RU2501920C2 - Method of construction and multi-layer universal light block for its realisation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: method of construction includes erection of frame in the form of reinforced concrete monolithic structures, formation of external walls from multi-layer light heat insulation panels with application of glue. The foundation, monolithic reinforced concrete slabs with coaxial holes in them and vertical columns are linked to a standard series of multi-layer universal light heat-moisture-noise-insulating heat-resistant blocks in all planes, and the frame of the facility is formed with account of the loads from physical masses of external walls, internal partitions and other necessary elements. Ends of monolithic slabs along the entire perimetre are closed with rectangular chutes with an insulant, they are rigidly fixed on the monolithic slab, afterwards they start erecting the external walls and internal partitions, at the same time in the beginning they install an angular multi-layer universal light block, the places of adjacency are previously coated with glue, it is fixed to the vertical column with the bracket, the second block is put against it, which has been previously coated with glue in places of adjacency, and into a vertical lock formed as two blocks are joined, a figured rack is inserted so that it enters the coaxial hole in the monolithic slab and so on, and the blocks of the second and subsequent rows are inserted with a ledge on the lower surface, into the slot on the upper surface of the blocks, etc. Blocks are laid row by row, simultaneously window, door and arc openings are formed, at the same time the surfaces of universal light blocks inside the object of construction at both sides may be closed by standard strengthened noise and moisture protective fireproof sheets with high adhesive capacity, which simultaneously cover several blocks. Also a multi-layer universal light block is described.

EFFECT: faster rates of building construction, lower labour inputs.

1 tbl, 8 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of construction, namely, to frame construction, including the construction of a reinforced concrete frame, assembly (installation) of external and internal walls made of a standard number of multilayer heat and sound insulation universal lightweight industrial elements in the form of blocks and can be used in the construction of residential buildings, cottages , offices, industrial facilities and farm buildings.

Known wall panel for cladding and insulation of building structures (RF patent No. 2275480, publ. 04/27/2006, IPC E04F 13/14), consisting of a sheet of silicate glass or porcelain stoneware, to the back of which is attached an adhesive insulation material, in the form located rows of blocks that are laid with dressing of seams. As a heat-insulating layer, according to the invention, layers of foamed heat-insulating material with closed pores (foam glass, polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam) are used. This wall panel is attached to the front surface of the building. For this, additional structural elements are provided on the wall panel - reinforcing mesh layers, anchor bolts.

The disadvantages of the wall panel include the following.

This method of building construction involves the erection of the facade surface of the building, and then, as an additional step, the insulation panel is fastened to it, which complicates and increases the cost of erecting the object. In addition, during the operation of such panels, gas-tight joints (“cold bridges”) arise due to the lack of a heat-insulating layer at the joints and lock joints. In addition, the use of layers of organic heat-insulating materials (polyurethane foam, expanded polystyrene) reduces the life of the unit and reduces the fire resistance of the structure, does not meet environmental requirements, the design does not meet modern requirements. The panel cannot be used for internal partitions, it is extremely difficult to form window and doorways, arches with curves, increases the cost of construction.

The closest in technical essence and the achieved result is a wall multilayer thermal insulation panel (RF patent No. 2372454, Publ. 10.11.2009, IPC E04F 13/00).

The wall panel includes two surface metal sheets between which heat-insulating layers, the number of which is at least 2x, are located, are located relative to each other so that one heat-insulating layer is offset from the other, preferably adjacent to it, by a distance of not less than the thickness of the block, but not more than ½ the horizontal size of one assembly block of foam glass, while the resulting displacements of the end surfaces of the boundary blocks of the panel are mirrored with respect to each other and form a castle type but a thorn groove. Recommended sizes in length from 3 to 12 linear meters.

The disadvantages of the prototype can be called:

- the duration of the assembly process of a separate wall panel due to the layering and gluing of each of at least 2 layers of blocks that make up the average heat-insulating layers of the panel;

- high cost, in view of the complexity of panel formation;

- the minimum weight of the panel is not less than 100-150 kg, which necessitates the use of cranes, which increases the cost of installation, and on the other hand, the difficulty of accurately getting into each other "step" end edges of the panels during installation. And since foam glass is a brittle material, the blocks of adjacent panels protruding for the lock connection during installation (joining) will break off, leading in the future to unremovable blown walls;

- panels are difficult to fix to the building frame without damage;

- thermal expansion, strong wind, causing fluctuations or changes in the size of the metal layers of the lining (on spans of 3-12 linear meters) - can cause the destruction of pores of foam-glass blocks, which will lead to the appearance of "cold bridges" and the smell of hydrogen sulfide in the room (in case of manufacture foam glass according to traditional technology);

- in the proposed embodiment, the panel can only be used to form the walls of industrial or warehouse premises;

- the design does not allow the formation of window, door and arched openings of the object;

- the front side of the panels does not meet the requirements of modern design;

- the surface of the panel on the inside of the room does not allow you to design a room with a high degree of design - this will require large material costs and additional time;

- panels do not provide for the formation of internal partitions in the premises;

- high cost of construction.

