LT6429B - Self centrating structural load holding construction elements and method using them improving by structural grid without use of glue - Google Patents

Abstract

In the context of the present invention, the construction of a wall and / or foundation of a building are formed of new building elements (blocks) that are located in a vertical and horizontal plane and withstand a structural load. Such building blocks (blocks) are constructed without the use of masonry or adhesive mortar in a strictly defined axial wall line and in the vertical position without the need for additional alignment and forms the walls of an installed wall capable of solidifying liquid construction material into a structural slab consisting of horizontal and vertical structural rods connected to each other at their intersection. This structural cell reinforces building blocks (blocks) between each other and is able to partially assume the supporting properties of the structure and / or distribute the structural load of the entire building wall and / or foundation structure. Building elements (blocks), which form the wall, also have additional properties, such as better thermal insulation characteristics, external and / or interior finishing layer, which avoids the need to use additional building protective structures or maximizes their use.

Description

Technical field:

The present invention relates to the field of construction, more particularly to methods of construction work and building elements (blocks). The invention is applicable to building and / or extending walls and / or foundations of buildings using building elements (blocks) of a new type and special configuration. The invention can be applied, for example, to the construction of new buildings, to the renovation of existing buildings, to the renovation of buildings and / or parts thereof, to the renovation and rehabilitation of buildings, and to increasing the height of buildings and / or parts thereof. The invention can be applied in buildings of any height and in any configuration, as well as in areas of increased seismic activity and / or areas of complex soil and terrain.

Prior art

Existing types of construction can be conditionally divided into five fundamentally different ways.

The first existing method of construction is the construction of load-bearing elements (blocks) capable of withstanding the structural loads of the building, which are interconnected by masonry and / or adhesive mortar or other system, such as a lock system. This method also involves the construction of load-bearing building elements (blocks) in combination with external reinforcing structures, which may be made, for example, of reinforced concrete, metal or other structural materials.

The disadvantages of this construction method are the high labor costs of wall construction due to the small size of the block, the need to level each block and the lack of automation of the construction process. Other disadvantages of this method of construction are the heavy weight of the wall structure and the lack of possibility to increase the bearing capacity of the wall structure without changing the configuration and layout of the building elements (blocks). Another disadvantage of this method of construction is the lack of possibility to construct high walls in a short period of time, because under the weight of building elements (blocks) deformation of the masonry or adhesive mortar in the lower layers of masonry takes place.

From 1992 May 29 U.S. Patent No. 5,465,542, published to the United States of America, discloses a known masonry unit with built-in fasteners for securing the finish layer. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs of wall construction due to the small size of the block, the need to level each block and the lack of automation of the construction process. Other disadvantages of this technical solution are the high weight of the wall structure and the lack of ability to increase the load-bearing capacity of the wall structure without changing the configuration and layout of the building elements (blocks). Another disadvantage of this technical solution is the lack of possibility to build high walls in a short period of time, because under the weight of building elements (blocks) deformation of masonry or adhesive mortar in the lower layers of the masonry takes place; in addition, it is impossible to automate the construction process.

From 2012 December 27 The published patent specification RU2483170 discloses a known structure of a building wall comprising load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls, laths and exterior building materials, and load-bearing walls are reinforced by structural elements which are attached to the inner side surfaces. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the additional reinforced structures that cause the walls to lose their integrity and each wall is planned individually. This results in high labor costs and a lack of a common approach to the wide range of wall variations, as well as the inability to automate the construction process.

From 2011 September 28 published patent specification RU2424402 discloses a known method of constructing buildings made of masonry elements by reinforcing them with columns and lintels similar in size to those created by voids left in the course of masonry. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs of creating voids for subsequent reinforcement construction. The need to plan each wall individually for its configuration and the absence of a common approach to wall construction make it impossible to automate the construction process.

From 1975 September 16 U.S. Patent Publication No. 39051710A discloses a known block having oblicovka on one side and groove-to-ridge mounting on four sides weighing up to 50 pounds (22.7 kg) and joining in a vertical and horizontal plane. The blocks are interconnected with masonry or adhesive mortars and concrete is poured into vertical channels with spacing of channels corresponding to the distance between the mounting elements and other structures. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs for the construction of lightweight blocks, the high weight of the load-bearing structures formed by this block, the large volume of load-bearing structures resulting from the weight of the O).

