RU2678750C1 - Buildings and structures with bearing monolithic reinforced concrete structures construction method using the reinforced concrete wall panels - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the construction, more specifically to the buildings and structures erection method with bearing monolithic reinforced concrete structures with the reinforced concrete wall panels as the external enclosures and with the facade installation with various facade systems. Buildings and structures with bearing monolithic reinforced concrete structures construction method using the reinforced concrete wall panels includes: the formwork installation, in which performing the recesses in the floor slabs outer edges, coinciding with the mounting hinges locations in the reinforced concrete wall panels, and installing the metal embedded parts on the monolithic floor slabs upper and lower surfaces, which coincide with the metallic embedded parts locations in the reinforced concrete wall panels; reinforcement works; concrete mixture laying; maintaining the concrete mixture until the concrete specified strength for a specified time; production of reinforced concrete wall panels with necessary for mounting and fastening metal embedded parts, mounting hinges and brackets, at that, the mounting hinges are installed in the slab formwork with offset from the center of gravity, which provides a slope in degree from the mounted panel vertical line; after the monolithic floor slabs concrete achievement of given strength performing: floor slabs outer edges upper surface marking for the reinforced concrete wall panels installation; the reinforced concrete wall panels installation directly on the monolithic structure floor slabs upper surface by means of a lifting mechanism, at that, the slinging cables are passing along the recesses made in the monolithic floor slabs outer edges, without the mortar layer laying, in which the panels are engaged with the metal brackets by the construction clamps with struts and couplings, bring on the monolithic floor plate upper outer surface and installing into the predetermined position; the metal fasteners welding to the reinforced concrete wall panels metal embedded parts and to the floor slabs and/or coatings metal embedded parts; load-lifting mechanism slinging devices dismantling, at which disconnecting the construction clamps with struts and couplings from the reinforced concrete wall panels mounting lugs; facade system brackets installation on the floor slabs and/or coatings outer end faces and on the reinforced concrete wall panel from the outer side, by means of anchors; located on the reinforced concrete wall panels outer perimeter assembly joints filling with the heat insulating material, in their interfacing points with each other and with the building bearing monolithic structures; installation of window blocks in reinforced concrete wall panels installed on the building monolithic structures; the facade bearing system elements installation on the building facade brackets and the front finishing layer.EFFECT: technical result is reduction in the residential and public buildings and structures construction time.1 cl, 12 dwg

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to construction, and more specifically to a method (technology) of erecting buildings and structures with monolithic load-bearing reinforced concrete structures (frame; combined: with an incomplete frame, frame-diaphragm, frame-barrel, frame-block, block-wall, barrel-wall, shell-stem, frame-shell; wall: cross-wall, transverse-wall, longitudinal-wall, combined) when using reinforced concrete wall panels as external enclosing structures and with installation of a facade with various facade systems.

State of the art

In the prior art there are a large number of diverse technologies for the construction of buildings. So, the patent for invention EA 020575 is known, the date of publication of the application is April 30, 2012, under the name "Method of erecting the outer wall of a building using multilayer building panels". The patent protects the method (option 1), which consists in preliminarily erecting a building frame including columns and floor slabs, and installing a panel frame pre-assembled in a horizontal position, including facing cladding and waterproofing, onto the finished building frame using fasteners the membrane, and then in a vertical position mounted to the frame of the panel non-structural insulation, inner lining, and the frame of the multilayer panel is mounted to the frame of the building in this way that a multilayer building panel during installation protrudes outward of the building frame from 1/3 to 1/2 of its thickness, and the ends of the floor slabs and columns are laid with insulation and are sewn with the outer sheathing sheets.

The method (option 2) is characterized in that the finished multilayer building panels are attached to the finished frame. The multilayer building panel contains an internal frame in the form of a collapsible frame, consisting of vertical and horizontal ribs made of a U-shaped perforated thermal profile, non-structural insulation and external and internal sheet sheathing, and is characterized in that the U-shaped thermal panels have recesses for self-tapping screws and are connected by means of fasteners (self-tapping screws), and the outer and inner sheathing is additionally separated from the non-structural insulation by steam-waterproofing membranes. As the material of the outer sheathing, a fiber cement sheet, or a glass-magnesite plate, or a cement-bonded particleboard, or other non-combustible materials can be used. As a material of non-structural insulation, basalt insulation, or mineral wool, or cellulose thermal insulation cotton, or various foams can be used.

