains rice as a grain. There are no particular limitations on the type or form of rice to be mixed with the feed of the present invention, and polished rice, brown rice, unhulled rice, etc. can be used as is, mixed, or processed as appropriate. When processing rice, for example, physical treatments such as heat treatment and crushing treatment; chemical treatments such as acid treatment and alkali treatment; and biological treatments such as enzyme treatment and fermentation treatment can be used alone or in combination. Preferably, polished rice and/or brown rice are used as is or after physical treatment, and more preferably, polished rice and/or brown rice are used as is or after crushing treatment. In the present invention, the amount of rice to be mixed with the feed is 13% by weight or more, preferably 15% by weight or more, and may be 19% by weight or more. There are no particular limitations on the upper limit of the amount of rice to be mixed, but it is preferably 70% by weight or less, more preferably 55% by weight or less, and may be 40% by weight or less. The crude protein content and crude fat content of the rice are not particularly limited, but the crude protein content can be, for example, 5.0 to 9.3% by weight, 5.6 to 8.7% by weight, or 6.2 to 8.1% by weight, and the crude fat content can be, for example, 4.2% by weight or less, 0.1 to 3.7% by weight, or 0.3 to 3.2% by weight. The crude fiber content of the rice is also not particularly limited, but can be, for example, 1.6% by weight or less, 1.3% by weight or less, or 0.1 to 1.0% by weight.

The feed of the present invention contains one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of xylanase, protease, and amylase. In a preferred embodiment, two or more enzymes selected from xylanase, protease, and amylase are contained, and in a more preferred embodiment, all of xylanase, protease, and amylase are contained. When all of xylanase, protease, and amylase are contained, an enzyme preparation containing all of xylanase, protease, and amylase may be contained. Examples of enzyme preparations containing all of xylanase, protease, and amylase include Avisyme 1500 and Avisyme 1502 from Danisco. The amount of the enzyme preparation to be contained is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 5000 ppm, more preferably 10 to 2500 ppm, and even more preferably 50 to 1000 ppm.

Xylanase is an enzyme that breaks down xylan into xylose, and breaks down hemicellulose, a major component of plant cell walls. In the present invention, any known xylanase can be used as appropriate. In a preferred embodiment, the xylanase activity per kg of feed may be 0.3 to 3,000 xylan saccharification power units, more preferably 3 to 1,500 xylan saccharification power units, and even more preferably 15 to 600 xylan saccharification power units, according to the xylan saccharification power test method described in the Ministerial Ordinance on the Ingredient Standards, etc. of Feed and Feed Additives.

Protease is an enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds. In the present invention, a known protease can be used as appropriate, and preferably an alkaline protease with an optimal pH in the alkaline range. In a preferred embodiment, the protease activity per kg of feed may be 4 to 30,000 protein digestive units, more preferably 40 to 15,000 protein digestive units, and even more preferably 200 to 6,000 protein digestive units, according to the protein digestive activity test method described in the Ministerial Ordinance on the Ingredient Standards of Feed and Feed Additives.

Amylase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes glycosidic bonds and breaks down amylose and amylopectin in starch into monosaccharides such as glucose and disaccharides such as maltose and oligosaccharides. In the present invention, any known amylase can be used as appropriate. In a preferred embodiment, the amylase activity per kg of feed may be 0.2 to 2500 starch saccharification power units, more preferably 2 to 1200 starch saccharification power units, and even more preferably 10 to 500 starch saccharification power units, according to the starch saccharification power test method described in the Ministerial Ordinance on the Compositional Standards of Feed and Feed Additives.

In addition to the above-mentioned raw materials, any material generally used in feeds can be used in the feed of the present invention, so long as it does not impair the effects of the present invention. For example, grains other than rice, such as corn, milo, barley, wheat, and rye; bran and rice bran; vegetable oil cakes, such as soybean meal and rapeseed meal; animal feeds, such as fish meal and meat and bone meal; oligosaccharides; oils and fats, such as animal fats and oils and vegetable fats; various vitamins, such as vitamin B1 and vitamin E; minerals, such as salt, silicic acid, calcium carbonate, and tricalcium phosphate; amino acids; and organic acids, can be blended.

In the feed of the present invention, the grains other than rice to be mixed may or may not have husks. Also, only the husks of grains other than rice may be mixed separately. Suitable examples include bran (e.g., wheat bran, barley bran, oat bran, rye bran, etc.), corn seed coat, and bean husk (e.g., soybean husk, adzuki bean husk, etc.).