From 1974 July 23 U.S. Pat. No. 3,824,755A discloses long-dimensioned bricks with vertical grooves that mimic a brace between bricks for proper bonding of masonry units using masonry or adhesive mortar. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the lack of possibilities to reinforce the bearing properties of the wall structures without additional reinforced structures. When it is not possible to build high walls in a short period of time, due to the weight of building elements (blocks), deformation of non-stiff masonry or adhesive mortar occurs on the lower layers of masonry, as well as the lack of automation of this method of construction.

The second existing method of construction is the construction of a building from monolithic load-bearing walls and structures by pouring a liquid hardening material capable of withstanding all structural loads of the building, simply on the construction site.

From 2010 January 27 Patent publication RU2380493 discloses a known method of constructing buildings from monolithic concrete with improved thermal insulation properties. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs of concrete formwork with improved thermal insulation properties. Also, the need to create a new formwork configuration for each new wall configuration, which requires an individual approach to each new wall configuration, makes it impossible to automate the entire construction process.

From 2001 October 20 The published patent specification RU2175045 discloses a known method of constructing buildings by pre-marking the positioning of columns, external and internal walls and forming monolithic building structures made of concrete, reinforced with asbestos fibers, simply on site using formwork. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor cost of the formwork, the long construction time, the lack of automation of this construction method and the use of asbestos harmful to human health.

The third existing method of construction is the construction of a building made of prefabricated load-bearing structures or slabs capable of withstanding all structural loads of the building, some of which can be manufactured at the factory and the other simply at the construction site by pouring liquid curing materials which are interconnected by fasteners or a liquid hardening material capable of solidification.

From 2013 December 20 Patent publication RU2501914 discloses a known construction of a wall of longitudinal bearing members interconnected by locking grooves. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the locking system for the connection of elements, the complexity of the production of elements for buildings with non-standard angles between walls, the necessity of manual adjustment of elements during installation, which would make construction automation difficult and the structural strength of high-rise construction work. absence of building design.

From 1969 June 17 U.S. Patent Publication No. 3,444,9879A discloses multilayer gypsum plasterboards which have a high tensile strength with bearing properties, include an inner layer of organic polymer and reinforcement in various ways and materials. The panels are fixed to each other and to the external supporting structures using mounting elements. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the complex, unreliable and durable fastening systems, the large dimensions of the panels, the need to adapt them to different wall configurations, the lack of reliable construction for high-rise construction and the seismic activity zone.

From 1976 March 16 US 3943676A discloses a known modular structural element (block) consisting of a heat insulating and concrete layer with reinforcing elements inside. The disadvantages of this technical solution are reckless mounting systems. In particular, the complexity of anchoring modular elements (blocks) to one another and anchoring them to supporting structures, such as e.g. columns. The need to adapt it to different wall configurations, insufficiently reliable structures for high-rise construction and seismic activity zones.

From 1971 September 14 U.S. Pat. No. 3,360,4174A, published in the prior art, discloses known structured structural panels made of lightweight concrete with steel frames. Fixing the panels is done by attaching the steel frame to another structure or panel. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the complex and short-term fastening systems, the lack of reliability for high-rise construction and seismic activity zones. The complexity of steel frame fabrication for complex wall configurations, poor adhesion of lightweight concrete to the steel frame and low wall heat resistance areas in the steel frame.

From the 1970s. March 31 U.S. Patent Publication No. 3,350,316,5A discloses fast-moving slabs made of concrete or artificial stone in various configurations with internal vertical channels. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the complex and short-term fastening systems, the lack of reliability for high-rise construction and seismic activity zones. The complexity of the complex wall installation, the weak attachment of the panels to the mounting elements due to the thin wall construction, the complexity of the wall horizontal reinforced structures.

