RU2507865C1 - Fodder additive for pigs in fattening period and method for pigs feeding using said additive - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: food industry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to feeding of farm animals, in particular, pigs in the fattening period and is intended for preparation of full ration feedstuffs in feedstuff industry or directly at farms. The fodder additive for pig in the fattening period contains vegetable oil, chalky flour, defluorinated phosphate, culinary salt, a mineral-and-vitamin complex, the following synthetic amino acids: lysine, threonine and methionine, soya bean extraction cake. All the components are taken at the specified ratio. The method for feeding pigs in the fattening period involves feeding of the additive in an amount of 4.5-5.5% of the base ration, in addition to with the base ration containing grains. The additive is fed to pigs at an age from 121 to 205 days.

EFFECT: proposed additive application in the ration of pigs being fatted enhances intensity of pigs growth, meat quality due to gain in carcass weight and flesh weight as well as due to protein content increase and reduction of fat yield in the carcass with simultaneous reduction of fodders consumption per product unit.

2 cl, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the feeding of farm animals, in particular pigs during the fattening period, and can be used in the preparation of complete feed in the feed industry or directly in farms.

With intensive management of pigs in conditions of both industrial and traditional technology for keeping pigs, biologically complete feeding is a decisive factor in obtaining high productivity. At the same time, it is planned to provide pigs with not only high-quality protein and energy feeds, but also with limiting amino acids, vitamins, microelements, antioxidants, enzyme preparations and other biologically active substances.

Optimization of the nutritional conditions adequate to the physiological needs of pigs contributes to a more complete realization of the productive potential with minimal feed costs per unit of production. The development of balancing additives for complete feed with the optimal content of protein, energy, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals, which allows to obtain high daily average growth, increase the efficiency of feed bioconversion per unit of production and meat quality, is an urgent problem in the pig breeding industry.

A known method of feeding pigs for fattening, including the enrichment of basic diets with protein supplements of plant and animal origin (Rostovtsev N.F., 1963). Herbal supplements have a low content of essential amino acids, and animal supplements are expensive.

Also known is a method of feeding pigs for fattening using full-feed compound feed, which provides for the introduction of corn, barley, wheat, meal of sunflower and soybean, grass and fish meal, fodder yeast, fodder fat, phosphate, as well as biologically active substances as part of P52- premixes 1 and P55-2 (Kalashnikov A.P. et al., 2003).

It is known that for balancing diets for protein, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, various protein-vitamin (BVD) and protein-vitamin-mineral supplements (BVMD) containing high-protein animal and vegetable feeds, vitamin preparations, macro- and microelements are widely used , other biologically active substances (Venediktov AM, 1983; Petrukhin I.V., 1989; Solntsev K.M. et al., 1990; Kuznetsov S.G. et al., 2000; Bulatov A.P. et al., 2005). In particular, for pigs during the fattening period, BVMD 55-2-55-8, Elixir, SV-2, SV-3 and Finisher from the Dutch company Provimi, containing sunflower cake and fuze, flaxseed meal, soybean meal, rapeseed and sunflower, fish, meat and bone and grass flour, fodder yeast, wheat bran, peas, barley, sapropel, defluorinated phosphate, feed chalk, table salt, premix, synthetic amino acids. The norms for introducing these additives make up 10-20% of the amount of grain mixture given to fattening pigs (Solntsev K.M. et al., 1990; Patent for invention No. 2096968 of 1997; S. Kuznetsov et al., 2000 ; Sergeev, I.A., 2008).

The disadvantages of the above methods of feeding and feed additives for fattening pigs include:

- high crude protein content (at the level of 12-16%) in compound feeds prepared and prepared on the basis of these methods and additives, expensive components are used for their manufacture, as a result of which the cost of production is high;

- compounding of feed and additives developed without taking into account the concept of "ideal protein", which can dramatically reduce the cost of protein by regulating the level and ratio of amino acids and providing them in exact accordance with the need for pigs for fattening and thereby reduce the cost of protein components in diets;

- the levels of need for essential amino acids, metabolic energy and other nutrients that are physiologically more adequate for new generation pigs with high growth potential are not taken into account;

- The recommended input standards for the main diet BVMD 55-2-55-8, Elixir, SV-2, SV-3 and Finisher of the Dutch company Provimi are overstated and make up 10-20%.