Our technical solutions allow us to eliminate the above disadvantages, as well as speed up the manufacturing process of the building blocks themselves at the base production and the erection of the building as a whole, reduce labor costs, accelerate the pace of construction, high design, environmental friendliness, good heat and noise insulation, simplify and facilitate the construction process walls and the exclusion of the use of labor by highly qualified specialists (workers).

The technical result is achieved in the method of construction of the facility, in which the foundation, monolithic reinforced concrete floors, with coaxial holes in them, vertical columns are connected with a standard size series of multilayer universal lightweight blocks in all planes and form the frame of the object, taking into account the loads from the physical masses of the external walls, internal partitions and other necessary elements. Further, the ends of the monolithic ceilings around the entire perimeter are closed with rectangular gutters with insulation, they are rigidly fixed on the monolithic overlap. Then they begin to erect the external walls and internal partitions, at the same time first install the angular multi-layer universal lightweight block, pre-coat the joints with glue, fix it to the vertical column with the bracket, attach the second block to it, previously smeared with glue in the interface and in the vertical lock, formed during the docking of 2 blocks, insert a curved rail so that it fits into the coaxial hole in the monolithic overlap and so on. Blocks of the second and subsequent rows are inserted by a protrusion on the lower surface into a groove on the upper surface of the blocks forming a lock, row by row, lay out the blocks, simultaneously forming window, door and arched openings.

It is envisaged that the surfaces of universal lightweight blocks inside the construction object on both sides can be covered with standard, hardened noise and moisture proof fireproof sheets with high adhesive ability, which simultaneously cover several blocks.

In addition, the technical result is achieved by the fact that the multilayer universal lightweight unit, for the implementation of the construction method of the object, is structurally made of a stamped metal box with stiffening ribs, on the outside (front) side of which drawings of various designs can be formed. A heat-moisture-noise-insulating mat is glued to the inner wall of the outer side, and the back side of the box (facing the inside of the room) is closed with a reinforced noise-moisture-proof fireproof sheet material with high adhesive ability, duplicated from the inside by a heat-moisture-insulating material, which additionally form an air cushion inside the box. In this case, the outer contours of the sheet material are shifted up and to the side, relative to the metal box, at a distance of at least 10-12 cm from the butt joints of the blocks, which are equipped with locks for mutual fastening along the perimeter.

There is a protrusion on the lower surface of the multilayer universal lightweight block, a groove on the upper surface, and grooves are made on the vertical sides in the places of mutual contact, in the form of inverse cones located mirror-like, and an additional figured rail is inserted into them in a similar shape

The block for the internal partitions is made with the possibility of closing both sides with a hardened noise and moisture proof fireproof sheet material with high adhesive ability.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, which depict:

- Figure 1 is a variant of the construction of the object according to the new method.

- Figure 2 - metal box multilayer universal lightweight block;

- Figure 3 - metal box multilayer universal lightweight block (top view);

- Figure 4 - metal box, multi-layer universal lightweight block in cross section (view aa);

- Figure 5 is a sectional view of a multilayer universal lightweight unit assembly.

- In Fig.6 - mutual docking of 2 blocks, with mirror-mounted locks, in the form of inverse cones on the vertical sides and a curly metal rail inserted into the lock (section, top view);

- In Fig.7 - the end face of a monolithic overlap, closed with a rectangular groove with the fastening of the upper and lower rows of multi-layer universal lightweight blocks to the overlap, using a figured rail inserted into the coaxial holes;

- On Fig - a variant of the wall with an example of the door, window arched openings and a standard number of multi-layer universal lightweight blocks.

To implement the proposed method of construction, the total weight of all external and internal walls and other structures is calculated, and taking into account this, a reinforced concrete frame of the object is formed, consisting of a foundation 1 (Fig. 1), monolithic reinforced concrete floors 2, with coaxial holes 3 in them, vertical columns 4, linked to the size range of multi-layer universal lightweight blocks 5 (rectangular type), 6 (angular), 7 (rectangular type, inside view).