From 1980 September 2 U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,778A discloses known reinforced concrete slabs for prefabricated construction, which are assembled by welding side edges together by attaching a locking profile in the upper part of the slab. The disadvantages of this technical solution are short-term anchoring systems, insufficient reliability for high-rise construction and seismic activity zonom designs. The complexity of the complex wall mounting, the lack of structural rigidity when connecting the upper part of the profiles.

From 1976 October 12 US 3984957A discloses known wall panels with a system of kernels made of heat insulating material and groove retaining plate between themselves. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the complexity of joining with reinforced structures such as columns or horizontal beams. Plates have high enough bonding strength between themselves when needed to cut the part of the board to fit the wall dimensions without affecting the lack of groove-to-ridge end configuration. Complex board adaptation to complex wall configurations.

From 1988 October 4th U.S. Pat. No. 4,747,494A discloses known energy-saving panels having an inner layer of heat-insulating material and a finishing layer on at least one side, the panels being interconnected by protruding connecting elements and a groove-ridge system. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the low load-bearing properties of the slabs and their inadequacy for high-rise construction without additional structural reinforcement. Poor horizontal bonding and high labor costs in constructing wall openings, complicated wall configurations, lack of ability to automate the construction process.

From 1974 August 13 U.S. Pat. No. 3,828,502A discloses a modular building section comprising a plurality of vertical panels having an arc-shaped locking system interconnected by vertical bars. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the low load-bearing properties of the panels and their inability to use without additional structural reinforcement. Low level horizontal robustness and high labor costs for wall openings, lack of ability to automate the construction process.

The fourth existing method of construction is the construction of a building by providing an exterior load-bearing structure capable of withstanding all structural loads, such as columns, bands, high ceilings, etc., and filling the wall space between load-bearing elements with elements not intended for structural use. to withstand loads such as slabs, blocks and other building elements which act as non-load bearing structures.

From April 27, 2009 Patent Publication RU2353735 discloses a known method of constructing monolithic frame buildings using inner layers of exterior walls with ready space as a non-removable formwork for forming overhead bearing beams. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs associated with the formation of the inner layers of the outer walls, poor reliability of the structure up to the moment of forming the supporting structures, lack of possibility to automate the construction process.

From April 10, 2010 published patent RU2385998 is a known building frame which is constructed by installing non-destructive formwork made of porous concrete, a building column and a wooden frame frame for horizontal elements, with subsequent formwork infill concrete. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the complexity of the formwork installation system, the high labor costs for installation and fixing, the lack of possibility to automate the construction process, and the necessity of creating a new kind of non-destructive formwork for each new column configuration.

From 2010 July 10 Patent Patent Publication RU2394134 discloses a known method of constructing low-rise buildings by masonry to form columns. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the inadequacy of use for high-rise construction, the high labor cost of constructing the protective wall layer of the formwork, the lack of a solution for horizontal structural elements, the lack of possibility to automate the construction process.

The fifth existing construction method is the erection of a building with a removable or non-removable formwork, which is a non-load-bearing structure and can be part of a wall that can be cured and withstands all structural loads of the building. structural loads (the structure may be further reinforced by auxiliary structural elements).

From 2002 U.S. Patent No. 6,401,419, published June 11, 2006, discloses a known construction of a non-removable formwork assembly comprising two panels of thermally insulating material facing each other. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs associated with the installation of the formwork, the complexity of joining the formwork blocks and the need to level each block, as well as the inability to automate the construction process. Another drawback is the large amount of work involved in the filling of the hardening material at the construction site. Relatively few structures are built in one stage, because the lower part of the formwork, pressurized with non-cured liquid structural material, can rupture, the structure cannot be loaded without curing the liquid material, and additional structural solutions for high-rise construction and high seismic activity zones are required. .

From 2002 U.S. Pat. No. 6,401,419, published June 11, 2000, discloses a known construction of slabs of non-destructive formwork made of extruded plastic, opposed and interconnected by special configuration connecting members. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs for the installation of the formwork, the lack of possibility to automate the construction process. Another drawback is the large amount of work involved in the filling of the hardening material at the construction site. Relatively few structures are built in one stage, because the lower part of the formwork, which is pressurized with the non-cured liquid structural material, can rupture and the structure cannot be loaded without the cured liquid material.