The problem solved by the present invention is to create a feed additive and method for feeding pigs during the fattening period, devoid of these disadvantages. The technical result of the invention is to increase the growth rate of crossbreeding pigs during the fattening period, the quality of their meat by increasing the mass of carcasses, pulp in it, protein content and reducing the yield of fat in the carcass, while reducing feed costs per unit of production.

To solve this problem, as well as to achieve the claimed technical result, an additive to pig feed during fattening is proposed, containing soybean meal, vegetable oil, limestone flour, defluorinated phosphate, common salt, mineral and vitamin complex, as well as synthetic amino acids: lysine, threonine and methionine.

Additionally, it is proposed to add these components in the following ratio, mass fraction (%):

vegetable oil 17.5-18.5 defluorinated phosphate 28.5-29.5 limestone flour 8.0-8.5 table salt 7.5-8.5 mineral and vitamin complex 4,5-5,5 lysine 9.5-10.5 threonine 4.0-5.0 methionine 3.0-3.5 soybean meal rest

To solve the problem and achieve the claimed technical result, a method for feeding pigs during the fattening period is proposed, which consists in the use of a basic diet containing grain, and additional feeding to the feed pigs of the above additives in an amount of 4.5-5.5% of the main diet. Moreover, additional feeding supplements to fattening pigs is proposed to be made at the age of 121 to 205 days.

When developing a new additive, we proceeded from the following provisions:

- the components in the composition of the balancing additive are introduced in such quantities that they are physiologically more adequate for intensively fed cross-breeding pigs;

- appeal to the concept of "ideal protein" in the development of additives and in this regard, the use of synthetic amino acids lysine, methionine and threonine allows the pigs to be provided with amino acids during the fattening period in exact accordance with their need without excess and deficiency. As a result of this, it was possible to reduce the intake of expensive protein feed and the rate of introduction of a balancing supplement into the low protein diet by an average of 5%;

- feeding the supplement as part of low protein diets favorably affects the health of pigs, cases of diarrhea are reduced, as the body has less substrate for the development of pathogenic microflora and toxic factors: amines and ammonia;

- increasing the energy value of the additive due to vegetable oil as a source of fatty acids - an energy component with a nitrogen-saving effect;

- the use of the mineral-vitamin complex as a source of minerals and vitamins in amounts that ensure the norm of animal needs for these substances and stimulate metabolic processes in the body.

Fattening pigs is the final process in pork production. The level of production and the quality of pork, as well as the profitability of the industry as a whole, largely depend on its proper organization and biologically complete feeding system. The purpose of fattening is to maximize pig growth at the lowest feed consumption. Therefore, feeding pigs during this period should be distinguished by an exceptionally high level and usefulness. For fattening pigs, balancing diets for protein and essential amino acids is very important. It is known that the biological value of a protein is determined by the degree of its balance in essential amino acids, and the level of digestibility of amino acids should correspond to the needs of animals with a minimum protein content in the diet. In this case, it is possible to use cheaper feed in pigs, in particular cereal grains with a low protein level. The optimal need for essential amino acids in fattening pigs is realized through the so-called “ideal proteins”, in which the amount of essential and non-essential amino acids in the diet is about 10%. The amino acid composition of proteins accumulated in the body is very similar to that of “ideal proteins”. It must also be remembered that the need for protein (amino acids) to maintain life by 50% or more is satisfied due to endogenous protein loss. The problem of balancing amino acids is mainly solved through the use of the concept of "ideal protein" and dietary correction through the inclusion of individual synthetic amino acids. For example, the introduction into the main diet of growing and fattening pigs in small amounts of soybean meal and crystalline lysine, methionine and threonine ensures a balanced supply of amino acids in optimal proportions to the metabolic pool. Based on this concept, it is possible to establish the most effective levels and ratios of essential amino acids in the diets of growing and fattening pigs, as well as develop optimal variants of the ratios of amino acids to protein and metabolic energy (Warnants N., Van Oeckel MJ, De Paepe M., 2001; Gomez RS , Lewis AJ, Miller PS, Chen H.-Y, 2002; Yerimbetov KT, 2007).