This patent describes the installation technology of one of the frame elements, namely, the factory installation of wall billets with insulation and decorative trim, followed by the installation of these wall billets on floor slabs. Further, the formwork is installed (mounted) on the inner side of the wall blanks and monolithic concrete is poured into this formwork. After completing the above steps, they begin work on the construction of subsequent floors.

The disadvantages of the method according to the patent EA 020575 is that it does not disclose the stages of installation / installation of floor slabs, exterior walling and facade, as well as the features of installing the necessary embedded parts, cutouts and niches in floor slabs for the erection of structural and building load-bearing elements. The presented technological process is consistent, which leads to a significant increase in the construction time of buildings and structures. In addition, there are "cold bridges" through the outer walls, there is a need to install thermal liners in monolithic reinforced concrete slabs and coatings, which greatly complicates monolithic work and increases their cost. The consistent process of building construction does not allow installation work around the clock and year-round.

Disclosure of invention

The objective of the claimed invention is the development of such a method of construction of buildings and structures with supporting monolithic reinforced concrete structures (frame; combined: with an incomplete frame, frame-diaphragm, frame-barrel, frame-block, block-wall, barrel-wall, shell-stem, frame -clad; wall: cross-wall, transverse-wall, longitudinal-wall, combined) when using reinforced concrete wall panels as external enclosing structures and a facade with various facade systems, which will significantly reduce the time for erecting buildings and structures from monolithic reinforced concrete structures, where instead of sequentially erecting load-bearing structural and enclosing elements of buildings and structures, the technology of construction and installation work is used in parallel, namely, when erecting load-bearing monolithic reinforced concrete structures installation of external walling (reinforced concrete wall panels) begins immediately after the concrete has been set to minimum of this strength with monolithic slabs and flooring plates, which allows you to begin installation of a ventilated (or other type) facade, which is a complete technological package of works (excluding earthworks and installation of foundations) during the construction of the main load-bearing structural and enclosing elements of the building and structures made of reinforced concrete rather than individual types of work.

The technical results of the claimed invention are:

 - reduction of the construction time for residential and public buildings and structures, and, as a consequence, a decrease in the cost per square meter of the area sold. The specified result is realized, in particular, by making recesses in the outer faces of floor slabs and coatings around the perimeter of the building and construction and using reinforced concrete wall panels as external enclosing structures, as enlarged elements, which make it possible to exclude the performance of work from small pieces (laying of external walls from blocks, masonry) and, as a result, replace successively performed types of work: masonry of external walls from small pieces and installation of an external heat-insulating layer oya;

- improving the heat-insulating properties of external walling, eliminating freezing ("cold bridges") of monolithic reinforced concrete structures along the end faces of floor slabs and coatings, pylons, load-bearing walls. This is achieved, in particular, by installing a continuous external heat-insulating layer formed by the panel structure (the outer layer of the panel is made of heat-insulating material) and sealing interpanel joints with the same heat-insulating material.

- the exception of the installation of thermal liners in monolithic reinforced concrete structures along the end faces of floor slabs and coatings, pylons, load-bearing walls. The specified result, in particular, is achieved by performing a continuous outer heat-insulating layer formed by the panel structure (the outer layer of the panel is made of their heat-insulating material) and sealing interpanel joints with the same heat-insulating material after mounting the panels;

- execution of monolithic works on the erection of load-bearing structures and installation of external walling from reinforced concrete wall panels and the installation of facades of various facade systems around the clock (in three shifts) and year-round (winter, spring, summer, autumn);

- the exclusion of the use of all types of mortars (“wet process”) at the locations of seams, as well as sealing materials (plaits, cords, etc.), during the installation of reinforced concrete wall panels on monolithic floor slabs. Sealing of joints is carried out only from the inside of the building’s premises after the installation of reinforced concrete wall panels, in the process of finishing work. To this end, triangular chamfers are provided on the inner faces of reinforced concrete wall panels. Seams are sealed with plaits (cords) and then filled with mortar;

- the implementation of facade work of all types (types) of facades with various architectural solutions, without waiting for the full (partial) completion of installation work using reinforced concrete wall panels;

- the exception of plastering the inner surface of the wall of the room (room) due to the high quality of the inner surface of the reinforced concrete wall panels during their manufacture (both at the construction site and at the factories for the manufacture of prefabricated reinforced concrete products).