The ends of the monolithic reinforced concrete floors 8, around the entire perimeter are closed with rectangular grooves 9, with a layer of insulation 10. Rectangular grooves 9, subsequently play the role of decorative facing the ends of the monolithic reinforced concrete floors, they are rigidly fixed to the monolithic floor 2, and then proceed to the construction of the outer walls and internal partitions.

The process of laying multi-layer universal lightweight blocks begins with fixing the corner block 6 (Fig. 1), to the vertical column 4, with brackets 11. The docking points of which are previously coated with glue. Then, a direct multilayer universal lightweight block 5 is also attached to it, also previously coated with adhesive at the interface. In the side (end lock) 12, a figured rail 13 is inserted (Fig. 1), so that it enters the lock 12 (Fig. 6), formed by mating the end faces of 2 adjacent blocks and a coaxial hole 3 (Fig. 1), in monolithic reinforced concrete slab 2, rigidly fixing the connection of multilayer universal lightweight blocks between each other and with a monolithic reinforced concrete slab. The second row of multi-layer universal lightweight blocks are laid out (Figs. 1, 4, 5) similarly to the first, except that the blocks of the second and subsequent rows are inserted by the protrusion 14, on the lower surface, in the groove 15, on the upper surface of the blocks, the previous row of blocks, and so on, blocks are laid out row by row, simultaneously forming door 16 (Fig. 8) and window arched openings 17.

The surface of multi-layer universal lightweight blocks inside a building object can be closed with standard, hardened noise and moisture protection fireproof sheets 18 (Fig. 1), with high adhesive ability, which simultaneously cover several blocks 5, create airbags inside, and are attached to the blocks additionally, by racks 20.

A multi-layer universal lightweight block for implementing the construction method is structurally made of a pressed metal box 21 with stiffening ribs 21 (Fig. 2), on the outside (front) side of which it is possible to form a figure 22 or any other design. To fasten the blocks together, on the lower surface of the multilayer universal lightweight block is formed, a protrusion 14 (figure 4), a groove 15 is formed (figure 2 and 4). On the lateral abutting sides of the multilayer universal lightweight block, locks 12 are formed in the form of inverse cones located mirror-like (Fig. 3).

A heat-moisture-noise-insulating mat 23 (Fig. 5) of mineral material (basalt fiber, fiberglass, foamglass) is attached to the inner wall of the outer side of the block. The reverse side of the box (facing the inside of the room) is closed with a hardened, noise and moisture proof fireproof sheet material 24, with high adhesive ability, for example, glass-magnesite sheet, duplicated from the inside with heat-insulating material 25, and this allows you to create an air cushion inside.

To illustrate the quality of construction works of a building constructed according to the claimed construction method using multi-layer universal lightweight blocks, in extreme situations, tests were carried out using modeling methods, three options.

The following situations were simulated:

- for testing the samples, a negative temperature of -12 ° C was created and wind flows were simulated using a compressor up to 18-20 m / s for 12 hours;

- mechanical vibrations with alternating vibrations were created, simulating an earthquake corresponding to 10 points, for 3 minutes, every hour, for 3 days;

Example 1. A sample, the outer walls and inner partitions of the universal lightweight blocks of which were assembled with the application of an adhesive layer, but without a reinforcing metal strip. The results are tabulated.

Example 2. A sample, the outer walls and inner partitions of the universal lightweight blocks of which were assembled using reinforcing metal battens, but not smeared with an adhesive layer. The results are tabulated.

Example 3. A sample collected with a coating of joints of universal lightweight blocks of external walls and internal partitions with an adhesive layer and using a reinforcing metal strip. The results are tabulated.

Simulation Results Table No. n./n Options for prototypes of buildings (examples) Modeling of negative temperatures up to -12 ° С and wind flow up to 18-20 m / s, within 12 hours Modeling an earthquake with a magnitude of 10 points every hour, 2-3 minutes for 3 days Modeling of negative temperatures up to -12 ° С and wind flow up to 18-20 m / s, within 12 hours Modeling an earthquake with a magnitude of 10 points every hour, 2-3 minutes, for 12 hours Exterior walls Internal partitions one With glue, but without rail (initial temperature inside the building 20 ° С) Humidity in the putty at the joints was not detected (temperature inside the building 20 ° C) There are minor cracks in the putty at the joints of the blocks No traces of the influence of the simulated situation were found No traces of the influence of the simulated situation were found 2 With reinforcing rail, without glue (initial temperature inside the building 20 ° С) There is slight humidification in the places of putty indoors (temperature inside the building 17 ° C) No cracks in the putty at the joints of the blocks were found No traces of the influence of the simulated situation were found No traces of the influence of the simulated situation were found 3 With a reinforcing rail, with joints smeared with glue (initial room temperature 20 ° C) No humidification at joints (temperature inside the building 20 ° С) No cracks in the putty at the joints of the blocks were found No traces of the influence of the simulated situation were found No traces of the influence of the simulated situation were found.