From 1988 U.S. Patent No. 4,731,968A, published March 22, 1992, discloses a known construction of slabs, of non-destructive formwork, made of shattered plastics joined together in lintels. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs associated with installation. Another drawback is the large amount of work involved in the filling of the hardening material at the construction site. Relatively few structures are built in one stage, because the lower part of the formwork, which is pressurized with the non-cured liquid structural material, can rupture and the structure cannot be loaded without the cured liquid material.

From 1989 U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,310 A, issued December 26, 2006, discloses a system of polystyrene slabs with disposed panels and interconnected elements of special configuration. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs associated with the installation and dismantling of the formwork, and the lack of ability to automate the construction process.

Another drawback is the large amount of work involved in the filling of the hardening material at the construction site. Relatively few structures are built in one stage, because the lower part of the formwork, which is pressurized with the non-cured liquid structural material, can rupture and the structure cannot be loaded without the cured liquid material.

From 1989 U.S. Pat. No. 4,884,382A, issued December 5, 2006, discloses a modular concrete non-destructive scaffolding assembly made of panels with locking system fasteners and fittings. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs associated with the lack of slab formwork and connector assembly, and the lack of ability to automate the construction process. Large amount of work related to filling of hardening structural material on site.

From 1998 The patent specification RU2104374, published February 10, 2006, discloses a known construction of a block of non-destructive formwork consisting of two-wall lintels made of sand concrete, the space being filled with thermal insulation materials. The disadvantages of this technical solution are high labor costs due to block assembly, lack of possibility to automate the construction process, high block weight weights, relatively small number of constructions in one stage, in case of vertical and horizontal reinforced structures in walls, heterogeneity of wall insulation.

From 2000 U.S. Patent No. 6,336,383, published September 1, 2005, discloses a known block with non-destructive formwork consisting of two opposed panels made of porous material, interconnected by lintels and creating a space between them for mounting reinforcement and hardening, for topping up the liquid material; and the corresponding holes for connecting them. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs of installing the formwork, the high volume of work related to the infiltration of the hardening structural material at the construction site, comparatively few structures are built in one step, because the lower part of the formwork the load shall be applied without solidification of the liquid structural material.

From 2000 Patent Patent RU2244075, published September 1, 2005, discloses polystyrene-based kiosks consisting of opposed bricks made of a material capable of withstanding the subsequent loading of concrete, creating only vertical columns in channels 206 (drawing illustrating the invention). The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs of formwork installation. Large volume of work related to concrete filling on site. Relatively few structures are built in one stage, because the lower part of the formwork, which is pressed on before hardened concrete, can tear, the structure cannot be loaded without concrete hardening, and it is difficult to create horizontal structures.

From 2005 The patent specification RU2253719, published June 10, 2006, discloses a known block for non-destructive formwork consisting of two opposed bricks made of porous heat-insulating material interconnected by lintels. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs of installing the formwork, the absence of opportunities to automate the construction process. Large volumes of work related to the infilling of hardening structural material at the construction site. Relatively few structures are built in one stage, because the lower part of the formwork, which is pressurized with the non-cured liquid structural material, can rupture and the structure cannot be loaded without the cured liquid material.

From 2007 Patent Application RU2253719, published August 28, 2005, discloses a known block for non-destructive formwork, consisting of facade and interior facing bricks, with finishing layers on the outside, connected by lintels and creating a space between them for mounting reinforcements and for pouring liquid material. . The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs for the installation of the formwork, the lack of possibility to automate the construction process, the high volume of work related to the infiltration of the hardening material at the construction site.

From 1998 Patent Application RU2119022, published on September 20, 2006, is a known method of building construction using non-destructive plastic formwork made of polystyrene foam. The disadvantages of this technical solution are the high labor costs for the installation of the formwork, the lack of possibility to automate the construction process, the high volume of work related to the filling of the hardening structural material at the construction site. Relatively few structures are built in one stage, because the lower part of the formwork, which is pressurized with the non-cured liquid structural material, can rupture and the structure cannot be loaded without the cured liquid material.