The claimed technical results are achieved thanks to the method of construction of buildings and structures with load-bearing monolithic reinforced concrete structures using reinforced concrete wall panels, which includes:

installation of formwork of bearing reinforced concrete structures (frame; combined: with an incomplete frame, frame-diaphragm, frame-barrel, frame-block, block-wall, barrel-wall, shell-stem, frame-shell; wall: cross-wall, transverse wall, longitudinal-wall, combined), in which in the outer faces of the floor slabs and coatings perform grooves that coincide with the locations of the mounting loops in reinforced concrete wall panels, and establish metal mortgages s details at the top and bottom surfaces of monolithic slabs and coatings that match the locations of embedded metal parts in the concrete wall panels;

reinforcement work;

concrete laying;

keeping the concrete mixture up to the set of concrete of the specified strength by the load-bearing reinforced concrete structures for a predetermined time;

the manufacture of reinforced concrete wall panels with metal embedded parts necessary for mounting and fastening, mounting loops and brackets, while the mounting loops are installed in the formwork of the plate with an offset relative to the center of gravity, which provides an inclination of 1 degree from the vertical of the mounted wall panel;

after a set of concrete of a given strength perform:

marking the upper surface of the external faces of floor slabs for the installation of reinforced concrete wall panels;

installation of reinforced concrete wall panels directly on the upper surface of the external faces of floor slabs by means of a lifting mechanism, in particular, a crane, while the sling cables run along recesses made in the external faces of monolithic floor slabs and coatings, without laying a mortar layer, in which wall panels catch for metal brackets with construction clamps with struts and couplings, they are placed on the upper surface of the outer face of the monolithic floor slab and installed in a predetermined position s;

welding of metal fasteners to metal embedded parts of reinforced concrete wall panels and metal embedded parts of floor slabs and coatings;

dismantling of lifting devices of the load-lifting mechanism, in which building clamps with struts and couplings are disconnected from the mounting loops of reinforced concrete wall panels;

installation of the brackets of the facade system on the outer end faces of the floor and cover plates and on the reinforced concrete wall panel from the outside, by means of anchors;

filling assembly joints located along the outer perimeter of reinforced concrete wall panels with heat-insulating material, in the places of their interfacing with each other and with the supporting monolithic structures of the building;

installation of window blocks in reinforced concrete wall panels installed on monolithic building structures;

the installation of the elements of the supporting system of the facade on the brackets and the front finishing layer of the building facade.

Brief Description of the Drawings

In FIG. 1 presents a monolithic reinforced concrete structure (frame) on the example of the test bench "CUB", as a fragment of the construction of a residential (public) building, made by the claimed method;

In FIG. 2 shows a reinforced concrete wall panel manufactured at a factory for the production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures before being mounted on the KUB test bench;

In FIG. 3 shows the inside of a reinforced concrete wall panel with a surface ready for finishing (grouting, painting, wallpaper sticker);

In FIG. Figures 4 and 5 show the steps for installing reinforced concrete wall panels on the KUB test bench.

In FIG. 6 view after installation of reinforced concrete wall panels on monolithic slabs of the KUB test bench;

In FIG. 7 shows the final fastening, welding of metal connecting parts (angles): to metal embedded parts of a reinforced concrete wall panel and to metal embedded parts in floor and cover plates;

In FIG. 8 and 8A show the installation of a heat-insulating layer in the interface (at the seams) of reinforced concrete wall panels;

In FIG. 9,10,11 show the stages of mounting the design of the ventilated facade on the test bench "KUB";

In FIG. 12 presents the test stand "KUB" with a finished facade.

