RU2424402C2 - Method to build high single-storey and multi-storey buildings of piece materials of low strength and high compressibility (panels and blocks of light and cellular concretes, hollow ceramic and silicate blocks, bricks, sawn natural stones or stones of regular shape from tuff, shell rock, etc) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: method to build high-rise buildings consists in gradual or floor transfer of loads from walls, fillings of openings, slabs - for precast slabs via girts available at their contour - to pillars made of stronger and less deformative materials (monolithic reinforced concrete, concreted metal).

EFFECT: higher firmness, earthquake resistance of a building due to usage of cavities in walls as a non-detachable casing for pillars, stiffening diaphragms, girts, unavailability of horizontal shrinkage cracks or joints under girts filled with sealing foam at the level of slabs and coatings, and concreting of pillars, girts as walls are erected.

5 dwg

Description

A method of constructing high one-story and multi-story buildings from piece materials of low strength and increased compressibility (panels and blocks made of light and cellular concrete, hollow ceramic and silicate blocks, bricks, natural sawn or regular stones made of tuff, shell rock, etc.).

The invention relates to the field of construction.

The method is carried out by the gradual (floor) transfer of loads from walls, filling openings, ceilings (for prefabricated ceilings through strapping belts arranged along their contour, calculated as bulkhead beams, hanging walls, in accordance with clause 6.47 of SNiPII-22-81 *) to columns, stiffness diaphragms made of stronger and less deforming materials (monolithic reinforced concrete, monolithic metal) in vertical voids formed during the construction of walls from the above panels, blocks, stones, and differs in the solidity of benefits by using voids in the walls as permanent formwork for columns, stiffness diaphragms, strapping belts and a small difference in the ultimate relative deformation of columns and walls within the height of the floor (when calculating the building, make sure that the compressive stresses in the walls of the lower floor that are close to the limit vertical compression deformations of the most loaded columns of the lower floor did not exceed the design resistances of the applied block wall masonry; a comparison of the ultimate relative deformations of columns and walls made of the above more deforming materials indicates that for the vast majority of the possible strength values of these materials this condition is met). If this condition is not met, for laying the walls of lower floors, you can use materials of reduced strength with a lower value of the deformation modulus, or, if necessary, adjust the ratio of sediment to columns and walls of the lower floors by using concrete-mortar mixtures prepared for filling vertical voids (columns) and masonry seams types of cementitious materials with different shrinkage sizes [for joints - ordinary (PC, SHPC), for columns - non-shrink, (VBC) or tensile (SC, VRC) cements].

[When performing vertical masonry of masonry walls of columns made of reinforced concrete, during interruptions of concreting, (at the places of installation of working joints of concreting) in block walls, it is recommended to provide windows ≥100 × 100 mm with plugs installed after removal of debris cut out of blocks].

The objective of the method is to increase the speed of construction of buildings, their reliability, earthquake resistance, reducing the complexity and cost of construction.

A known method of construction with a gradual (floor) transfer of loads from the walls of light concrete and perforated ceramic blocks, brick to the edges of the floors, and through them to the columns, monolithic walls (see figures 1, 2, 3 - photos of residential buildings on Victory Ave. in the city of Lipetsk under the projects of Orgtechstroy and Voronezhproekt-3), while, as in the proposed method, the compressive stresses in the walls are summed only by the height of the floor (in columns, monolithic walls - by the height of the building). The disadvantages of this method, even in the case of subsequent application of heat-insulating plaster or effective thermal insulation according to the standard series 2.030-2.01.1-3 "TSNIIPROMZDANIY", are:

1) The inevitability of reducing thermal resistance, the formation of "cold bridges" along the facades along the ceilings, monolithic walls, columns.

2) The difficulty of laying jumpers above the window openings and the upper row of block masonry (under the ceiling) with a decrease in the height of the blocks “in place”, the difficulty of filling the upper joints (vertical and horizontal) between the blocks and the ceiling, which is why they usually remain empty, and masonry of external walls in this case is considered a vertical console, the top of which is not connected with the ceiling; even if these joints are filled with mortar or glue, subsequent shrinkage of the masonry will lead to the inevitable formation of cracks. All this reduces the monolithic structure, the reliability of securing the outer walls from a shift relative to the ceilings, columns on the impact of possible horizontal loads (seismic, wind pulsations, blast waves, sound when aviation overcomes the "sound barrier").

3) Significant costs for the manufacture and construction of formwork of monolithic columns, stiffness diaphragms, strapping belts.