Fatty acids, which serve as a source of energy and are the structural elements of cells, are of great importance in feeding pigs for fattening. Fatty acids such as arachidonic, linoleic and linolenic are essential and must be supplied with food. The inclusion of vegetable oil in the diet increases the content of linoleic acid and enhances the nitrogen-saving effect of the feed mixture. Deficiency of fatty acids in the diet, in particular linoleic, causes a slowdown in pig growth and metabolic disorders (Petrukhin I.V., 1970; Makhaev E.A., 2008).

The need for pigs during the fattening period for minerals is very high. The basis of the diet in most cases is feed that is poor in calcium, phosphorus and other elements, so the addition of macronutrients is necessary. If one of them is deficient or absent, the metabolism is impaired in pigs and productivity decreases. To balance rations for macronutrients, chalk, phosphorus-calcium supplements and table salt are used. The addition of 0.4% sodium chloride to the diet completely satisfies the need of pigs during the feeding period for sodium and chlorine. In order to balance rations of calcium and phosphorus for fattening pigs, limestone flour with a calcium content of 33% and defluorinated phosphate, in contrast to other phosphorus-calcium feed, are most effective. The structure of phosphate-free fluoride (GOST 23990-80) includes: phosphorus - not less than 16%, calcium - not more than 34%.

For micronutrients and vitamins, diets are balanced by premixes, which ensure the norm of animal needs for these substances and stimulate metabolic processes in the body of pigs for fattening and have a therapeutic and preventive effect. When rationing the mineral and vitamin nutrition of pigs during the fattening period, vitamins - retinol (A) or carotene, ergocalciferol (D ₃ ), riboflavin (B ₂ ), pantothenic acid (B ₃ ), choline (B ₄ ), nicotinamide ( ₅ ), cyancobalamin (B ₁₂ ) and trace elements - iron, manganese, zinc, copper, cobalt, iodine, selenium (Kalashnikov A.P. et al., 2003; Makhaev E.A., 2008).

Guided by the above, as well as to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed supplement, we tested it both against the background of low protein diets (protein level 10-11%), usually used for fattening pigs in private subsidiary farms, and against the background of normalized feeding (protein level 12-16%) (Rostovtsev N.F., 1963; Kalashnikov A.P. et al. 2003), as well as animal feed prepared using BVMD 55-2-55-8, "Elixir", SV-2, SV -3 and Finisher of the Dutch company Provimi.

The active principle on the body of fattening pigs is carried out by feeding (against the background of low protein diets based on barley and wheat) the proposed supplement containing components that provide a greater and balanced supply of amino acids in optimal proportions to the metabolic pool, for example, soybean meal, lysine, methionine and threonine, vegetable oil as a source of fatty acids is an energy component with a nitrogen-saving effect, and a mineral-vitamin complex (premix used for sk rmlivaniya pigs in industrial complexes for the intensive rearing and fattening), common salt, limestone flour, defluorinated phosphate as sources of mineral substances and vitamins in amounts to provide the rate needs of animals in these materials and stimulating metabolic processes in the body.

To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed additives, experimental studies were carried out on cross-breed pigs (Landrace × large white; Pic-402 × large white), fed from 121 to 205 days old in several series of experiments.

In all experiments, groups were formed by the method of analog groups at the age of 121 days, the average live weight in groups of 52-54 kg. The number of animals in the groups was 16 goals. The experiments continued until reaching a live weight of 107-114 kg. In the course of the experiments, they conducted a clinical examination of the animals, took into account the feed intake and examined their chemical composition, pigs were periodically weighed. At the end of the experiments, balance experiments and control slaughter of 4-5 animals from each group were carried out, followed by deboning of carcasses and taking blood and tissue samples for biochemical studies.

The diets for piglets are presented in table 1.