The form of the feed according to the present invention is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the type of subject to be fed, the breeding period, etc. For example, mash feed, pellet feed, crumble feed, expander feed, flake feed, etc. may be selected as is or as a mixture of these. Mash feed is made by mixing powdered or liquid raw materials with pulverized grain raw materials, pellet feed is made by adding moisture to mashed feed using steam or the like, heating and adjusting the moisture, and pressurizing it, crumble feed is made by roughly crushing pellet feed, expander feed is made by adding steam and extruding it under high pressure, and flake feed is made by adding moisture to grain raw materials using steam or the like, heating and adjusting the moisture, and rolling it into flakes.

In one aspect, the present invention is a method for producing a feed. The feed of the present invention can be produced by mixing grains including rice and raw materials containing at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of xylanase, protease, and amylase.

When mixing the raw materials, known means may be used, for example, a single-shaft or twin-shaft mixer, a chopping mixer such as a bowl cutter or silent cutter, or a grinding mixer. The raw materials may all be mixed at the same time, or may be mixed in several batches, such as by mixing some of the materials in advance and then mixing the remaining materials. The viscosity of each raw material may be appropriately adjusted before mixing, or pre-processing such as grinding or crushing may be performed.

In the present invention, the raw materials may be dried to an appropriate moisture content after mixing. Drying may be performed by any known method, such as natural drying, ventilation drying, heat drying, reduced pressure drying, or freeze drying. It is preferable to dry to a moisture content of about 1 to 15% by weight, and more preferably to a moisture content of 9 to 15% by weight. If the moisture content is low, the material will be prone to dusting, making it difficult to work with, while if the moisture content is high, it will be prone to spoilage, causing storage problems. The moisture content of the feed can be measured based on the "Fifth Edition: Manual for the Analysis of the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan" (I-1. Normal Pressure Heat Drying Method, I-1-1. Direct Method).

In one aspect, the present invention is a method for raising monogastric livestock, which comprises feeding the above-mentioned feed, and further, the present invention is a method for reducing the feces weight of monogastric livestock, which comprises feeding the above-mentioned feed. In the present invention, it is possible to feed only the feed of the present invention throughout the entire period of rearing, but it is also possible to feed the feed of the present invention only for a certain period of time, and it may be used in combination with other feeds.

The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to specific examples, but the present invention is not limited to the specific examples below. In this specification, concentrations and the like are based on weight, and numerical ranges are described as including their endpoints, unless otherwise specified.

The following raw materials were used in the following experiments. The feed numbers from the "Standard Feed Composition Tables of Japan (2009 Edition)" (Central Livestock Industry Association) as well as the crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber are listed as mean values ± standard deviations.
Corn (feed number 5501, crude protein: 7.6±0.3% by weight, crude fat: 3.8±0.4% by weight, crude fiber: 1.7±0.2% by weight)
Brown rice (feed number 5601, crude protein: 7.5±0.6% by weight, crude fat: 2.7±0.5% by weight, crude fiber: 0.7±0.3% by weight)
Polished rice (Feed No. 5611, crude protein: 6.8±0.6% by weight, crude fat: 0.5±0.2% by weight, crude fiber: 0.2±0.1% by weight)
Soybean meal (feed number 7451, crude protein: 45.0±1.4% by weight, crude fat: 1.9±0.6% by weight, crude fiber: 5.3±0.6% by weight)
Rapeseed meal (feed number 7501, crude protein: 37.3±1.4% by weight, crude fat: 2.9±0.7% by weight, crude fiber: 9.4±0.8% by weight)
Corn gluten meal (feed number 7771, crude protein: 63.7±3.0% by weight, crude fat: 2.5±1.8% by weight, crude fiber: 0.8±0.6% by weight)
Corn distillers grain solubles (DDGS; feed number 6588, crude protein: 26.2±1.6% by weight, crude fat: 11.0±1.3% by weight, crude fiber: 7.0±0.7% by weight)
Wheat bran (feed number 6151, crude protein: 15.7±0.9% by weight, crude fat: 4.3±0.5% by weight, crude fiber: 9.5±0.6% by weight)
Corn gluten feed (feed number 6331, crude protein: 20.9±1.5% by weight, crude fat: 3.6±1.2% by weight, crude fiber: 7.5±1.3% by weight)
Animal fats and oils (feed number 8950, crude fat: 99.0% by weight)
Experiment 1
1-1. Preparation of Feeds Control Feed 1 was prepared based on the formula shown in Table 1-1 to meet the requirements for egg-laying hens in the egg-laying season (for daily egg production of 56g) as stated in the "Japan Feeding Standards for Poultry (2011 edition)" (Central Livestock Industry Association). The values of the ingredients were taken from the values listed in the "Japan Standard Feed Composition Tables (2009 edition)". Then, control feed 1 was mixed with each ingredient in a ratio of 7:3 to prepare each test group feed. The moisture content was set to a range of 10-13% by weight. Other ingredients listed in Table 1-1 include calcium compounds, as well as trace elements such as vitamins, minerals, and methionine to equalize the amino acid composition.