The technical result of the invention lies in the fact that the columns and strapping belts of prefabricated floors (and supporting sections of monolithic floors) do not require formwork, because are arranged inside the voids that are made in the walls during their erection, reinforced and monolithic with fine-grained concrete or monolithic when columns of other materials (metal, etc.) are placed in vertical voids as the masonry is erected, due to which there are seams and dowels - masonry ledges - between them reliable grip is provided with a gradual (floor) transfer of load from walls and ceilings to columns. At the same time, it is useful to arrange vertical voids that are not used for column placement in the masonry of the external and internal walls: (it is known that the inertia radius of the sections _{x x of the} hollow walls, and often the bearing capacity, is higher than the solid ones of the same thickness, and the flexibility is λ = I _x / i _x , respectively, lower, and the thermal resistance of the air gaps increases the overall thermal resistance of the wall without the cost of heat-insulating materials) they can, without overlapping, be used for the hidden placement of communications: cables, sewer risers heating, ventilation, centralized air heating (air conditioning), garbage chutes, ventilated wardrobes for clothes, etc., while avoiding the traditional punching for risers of openings in the ceilings and providing installation of cabinet doors access to the laid communications, hidden heating devices for them repair or replacement. The advantages of built-in furniture in comparison with the cabinet are well-known: it does not occupy living space, does not differ from the decoration of the walls of the premises, all its planes are available for sanitation. Moving cabinet furniture to get rid of cobwebs, mold, insects (ticks) behind the back wall, if it is standing against the wall without breaking the linoleum floor, is problematic. In order to avoid allergic and pulmonary diseases caused by these factors (bronchial asthma) during the design of building structures and furniture, the formation of cavities inaccessible for cleaning should be avoided, communicating with residential and office premises.

Figure 1, 2, 3 shows photographs of the facades of 13 ... 16 - storey buildings on Victory Ave. in Lipetsk, taken as a prototype (figures 1, 2 according to the project 855-AR LLC "Orgtekhstroy", Lipetsk with walls of gas silicate blocks, figure 3 - with similar walls, lined with perforated ceramic bricks according to drawing 15331-1-AR, KZh3 "Voronezhproekt-3"). A fragment of the facade gives an idea of the difficulty of installing jumpers over openings under a ready-made ceiling and making junctions of the top of the walls to the floors of floors with the adjustment of the thickness of the blocks "in place".

On figa, 4b shows examples of nodes of the abutment of ceilings, columns 2 to the strapping belts, performed inside the block walls in a fixed formwork of gas silicate blocks D500, B2.5 (1) autoclave hardening. Thinner gas silicate blocks 1a, which serve as a “permanent formwork” of the strapping belts outside the building, in order to avoid the formation of a “cold bridge”, it is necessary to apply a lower density (for example, D350, B1.5), or additionally insulate, for example, with Astratek ceramic heat-insulating paint ( astratek@mail.ru, www.astratek.ru). To ensure the flow of concrete of the strapping belt into the voids of the 100 mm floor slabs, foam inserts 4 are installed in them. Similar inserts are used to form openings 3, which serve to pass communications through the strapping belts. The reinforcement of columns and strapping belts is moved away from the “fixed formwork” using plastic clips 5. The lower plane of the fixed formwork 7 of the strapping belts is created by installing thin gas silicate blocks of t.50 ... 75 mm, or a fine mesh (including expanded metal). The seams of floor slabs made by continuous concreting are reinforced at the ends with nets 8 with an institution in strapping belts and monolithic with fine-grained concrete 10 when concreting strapping belts. Prior to the hardening of the concrete of the strapping belts, the load from the floor slabs is transferred to the inner wall section of the blocks 1 through the glue line 6. In Fig. 5 and in the fragment to Fig. 5 for an example of a similar residential building on ul. Oktyabrskaya in Lipetsk with “Zhiltorgstroi” located on the ground floor (the builder of the house shown in FIG. 3), shows a case of lack of adhesion between gas silicate blocks that extend beyond the wall plane.

Claims (1)

The method of building tall one-story and multi-story buildings from piece materials of low strength and increased compressibility (panels and blocks of light and cellular concrete, hollow ceramic and silicate blocks, brick, natural sawn or regular stones from tuff, shell rock, etc.), consisting in the gradual or floor transfer of loads from walls, filling openings, ceilings - for prefabricated ceilings through strapping belts arranged along their contour - to columns, stiffness diaphragms made of more durable less deforming materials (monolithic reinforced concrete, monolithic metal) in vertical voids formed during the construction of walls from the above panels, blocks, stones, characterized by solidity, seismic resistance due to the use of voids in the walls as permanent formwork for columns, stiffness diaphragms, strapping belts and a small difference in the ultimate relative deformation of columns and walls within the height of the floor, the absence of horizontal shrinkage cracks or seams filled with mounting foam under the strapping belts, performed at the level of ceilings and coatings, due to monolithic (or monolithic) columns, stiffness diaphragms, strapping belts as walls are erected.

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