As can be seen from the table, for pigs of the 1st control group, diets were modeled so that they corresponded to the feeding standards for this age in terms of metabolic energy, crude protein, limiting amino acids (Rostovtsev N.F., 1963; Kalashnikov A.P., and et al., 2003) and were identical to compound feeds prepared using BVMD 55-2 -55-8, Elixir, SV-2, SV-3 and Finisher of the Dutch company Provimi. Animals of the 2nd control group received a barley-wheat-based low protein diet with a crude protein content in the range of 107-114 g per kg of feed. Pigs of the experimental group with the proposed option received a new additive in an amount of 5% relative to the main diet (Table 1), containing a mass fraction (%): soybean meal - 16.0; vegetable oil - 18.0; defluorinated phosphate - 29.0; limestone flour - 8.2; table salt - 8.0; vitamin-mineral complex - 5.0; lysine - 10.0; threonine - 4.4; methionine - 3.2.

Table 1 Composition and nutritional value of feed for pigs aged 121-205 days,% Components Groups 1st (control) 2nd (control) experience (proposed supplement) 1st period of fattening 2nd period of fattening 1st period of fattening 2nd period of fattening Wheat 24.5 15.0 10.0 20,0 20,0 Barley 34.3 38.8 77.5 66.5 75.0 Corn - - - 10.0 - Oats 10.0 10.0 - - - Wheat bran 12.0 17.0 9.0 - Soybean meal 3.0 - - - Sunflower meal 12.0 15.0 - - Fish meal 1,5 1.7 - - Defluorinated Phosphate - - 1,6 1,6 5% Monocalcium phosphate 0.8 1,0 - - Common salt 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 Limestone flour 0.5 - 0.5 0.5 Premix KS-4 1,0 - 1,0 - Premix KS-5 - 1,0 - 1,0 In 1 kg of feed contains: Metabolic energy, MJ 12.5 12,4 11.9 12,2 12.7 Crude protein, g 154 141 114 105 105 Lysine, g 6.4 5.5 6.5 5.3 7.7 Methionine + cystine, g 4.2 3.6 4.0 3.4 5.3 Threonine, g 4.4 3.8 4.2 3.6 5.5 Calcium, g 7.2 7.0 7.6 7.3 7.4 Phosphorus, g 6.5 6.0 6.5 6.1 6.3

The proposed additive has the following chemical composition (in kg of natural substance): energy feed unit (ECE) 0.94; exchange energy 9.43 MJ; crude protein 224 g; fiber 12 g; lysine 100 g; methionine + cystine 33 g; threonine 45 g; calcium 126 g; phosphorus 48 g

The composition of the vitamin and mineral complex per 1 kg of supplement: vitamins - A 2.6 thousand ME; D ₃ 0.38 thousand ME; In ₂ 48 mg; In ₃ 120 mg; In ₄ 2.8 g; At ₅₃₀₈ mg; In ₁₂₄₁₀ g; trace elements - iron 804 mg; manganese 502 mg; zinc 652 mg; copper 112 mg; cobalt 3.8 mg; iodine 5.9 mg; selenium 2.8 mg.

The use of the proposed additives compared with the control groups allowed to significantly increase the average daily gain in live weight of pigs by 10-12%. At the end of the experiment, the live weight in pigs receiving the proposed supplement in the main diet was 114.0 kg or 5.9-6.4% higher than in animals of the control groups. At the same time, feeding the proposed additive significantly reduced the cost of feed per 1 kg of gain in live weight compared with animals in the control groups. A similar trend was noted in terms of the cost of crude protein and metabolic energy per unit of production (Table 2).

table 2 Live weight, average daily gain and feed consumption in pigs aged 121-205 days Indicators Groups 1st (control) n = 16 2nd (control) n = 16 experience (proposed supplement) n = 16 Live weight at the beginning of the period, kg 52.2 ± 1.59 53.9 ± 2.49 53.6 ± 1.47 Live weight at the end of the period, kg 107.1 ± 1.50 ¹⁾ 107.6 ± 2.47 ¹⁾ 114.0 ± 2.18 ¹⁾ Weight gain, kg 54.9 ± 0.43 ¹⁾ 53.7 ± 2.57 ¹⁾ 60.4 ± 2.05 ^1); The average daily gain, g 646 ± 22 ¹⁾ 635 ± 31 ¹⁾ 711 ± 30 ¹⁾ Feed consumption, kg / 1 kg of growth 4.43 ± 0.22 4.52 ± 0.19 ^{1) 1)} 4.02 ± 0.17 ¹⁾ The consumption of protein, g / kg gain 597 ± 37 ¹⁾ 499 ± 32 444 ± 29 ¹⁾ OE consumption, MJ / kg gain 54.1 ± 2.01 55.3 ± 1.96 52.1 ± 2.45 1) p <0.05-0.001

A study of the carcass composition showed that in the group with the proposed supplement, compared with the animals of the control groups, the yield of pulp is higher, the indices of lean and meatiness are higher, with a noticeable decrease in the yield of subcutaneous adipose tissue and internal fat. These data indicate the best meat and slaughter qualities of pigs treated with the proposed supplement (table 3).