1-2. Feeding to birds Laying hens were selected as birds and fed the prepared target feed 1 and each test feed under the following conditions.
(Feeding test conditions)
- Test period: 4 days or more of preliminary test period followed by 3 days of feeding - Test chickens: White Leghorn (Julia Light)
Age: Approximately 365 days old at the start of feeding Number of birds: 3 birds for each test area and for the control area Feeding method: Restricted feeding of 100g/day per bird (free access to water)
1-3. Feces analysis All feces were collected, observed, and weighed for three days after feeding each feed. The feces weight in the test group fed with control feed 1 was set as 100, and the feces weight in each test group was evaluated.

As is clear from the results in Table 1-2 and Figure 1, the feces weight was reduced by feeding the control feed 1 mixed with rice. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the feces properties between the test sections, and feeding the control feed mixed with rice did not result in soft or watery stools.

Experiment 2
2-1. Preparation of Feeds Control Feed 2 was prepared based on the recipe shown in Table 2-1 so as to meet the requirements of egg-laying hens in the egg-laying season (in the case of daily egg production of 56 g) described in the "Japanese Feeding Standard for Poultry (2011 edition)". The values of the ingredients were taken from the values in the "Japanese Standard Feed Composition Table (2009 edition)". Test Feed 2 was prepared based on the recipe shown in Table 2-1 so as to meet the requirements of egg-laying hens in the egg-laying season (in the case of daily egg production of 56 g) described in the "Japanese Feeding Standard for Poultry (2011 edition)" and to be equivalent to the metabolic energy of 2,800 kcal/kg, methionine of 0.30 wt%, lysine of 0.65 wt%, calcium of 3.6 wt%, and available phosphorus of 0.22 wt% of Control Feed 2. The rice content was 23 parts by weight. The moisture content was in the range of 10 to 13 wt%. The other raw materials listed in Table 2-1 include calcium compounds, as well as trace elements such as vitamins, minerals, and methionine to balance the amino acid composition. Note that soybean meal, rapeseed meal, and corn gluten meal are collectively referred to as vegetable meal here.

2-2. Feeding of birds Laying hens were selected as birds and fed the prepared control feed 2 and test feed 2 under the following conditions.
(Feeding test conditions)
・Test period: 3 months ・Test chickens: White Leghorn (Julia Light)
Age: Approximately 620 days old at the start of feeding Number of chickens: Approximately 25,000 chickens for target area 2 and test area 2 Rearing environment: Windowless chicken coop (upright 8-tier cage) at a production farm in Chiba Prefecture
Feeding method: Ad libitum feeding (free water)
2-3. Analysis of feces The weight of the total feces was measured using a weighing scale when feces were removed once every two days.

Table 2-2 shows the daily feces weight (g) per chicken. Compared to control feed 2, the feces weight was reduced by feeding test feed 2, which contained 23 parts by weight of brown rice. However, in the test group fed test feed 2, the feces were misshapen and appeared soft or watery. This is an issue that needs to be resolved, as it leads to poor handling of the chicken feces and poor hygiene in the chicken coop.

Experiment 3
3-1. Preparation of Feed Test Feed 3-1 was prepared based on the formula shown in Table 3-1 so as to meet the requirements for egg-laying hens (for daily egg production of 56g) as described in the "Japanese Feeding Standard for Poultry (2011 edition)". The component values of the raw materials were those listed in the "Japanese Standard Feed Composition Table (2009 edition)". Then, an enzyme preparation was added to Test Feed 3-1 as shown below to prepare Test Feeds 3-2 to 3-4. That is, test feed 3-1 contained no enzymes, test feed 3-2 contained 0.02 parts by weight of an enzyme preparation containing cellulase (Lonozyme VP, DSM, 60 fiber saccharification power units/kg), test feed 3-3 contained 0.01 parts by weight of an enzyme preparation containing β-glucanase (Lonozyme Multigrain, DSM, 18,000 β-glucan saccharification power units/kg), and control feed 3-4 contained 0.035 parts by weight of an enzyme preparation containing xylanase, protease, and amylase (Avizyme 1502, Danisco, xylanase: 600,000 xylan saccharification power units/kg, alkaline protease: 6,000,000 protein digestion power units/kg, amylase: 450,000 starch saccharification power units/kg). The activity of each enzyme was measured by the test method described in the Ministerial Ordinance on the Component Standards of Feed and Feed Additives, and was expressed as fiber saccharification power units for cellulase, β-glucanase, xylanase, protein digestion power units for alkaline protease, and starch saccharification power units for amylase. The moisture content was in the range of 10 to 13% by weight.