The following is a list of items and designations that are referenced in the description of the "Implementation of the invention"

1. Monolithic reinforced concrete structure (frame) of the test bench as a fragment of the construction of a residential (public) building;

2. Recesses in the outer faces of monolithic floor slabs (coatings), coinciding with the locations of the mounting loops in reinforced concrete wall panels. The size (width and depth) of the recesses is determined from the condition of full support of the inner supporting reinforced concrete part of the panel to the outer face of the monolithic slab;

3. Metal embedded parts in monolithic slabs and floors;

4. Reinforced concrete wall panels;

5. Mounting loops in reinforced concrete wall panels;

6. Metal embedded parts in reinforced concrete wall panels;

7. Metal staples for fixing the panel in a predetermined position;

8. The inner surface of the reinforced concrete wall panel with a surface ready for finishing (grouting, painting, wallpaper sticker);

9. The inner part of the reinforced concrete wall panel made of concrete reinforced with reinforcing mesh;

9A. Chamfer triangular along two side faces of the inner surface of a reinforced concrete wall panel;

10. The outer part of the reinforced concrete wall panel - thermal insulation layer;

11. Construction mounting equipment (clamps with struts and couplings);

11A. Lashing devices (cables) of the hoisting mechanism (crane);

12. Facade dowel;

13. Metal connecting elements (corner);

14, 14A Filling joints with insulating material from the outside of the building;

15. Window blocks;

16. Brackets for fastening the design of the facade system (ventilated facade);

17. Mounting elements of the supporting structure of the ventilated facade;

18. Finishing layer (for example, facade tiles).

The implementation of the invention

The method of construction of buildings and structures with supporting monolithic reinforced concrete structures (frame; combined: with an incomplete frame, frame-diaphragm, frame-barrel, frame-block, block-wall, barrel-wall, shell-stem, frame-shell; wall: cross -wall, transverse-wall, longitudinal-wall, combined) when using reinforced concrete wall panels as external building envelopes and with the installation of a facade with various facade systems, (see Fig. 1, item 1), It includes the main operational stages of installation: installation of formwork, reinforcement work, laying of concrete mixture, curing of concrete to a set strength, manufacturing of reinforced concrete wall panels and their installation on monolithic reinforced concrete structures of the building, installation of the facade system of the building.

At the stage of formwork in the outer faces of the floor slabs provide:

- the implementation of the recesses 2 (see Fig. 4, 5, 6), coinciding with the locations of the mounting loops 5 (see. Fig. 5, 6) in reinforced concrete wall panels 4 (see. Fig. 2, 3, 5, 6). The size (width and depth) of the recesses 2 is determined from the condition of full support of the inner supporting reinforced concrete part 9 (see Fig. 2) of the wall panel 4. The recesses 2 are made in order to bring the inner 9 of the supporting part of the reinforced concrete wall panel 4 as close as possible to the outer end surface of the floor slab . Also, the recesses 2 prevent damage to the sling devices (cables) 11A of the hoisting mechanisms, in particular, the crane (see Fig. 4) on the outer edges of monolithic reinforced concrete floor slabs and coatings;

- installation in the formwork of metal embedded parts 3 (see Fig. 5 and 7) on the upper and lower surfaces of monolithic floor slabs coinciding with the locations of the metal embedded parts 6 (see Fig. 3) in reinforced concrete wall panels 4 (see Fig. . 2. 3, 5, 6).

At the next stage, reinforced concrete wall panels 4 are made (see Fig. 2. 3, 5, 6) (in the presented embodiment of the invention, the panels are made at the factory for the production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures) with metal embedded parts 6 necessary for installation and fastening, mounting loops 5 and brackets 7 (see Fig. 3, 5, 6). At the same time, to simplify installation, mounting loops 5 (see Fig. 5, 6) in the process of manufacturing reinforced concrete wall panels 4 are installed in the formwork of the panel with an offset relative to the center of gravity, which provides an inclination of 1 degree from the vertical of the mounted panel 4 (see Fig. 5);

At the next stage, after a set of concrete with the specified strength, supporting monolithic structures (floor slabs and coatings), perform:

- marking the upper surface of the outer faces of floor slabs and coatings for installing reinforced concrete wall panels;

- installation of reinforced concrete wall panels 4 (see Fig. 2, 3, 5, 6) directly on the upper surface of floor slabs 1 (see Fig. 1) by means of a lifting mechanism, in particular a crane (see Fig. 4, 5) while the sling cables 11A (see Fig. 4) of the lifting mechanism pass along the recesses 2 made in the outer faces of the monolithic floor slabs (see Fig. 4, 5, 6).