Table 3 The results of the control slaughter of pigs 121-205 day old Indicators Groups 1st (control) n = 4 2nd (control) n = 5 experience (proposed supplement n = 5 Carcass yield,%: muscle tissue 58.0 ± 1.01 ¹⁾ 57.3 ± 1.70 ¹⁾ 61.5 ± 1.19 ¹⁾ adipose tissue 27.9 ± 1.18 27.5 ± 1.28 25.2 ± 1.12 bone tissue 14.1 ± 0.72 15.2 ± 0.37 14.1 ± 1.10 internal fat 3.7 ± 0.36 ¹⁾ 3.4 ± 0.29 ¹⁾ 2.3 ± 0.24 ¹⁾ Fasting Index (Pulp / Fat) 2.1 2.1 2,4 Meat Index (Pulp / Bone) 4.1 3.8 4.4 ¹⁾ p <0.05-0.001

An equally important qualitative characteristic of meat productivity is the chemical composition of the muscles and, in particular, the content of lipids, proteins. The results obtained showed, first of all, a high content and more intense deposition of proteins in the muscles of fattening pigs fed a diet with the proposed supplement compared with the control. On the contrary, in animals of the control groups there was an increased deposition of lipids in the muscle homogenate. A high level of lipid deposition in the muscles of pigs in the control groups can be attributed to the increased use of the carbon skeleton of amino acids for lipid synthesis due to the imbalance of amino acid and energy nutrition. This is evidenced by high levels of urea in the blood, the end product of amino acid catabolism, which was accompanied by a decrease in the efficiency of the use of nitrogenous substances in the body of pigs in control groups. A more intensive expenditure of amino acids in the synthesis of proteins (mainly muscle proteins) in fattening pigs that received the proposed supplement in the main diet helps to divert a significant portion of amino acids from the general metabolic pool, as a result of which a smaller fraction is used for oxidation with the formation of urea. In the blood plasma of animals of the experimental group with the proposed additive, a significantly high concentration of creatinine-metabolite was found, which indirectly characterizes the increase in skeletal muscle mass (Table 4).

Table 4 Biochemical indicators of the body of pigs 121-205 daily age Indicators Groups 1st (control) n = 4 2nd (control) n = 5 experience (proposed supplement) n = 5 Blood urea, mmol / l 6.89 ± 0.25 ¹⁾ 6.53 ± 0.21 ¹⁾ 5.22 ± 0.23 ¹⁾ Blood creatinine, mcmol / l 85.3 ± 2.20 ¹⁾ 83.5 ± 3.72 ¹⁾ 97.8 ± 3.87 ¹⁾ Nitrogen excreted in urine, g / day 33.4 ± 3.46 ¹⁾ 25.5 ± 1.24 ¹⁾ 20.6 ± 0.89 ¹⁾ The effectiveness of the use of nitrogenous substances,% 32.02 ± 0.76 ¹⁾ 35.7 ± 1.45 ¹⁾ 40.2 ± 1.21 ¹⁾ The protein content in the muscles, g% 17.1 ± 0.18 ¹⁾ 17.2 ± 0.19 ¹⁾ 18.6 ± 0.21 ¹⁾ The intensity of protein deposition in the muscles,% / day 0.81 ± 0.04 ¹⁾ 0.79 ± 0.02 ¹⁾ 0.92 ± 0.03 ¹⁾ The lipid content in the longest muscle of the back, g% 3.86 ± 0.12 ¹⁾ 3.52 ± 0.10 3.34 ± 0.15 ^{1) 1)} p <0.05-0.001

Calculations made on the basis of cost accounting for feed and additionally obtained products showed that the use of the proposed additive in the amount of 5% of the main diet provides additional profit compared to control groups in the amount of 300-500 rubles per head. At the same time, it was assumed that the use of an additive in an amount of 5% for fattening pigs up to 205 days reduces the cost of feed due to the exclusion of expensive protein feed and a low rate of input of the additive in diets by an average of 15-25% and increase production by 7 -12%.