The essence of the invention

The present invention relates to the field of construction, more particularly to methods of construction work and building elements (blocks). The invention is applicable to building and / or extending walls and / or foundations of buildings using building elements (blocks) of a new type and special configuration. The invention can be applied, for example, to the construction of new buildings, to the renovation of existing buildings, to the renovation of buildings and / or parts thereof, to the renovation and rehabilitation of buildings, and to increasing the height of buildings and / or parts thereof. The invention can be applied in buildings of any height and in any configuration, as well as in areas of increased seismic activity and / or areas of complex soil and terrain.

The resulting technical result is a reduction in the total weight of the supporting structures of the building. Load reduction of the load-bearing structures of the building. Decrease in the volume of load-bearing structures and in the volume of work carried out at the construction site using a liquid-curing liquid-infilling material. Decrease in construction time. Decrease in construction costs. Decrease in the labor intensity of the construction process. The ability to automate the construction process and even switch completely to robotic construction without human intervention.

The structure of the building wall and / or foundations is formed of new, special configuration building elements (blocks) that are centered in vertical and horizontal planes and withstand the structural load. This configuration allows the building elements (blocks) to be built, without the use of masonry or adhesive mortar, at a strictly defined location relative to the axial wall line and vertical, without the need for additional leveling, and forming channels inside the installed wall for solid curing liquid material. of vertical structural rods interconnected at their intersections. This structural lattice reinforces the building elements (blocks) and is able to partially assume the load-bearing properties of the structure and / or to distribute the structural load of the whole building wall and / or foundation structure. The building elements (blocks) of which the wall is made also have additional properties, such as improved thermal insulation, exterior and / or interior finishing, which avoids or minimizes the use of additional building protective structures. For example, they can be made of aerated concrete or composite concrete. The building elements themselves (blocks) are load-bearing structures (i.e. meet the load-bearing capacity requirements). The structural grille is an integral part of the structure and performs several basic functions at the same time. It interconnects the building elements (blocks), thereby ensuring the integrity of the structure, increasing the load-bearing capacity of the structure up to the design load, redistributing the structural loads of the whole structure. The increase of the load-bearing capacity of the structure is accomplished by using a higher grade liquid hardening material capable of curing and by increasing the reinforcement of the structural lattice and / or the reinforcement frame inside the building elements (blocks) which is part of the structural lattice.

Description of Drawings Fig. - Reveals an example of a building element: side view, front view, top view, and two types of isometry.

Fig. - Reveals how a groove-ridge lock is connected in a vertical plane (top view) and a horizontal plane (bottom view).

Fig. - Reveals how a building element is locked to adjacent building elements.

Fig. - shows how the building elements are centered as they converge, a side view.

Fig. 3 - Shows examples of temporary locking elements, namely, horizontal locking bracket, vertical locking bracket, splitting bar for horizontal and vertical locking, and screw locking.

Fig. - reveals a top view of the fixing of two building elements with malleable elements or wood screws.

Fig. - Reveals horizontal fixation of two building elements by clamp.

Fig. - Reveals the vertical fixation of two building elements by clamp.

Fig. - Reveals the locking of two building elements by the spreading rod for horizontal and vertical locking.

Fig. - Reveals the location of the duct structural lattice filling inside the installed wall.

Fig. - shows what a structural lattice and a single building element and the part of the structural lattice that that element contains look like in a wall.

Fig. - reveals through sections in various planes how vertical and horizontal channels intersect inside the wall for filling the structural lattice.

Fig. - Reveals through slices in various planes how vertical and horizontal channels for structural lattice are arranged inside the wall.

Fig. - shows an example of a bulky building element with sections showing the internal structure of the duct structural lattice.

Fig. 3 shows three examples of a single horizontal channel for a structural lattice in a building element.

Fig. 2 shows two examples of compatible building elements of different sizes with different number of horizontal and vertical channels.

Implementation of the invention

The wall of the building and / or the foundation is formed from the centering building elements (blocks) of a new, special configuration that withstand the structural load of the building.