Thus, based on the results obtained in the simulation of situations of winter conditions, winds and earthquakes of 10 points, it should be noted that the proposed construction method and unit for implementing the method allows to solve the technical problem in Example 3, successfully satisfy such basic indicators as thermal insulation , tightness of seams and earthquake resistance. In addition, initially, all the materials used are non-combustible, which makes the construction projects under construction fireproof, which is especially important for high-rise construction.

The positive aspects of the proposed solutions are characterized by the following features:

- The sign "foundation, monolithic reinforced concrete floors, with coaxial openings in them, vertical columns are connected with a standard size series of multi-layer universal lightweight blocks in all planes and form the frame of the object, taking into account the loads from the physical masses of the external walls, internal partitions and other necessary elements", provides The following positive qualities:

- due to the fact that the mass of all elements is reduced by 3-4 times, in comparison with the known construction technologies, foundations, monolithic ceilings, vertical columns, and accordingly, the fittings in them, are significantly reduced in volume and quantity. This, in turn, allows to reduce the cost of transport, loading, wages and taxes, and on the other hand speeds up the construction process;

- the presence of coaxial holes on all monolithic floors allows you to accelerate the laying of blocks, clearly vertically, at a speed of 2.5-3.0 times faster than conventional laying methods, because eliminates the need to check the level of masonry blocks or bricks every minute with the device, and on the other hand to link the frame blocks to each other, and additionally, with monolithic floors.

- The sign “the ends of the monolithic ceilings around the entire perimeter are closed with rectangular gutters with insulation, rigidly fix them on the monolithic overlap, and then proceed to the construction of the outer walls and internal partitions”, allows without the use of lifting and transport mechanisms and scaffolding, during installation, close the ends of the floors, while warming them, which reduces costs and allows for a different facade design.

- The sign "... install the angular multi-layer universal lightweight block, pre-coat the joints with glue, fix it to the vertical column with the bracket, attach the second block to it, previously smeared with glue at the interface and in the vertical lock formed when the 2 blocks are joined, insert shaped rail so that it fits into the coaxial hole in the monolithic overlap and so on, and the blocks of the second and subsequent rows are inserted with a protrusion on the lower surface into the groove on the upper surface of the block in - forming the castle, row after row of blocks spread at the same time forming a window, door and archways "

- allows you to accelerate the formation of external walls, internal partitions, window and doorways without the use of special tools every minute, at a pace that is 2-3 times faster than the best known walling technologies, while linking occurs on all four planes, due to additional locks and at the same time glue, and in corners also brackets to columns, which allows to achieve the best seismic safety, even with shocks of 10 points, eliminates cracks and “cold bridges”.

- The sign "... the option, when on both sides the surfaces of universal lightweight blocks inside the construction site can be closed with standard, hardened noise and moisture proof fireproof sheets with high adhesive ability, which simultaneously cover several blocks", can significantly reduce the number of butt joints and form air cushions that improve thermal insulation.

- The sign “multilayer universal lightweight unit, for the implementation of the construction method of the object, is structurally made of a stamped metal box with stiffeners, on the outside (front) side of which drawings of various designs can be formed, a heat and moisture-insulating mat is glued to the inner wall, and the back side the box (facing the inside of the room) is closed with a hardened noise and moisture proof fireproof sheet material with high adhesive ability ",

- allows you to form blocks weighing 16-18 kg, dimensions 1000 × 700 × 200 mm, 500 × 700 × 200 mm and with half arches, convenient for quick installation, providing excellent design of the front side of the building, a high level of thermal and noise insulation and fire safety, reducing hoisting-and-transport loading and unloading, 100% waste exclusion, lower labor costs, increases earthquake resistance and the pace of construction, generally 2-3 times and forms window, door and arch openings, eliminates the need for lintels.

- The sign "... heat-moisture insulating material duplicated from the inside, forming an additional air cushion inside the box, while the contours of the sheet material are shifted up and to the side, relative to the metal box, at a distance of at least 10-12 cm from the butt joints of the blocks, which are provided around the perimeter locks for mutual fastening ",

- allows you to exclude in the cold period of time, on the one hand, the formation of "cold bridges", areas of moisture and mold at the joints of joints, and on the other - allows you to create insulated air cavities inside the blocks that increase the heat preservation of the room in the winter and reduce space heating during the heat in summer.