Feeding pigs receiving the proposed supplement in terms of growth rate, carcass pulp yield, lean and meatiness indices, feed nitrogen utilization efficiency, protein content and intensity of muscle tissue deposition, as well as feed costs, crude protein and metabolic energy per kg of gain live body weight and economic effect exceeded the animals of the control groups.

The data in the examples on the combination of indicators of growth intensity and payment of feed, meat quantity and quality, biochemical data and the resulting economic effect indicate the advantages of the proposed balancing additives.

The studied indicators confirm a balanced intake of amino acids in optimal proportions into the metabolic pool of the body of fattening pigs, as well as a pronounced nitrogen-saving and stimulating effect on the biosynthesis of meat components of the proposed supplement according to the examples. Feeding pigs according to the proposed options using a balancing additive had a significant advantage over the animals of the control groups.

Bibliography

1. Bulatov A.P. et al. - Feed and additives for highly productive animals. Barrow "Trans-Urals", 2005, p.162-168.

2. Benedict A.M. - Handbook for feeding farm animals. M .: Rosselkhozizdat, 1983, p. 98-99.

3. Erimbetov K.T. - Protein metabolism in growing gobies and pigs and factors of its regulation. 2007, 46 p.

4. Kalashnikova A.P. and others. - Norms and diets of feeding agricultural animals. Reference manual. M.: 2003, p. 388.

5. Kuznetsov S.G. et al. - Biological fundamentals of nutrition of crossbreeding young pigs. Borovsk, 2000, pp. 23-24.

6. Makhaev E.A. - The system of complete feeding of growing and fattening pigs of meat type. Recommendations, 2008, p. 18-25.

7. Petrukhin I.V. - The biological basis of growing piglets. M., 1970, p. 65.

8. Petrukhin I.V. - Feed and feed additives. Directory. M. Rosagropromizdat, 1989, p. 481-489.

9. Rostovtsev N.F. - Amino acid nutrition of pigs and poultry. M: Publishing house of agricultural literature, 1963, pp. 210-219.

10. Sergeev, I.A. - The effectiveness of BVMD in the cultivation and fattening of domestic pigs. Problems of development of biology and ecology in the North Caucasus: Materials of the 53rd scientific conference "University science - to the region." - Stavropol: SSU, 2008 - S.159-160.

11. Solntsev K.M. et al. - Handbook of feed additives. Mn .: Urajay, 1990, p. 366-348.

12. Warnants N., Van Oeckel M.J., De Paepe M. - Study of the optimum ideal protein level for weaned piglets. J. Anim. Physiol.a. Anim. Nutr., 2001, 85: 356-368.

13. Gomez R.S., Lewis A.J., Miller P.S., Chen H.-Y. - Growth performance, diet apparent digestibility, and plasma metabolite concentrations of barrows fed corn-soybean meal diets or low-protein, amino acid-supplemented diets at different feeding levels. J. Anim. Sci., 2002, 80: 644-653.

Claims (2)

1. Additive to the feed of pigs for fattening, containing vegetable oil, limestone flour, defluorinated phosphate, common salt, mineral and vitamin complex, synthetic amino acids: lysine, threonine, methionine, soybean meal in the following ratio, wt.%:
vegetable oil 17.5-18.5 defluorinated phosphate 28.5-29.5 limestone flour 8.0-8.5 table salt 7.5-8.5 mineral and vitamin complex 4,5-5,5 lysine 9.5-10.5 threonine 4.0-5.0 methionine 3.0-3.5 soybean meal rest 2. The method of feeding pigs for fattening, which consists in the use of a basic diet containing grain, and additional feeding to pigs the additives according to claim 1 in the amount of 4.5-5.5% of the main diet, with additional feeding to pigs produced at the age of 121 up to 205 days.