Reinforced concrete wall panels 4 are mounted on the upper surface of the slabs "dry", that is, without a previously laid layer of cement-sand mortar. Alternatively, for lifting reinforced concrete wall panels 4, it is possible to use traverses;

- capture of reinforced concrete wall panels 4 with construction clamps 11 with struts and couplings (see Fig. 4, 5) for metal brackets 7 (see Fig. 3), then they are placed on the upper outer surface of monolithic floor slabs and installed in a predetermined position. The alignment and fixation of the panels is carried out using clamps 11 with struts and couplings (see Fig. 4, 5);

- welding of metal connecting parts 13 (corners) (see Fig. 7) to metal embedded parts 6 of reinforced concrete wall panels 4 (see Fig. 3) and to metal embedded parts 3 of floor slabs and coatings (see Fig. 5, 7 );

- dismantling of sling devices of the lifting mechanism 11A;

- disconnecting the construction clamps with struts and couplings 11 from the mounting loops 5 of the reinforced concrete wall panels 4 (see Fig. 4, 5).

The final view of the fragment of the facade after mounting reinforced concrete wall panels 4 on a monolithic reinforced concrete structure (frame) of the test bench "CUB" see Fig.6.

At the last stage of installation work:

- installation of the brackets 16 of the facade system (see Fig. 9) on the outer end faces of the floor and cover slabs and on the reinforced concrete wall panel from the outside, using anchors;

- filling in the installation joints located on the outer perimeter of the reinforced concrete wall panels 4, in the places where the panels are interconnected with the supporting monolithic building structures, heat-insulating material 14 and 14A (see Fig. 8 and 8A):

- installation of window blocks 15 (see Fig. 9) in reinforced concrete wall panels 4 installed on monolithic building structures;

- installation of the supporting elements 17 of the frame of the facade system on the brackets 16 (see Fig. 10, 11) and;

 - installation of the front finishing layer of the facade of the building 18 (see Fig. 12).

When performing internal finishing work, the assembly joints are filled with a sealing cord, followed by the filling of these joints with a solution at the junctions of the reinforced concrete wall panels with each other and with other structures of the building.

Reinforced concrete wall panel construction .

Consider the construction of reinforced concrete wall panels using two-layer panels as an example, while the number of panel layers is not limited to two, but may contain one layer, as well as three or more, depending on the particular construction project and the conditions specified by the project.

Double-layer reinforced concrete wall panels consist of (see Fig. 2, 3):

- internal reinforced concrete part 9 made of concrete reinforced with reinforcing nets;

- the outer part 10 made of insulating material;

- mounting loops 5, which during the manufacturing of two-layer reinforced concrete wall panels 4 are installed in the formwork of the panel not at the center of gravity of the panel, but with an offset that provides an inclination (out of the building) of 1 degree from the vertical of the mounted panel (see Fig. 5) .

The dimensions of the panels are determined by the possibility of mounting on monolithic structures (frame) of the building and the lifting capacity of the lifting mechanism, in particular the crane.

Panel manufacturing technology includes the following steps:

1. On the horizontally located formwork, in particular, the vibrating table, the pallet, the side formwork (side rigging) is installed, along the inner vertical faces, a chamfer 9A is necessary to fill the seams (from the side of the apartment, the room) (see Fig. 3, 7). Reinforcing meshes and embedded parts are placed in the formwork. The size of the panel 4, the design and installation location of embedded parts 3 are set for each object individually, in accordance with the design documentation.

2. The form with the wall panel is filled with monolithic concrete, in particular, by means of an automatic concrete pump;

3. After filling the mold with monolithic concrete, a heat-insulating layer 10 is installed on the freshly laid concrete, in particular, a heater of a given thickness and is fixed by means of fasteners 12. A facade dowel 12 is used as fasteners (see Fig. 2, 8, 8A);

4. The molded panel 4 is sent for heat treatment, for example, in a heat chamber, with a temperature of 30 to 40 degrees and is held for 12 hours until the concrete sets its tempering strength.

5. The process is repeated for another panel;

6. Finished products (in the presented embodiment, the panels are manufactured at the factory for the production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures), namely, two-layer reinforced concrete wall panels 4, are loaded onto the auto-panel panels for delivery to construction sites or sent to an in-plant warehouse for subsequent assembly.