- The sign "on the lower surface of the multilayer universal lightweight unit there is a ledge, on the upper surface there is a groove, and on the vertical sides in the places of mutual contact, grooves are made in the form of inverse cones located mirrored, and an additional figured rail is inserted into them in a similar form",

- allows you to increase: the strength of the outer walls and internal partitions, seismic safety, the rate of masonry walls and the formation of smooth surfaces both inside and outside, helps to neutralize the "cold bridges".

- The sign "the block for the internal partitions is made with the possibility of closing both sides with a hardened noise and moisture proof fireproof sheet material with high adhesive ability",

- allows you to form the laying of communications in the internal partitions, and thereby significantly reduces the complexity of finishing work.

Thus the technical problem in the invention is solved.

The method of construction of the object can be used in the construction of structures of any number of storeys and household purposes. The method allows to reduce the construction time, with an increase in the strength and operational qualities of the structure, by using industrial compact, lightweight volumetric elements in the form of blocks. Such a building structure has good seismic characteristics.

The implementation of the construction method does not require fundamental changes in the construction of a reinforced concrete frame, except for the formation of holes along the perimeter of monolithic reinforced concrete floors, for fastening multilayer universal lightweight blocks during installation.

The manufacture of multi-layer universal lightweight blocks is carried out on standard stamping and pressing equipment.

The multilayer universal lightweight block, due to the use of exclusively natural mineral non-combustible materials selected from a number of fire-resistant materials, is fireproof, can withstand temperatures above 1000 degrees Celsius for 3 hours, does not emit harmful substances, has high strength characteristics, durability, environmental friendliness. The system of locks formed around the perimeter of the block, duplicated by gluing and hardening the wall structure with vertical metal rails allows us to rank the proposed construction method and multilayer heat and noise, moisture-insulating universal lightweight block as modern, durable, earthquake-resistant structures that satisfy the consumer needs of developers and the aesthetic requirements of designers, allowing you to form the appearance of the building any texture and color scheme.

Claims (2)

1. The method of construction, including the construction of the frame in the form of reinforced concrete monolithic structures, the formation of external walls from multilayer lightweight heat-insulating panels with adhesive, characterized in that the foundation, monolithic reinforced concrete floors with coaxial holes in them and vertical columns are tied to a standard row of multi-layer universal lightweight heat and moisture insulating heat-resistant blocks in all planes and form the frame of the object, taking into account the loads from the physical masses of the external veneers, internal partitions and other necessary elements, then the ends of the monolithic floors around the entire perimeter are closed with rectangular grooves with insulation, they are rigidly fixed to the monolithic floor, after which they begin to erect the external walls and internal partitions, and at the beginning they install the angular multilayer universal lightweight block , pre-smear the docking points with glue, fix it to the vertical column with the bracket, attach the second block to it, previously smeared with glue in the month pairing interface, and into the vertical lock formed when the two blocks are joined, the figured rail is inserted so that it fits into the coaxial hole in the monolithic overlap, and so on, and the blocks of the second and subsequent rows are inserted with a protrusion on the lower surface into the groove on the upper surface of the blocks , etc., blocks are laid out row after row, at the same time forming window, door and arch openings, while the surfaces of universal lightweight blocks inside the construction site can be closed on both sides by standard hardened noise vlagozaschischayuschimi fireproof sheets with high adhesion, which encompass several blocks simultaneously. 2. A multi-layer universal lightweight block for implementing the construction method according to claim 1, consisting of a layer of heat-insulating material protected by a metal sheet, characterized in that it is structurally made of a stamped metal box with stiffening ribs, on the outer (front) side of which drawings can be formed of various design, heat-moisture-noise-insulating mat is glued to the inner wall of the outer side, and the reverse side of the box, facing the inside of the room, is closed with hardened noise aggro-protective fireproof sheet material with high adhesive ability, duplicated from the inside by heat and moisture insulation material, forming an additional air cushion inside the box, and the outer contours of the sheet material are shifted up and to the side relative to the metal box at a distance of at least 10-12 cm from the butt joints of the blocks, which along the perimeter are equipped with locks for mutual fastening, while on the lower surface of the block there is a ledge, on the upper surface there is a groove, on vertical sides in places vzaimosoprikosnoveniya grooves formed as an inverse cone arranged specularly and are additionally inserted into a similarly shaped curly rack and unit for internal partitions configured to cover both sides of the reinforced fireproof shumovlagozaschischayuschim sheet material with high adhesion.

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