The other raw materials listed in Table 3-1 include calcium compounds, as well as trace elements such as vitamins, minerals, and methionine to balance the amino acid composition. Note that soybean meal, rapeseed meal, and corn gluten meal are collectively referred to as vegetable meal here.

3-2. Feeding to birds Laying hens were selected as the birds and fed each of the prepared test feeds under the following conditions.
(Feeding test conditions)
- Test period: 4 days or more of preliminary test period followed by 3 days of feeding - Test chickens: White Leghorn (Julia Light)
Age: Approximately 494 days old at the start of feeding Number of birds: 3 birds for each test group Feeding method: Restricted feeding of 100g/day per bird 3-3. Analysis of excreta All feces were collected and observed for 3 days during which each test feed was fed, and the weight and moisture content were measured. The results are shown in Table 3-2. Feces weight was significantly reduced by feeding test feed 3-4, which further contained an enzyme preparation containing xylanase, protease, and amylase, compared to test feed 3-1, which contained 16 parts by weight of rice. From the results of experiments 1 and 2, it can be assumed that the feces weight was reduced by feeding test feed 3-1, which contained 16 parts by weight of rice, but it was found that the effect of reducing feces weight was enhanced by adding an enzyme preparation containing xylanase, protease, and amylase. In addition, there was no significant difference in the properties of the feces between the test groups, and the feces did not become soft or watery. The moisture content of the feces also showed no change when an enzyme preparation containing xylanase, protease, or amylase was added. Experiment 2 suggested that increasing the rice content in the feed would result in soft or watery stools, but the results of Experiment 3 showed that there was no problem with the properties of the feces as long as the rice content in the feed was 16 parts by weight or less.

Experiment 4
4-1. Preparation of Feeds Control Feed 4 was prepared based on the formula shown in Table 2-1 so as to meet the requirements for egg-laying hens (in the case of daily egg production of 56 g) described in the "Japanese Feeding Standards for Poultry (2011 Edition)". The values of the ingredients were taken from the values in the "Japanese Standard Feed Composition Tables (2009 Edition)". Test Feed 4 was prepared based on the formula shown in Table 4-1 so as to meet the requirements for egg-laying hens (in the case of daily egg production of 56 g) described in the "Japanese Feeding Standards for Poultry (2011 Edition)" and to be equivalent to the metabolic energy of 2,850 kcal/kg, methionine of 0.34 wt%, lysine of 0.76 wt%, calcium of 3.6 wt%, and available phosphorus of 0.23 wt% of Control Feed 4. The rice content was 23 parts by weight, and the enzyme preparation (Abizyme 1502) containing xylanase, protease, and amylase was 0.035 parts by weight. The moisture content was in the range of 10 to 13% by weight. The other raw materials listed in Table 4-1 include calcium compounds, as well as trace components such as vitamins, minerals, and methionine to equalize the amino acid composition. Here, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, and corn gluten meal are collectively referred to as vegetable meal.

4-2. Feeding of birds Laying hens were selected as birds and fed the prepared control feed 4 and test feed 4 under the following conditions.
(Feeding test conditions)
・Test period: 2 months ・Test chickens: White Leghorn (Julia Light)
Number of birds: Approximately 230,000 birds (approximately 330 days old) in target area 4, and 27,000 birds (approximately 270 days old) in test area 4
- Rearing environment: Windowless chicken coop (upright 8-tier cages) at a production farm in Chiba Prefecture
Feeding method: Ad libitum feeding (free water)
4-3. Analysis of excrement The weight of the total feces was measured using a weighing scale when the feces were removed once every two days.

Table 4-2 shows the daily feces weight (g) per chicken. Compared to control feed 2, the feces weight was clearly reduced by feeding test feed 4, which contained 26 parts by weight of rice and 0.035 parts by weight of an enzyme preparation containing xylanase, protease, and amylase. In addition, there was no significant difference in the properties of the feces when compared to control feed 2, and the stool did not become soft or watery. There was also no change in the moisture content of the feces.

Based on this, by adding a certain amount of rice to the feed and further adding an enzyme preparation containing xylanase, protease, and amylase to the feed, it was possible to reduce the feces weight without affecting the properties of the feces.

Claims (5)

A feed for reducing feces weight in monogastric livestock, comprising:
The feed described above contains 13% by weight or more of polished rice and/or brown rice, and is formulated with any of xylanase, protease, and amylase. The feed according to claim 1 , which is a feed for reducing the droppings weight of birds . The feed according to claim 1 or 2, which is a feed for reducing the feces weight of adult egg-laying hens. A method for raising monogastric livestock, comprising feeding the feed according to any one of claims 1 to 3 to the monogastric livestock. A method for reducing the feces weight of monogastric livestock, comprising feeding the feed according to any one of claims 1 to 3 to the monogastric livestock.

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