In order to confirm the implementation of the claimed method in industry, the Applicant, from December 20, 2017 to March 15, 2018, performed the design and construction of the KUB two-story test bench as a fragment of monolithic structures of residential and public buildings, the manufacture of two-layer reinforced concrete wall panels on factory for the production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures in the amount of 12 pieces and tested various options for installing these panels.

As a result, the claimed technology / method of erecting buildings and structures during construction and installation works in parallel, when during the construction of load-bearing monolithic reinforced concrete structures (frame), the installation of external walling (factory-made two-layer monolithic reinforced concrete wall panels) begins immediately after concrete has set the specified strength of monolithic floor slabs (coverings) and with the simultaneous installation of a ventilated (or other type) facade allowed:

- reduce the construction time of residential and public buildings through the use of parallel erection technology of load-bearing monolithic reinforced concrete structures, installation of external enclosing (monolithic reinforced concrete wall panels) structures with the simultaneous installation of a ventilated (or other type) facade and, as a result, reduce the cost per square meter of the area sold;

- exclude freezing (“cold bridges”) of monolithic reinforced concrete structures along the end faces of floor slabs and coatings, pylons, load-bearing walls;

- to exclude the installation of thermal liners in monolithic reinforced concrete structures along the end faces of floor slabs and coatings, pylons, load-bearing walls;

- to exclude the performance of work from small-piece products (masonry from blocks, masonry) and “wet” processes and replace sequentially performed types of work with parallel ones;

- to install panels around the clock (in three shifts) and year-round;

- to carry out installation of facade systems without waiting for the full (partial) completion of all construction and installation works;

- to exclude plastering of the inner surface of the wall (from the side of the room).

- use hoisting mechanisms (cranes) with a small lifting capacity, including self-propelled cranes.

Thus, the claimed method of erecting buildings with load-bearing monolithic reinforced concrete structures when using reinforced concrete wall panels as external enclosing structures and installing a facade with various facade systems can be implemented in civil engineering (residential and public buildings and structures).

Claims (16)

A method of erecting buildings and structures with load-bearing monolithic reinforced concrete structures using reinforced concrete wall panels, including: installation of the formwork of the supporting reinforced concrete structures, in which recesses 2 are made in the outer faces of the floor slabs, coinciding with the locations of the mounting loops 5 in the reinforced concrete wall panels 4, and metal embedded parts 3 are installed on the upper and lower surfaces of the monolithic floor slabs coinciding with the locations of the metal embedded parts 6 in reinforced concrete wall panels 4; reinforcement work; concrete laying; keeping the concrete mixture until the concrete has set the specified strength for a given time; the manufacture of reinforced concrete wall panels 4 with the necessary metal fasteners 6 for mounting and fastening, mounting loops 5 and brackets 7, while mounting loops 5 are installed in the formwork of the plate with an offset relative to the center of gravity, which provides an inclination of 1 degree from the vertical of the mounted panel 4; after a set of concrete of a given strength of monolithic floor slabs is performed: marking the upper surface of the outer faces of the floor slabs for installing reinforced concrete wall panels 4; installation of reinforced concrete wall panels 4 directly onto the upper surface of monolithic floor slabs by means of a lifting mechanism, while the sling cables run along recesses 2 made in the outer faces of the monolithic floor slabs without laying a mortar layer, in which panels 4 are hooked to metal brackets 7 with construction clamps with struts and couplings 11, lead to the upper outer surface of the monolithic floor slab and set to a predetermined position; welding of metal fasteners 13 to metal embedded parts 6 of reinforced concrete wall panels 4 and to metal embedded parts 3 of floor slabs and / or coatings; dismantling of the lifting devices 11A of the load-lifting mechanism, in which the building clamps with struts and couplings 11 are disconnected from the mounting loops 5 of the reinforced concrete wall panels 4; mounting the brackets 16 of the facade system on the outer end faces of the floor slabs and / or coatings and on the reinforced concrete wall panel by means of anchors; filling in assembly joints located along the outer perimeter of reinforced concrete wall panels 4 with heat-insulating material 14 and 14A, in the places of their interfacing with each other and with supporting monolithic building structures; installation of window blocks 15 in reinforced concrete wall panels 4 installed on monolithic building structures; the installation of the elements 17 of the supporting system of the facade on the brackets 16 and front finishing layer 18 of the facade of the building.

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