This configuration allows the building elements (blocks) to be placed, without the use of masonry or adhesive mortar, in a strictly defined position relative to the axial wall line and the vertical, without the need for additional leveling, and fixed one behind the other. In this technical solution, each building element (block) has a groove-ridge construction joint lock in its upper, lower and both lateral parts (Fig. 1). Arrows indicate groove-ridge locking elements: 1 - locking ridge, 2 - locking groove. This lock ensures that the projection of one building element (block) fits precisely into the gap between two adjacent building elements (blocks), both horizontally and vertically (Fig. 2). Thus, each building element (block) is rigidly fixed on four sides of neighboring building elements (blocks) (Fig. 3). The groove-ridged locking projections (ridges) and recesses (grooves) are conical with an angle between adjacent planes. This form of lock ensures that the building element (block) is centered during its installation in both horizontal and vertical planes (Fig. 4). After insertion into the wall structure, the building element (block) can be additionally fixed with temporary locking devices such as mounting foam, polyurethane glue or other glues of a thickness of not less than 1,2 mm, but not limited to clamping clamps, splitters, screws, locking rods, jaws (Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9). ). These temporary locking devices additionally help maintain the correct geometry of the wall until the liquid structural material in the lattice hardens.

The new centering building block (block), which is able to withstand structural loads, forms channels for the filling of a liquid hardening material capable of solidifying, thereby forming a structural lattice (Fig. 10). The channels are arranged in both vertical and horizontal directions (Fig. 11, Fig. 12).

The structural lattice is formed by pouring liquid curing liquid material into ducts formed by building elements (blocks) and is based on horizontal and vertical bars connected at their intersection points (Fig. 13). The thickness of any bar in the structural grid shall be at least 4 cm (1.5 inches) at the narrowest point. Before pouring the curing liquid structural material, reinforcing elements, such as metal or composite reinforcement, are added to form the structural lattice. The reinforcing element may be a reinforcement frame consisting of several bars and / or reinforcement connected to the three-dimensional structure. Also, the self-curing liquid structural material may include, but is not limited to, reinforcing elements such as metal or composite fiber, microfiber, short bars of metal and / or composite material.

The structural grid reinforces the building elements (blocks) and ensures the complete integrity of the wall construction. The structural lattice is arranged simultaneously in two planes and therefore the perpendicular lattice bars connected at their intersections to a single monolithic structure completely eliminate the displacement of the building elements (blocks) in any direction.

The structural lattice is able to partially assume the load-bearing properties of the wall and / or to distribute the structural load of the whole wall and / or the foundation structure. Structural lattice bars can withstand a higher load than building elements (blocks), because they are rigidly fixed in building elements (blocks), vertical structural lattice bars assume part of the overall vertical structural wall load. This effect is enhanced by the horizontal bars of the structural lattice. Their horizontal positioning and ability to withstand heavy loads for fracture and shear enable the redistribution of vertical load from more loaded wall areas to less loaded wall areas. Similarly, horizontal, lateral and other structural loads of the building are redistributed. Increasing the load-bearing capacity of the structural lattice ensures the increase of the load-bearing capacity of the whole building wall and / or the foundation structure, without changing the building elements (blocks). This is achieved by using a higher grade hardening structural material for forming the structural lattice and increasing the overall cross-sectional area of the reinforcing material and / or by changing the configuration of the reinforcement frame of the structural lattice inside the building blocks.

The building elements (blocks) of which the wall is made can be of various sizes (it can even reach the size of the whole wall of the building) and configurations (Fig. 14), but they must meet the requirements of this technical solution, i.e. they shall have intersecting channels for forming the structural lattice inside the wall and withstand the structural loads. Each building block (block) must have at least one horizontal duct (Fig. 15) and at least two vertical ducts (Fig. 16) to form the structural lattice and those ducts intersect so that the vertical and horizontal ducts do not damage the structural lattice structure. integrity. The building elements (blocks) may have a configuration which includes a pivoting element for forming a corner of the wall and / or forming a vertical bar for the structural lattice and / or a configuration which allows a part of the building element (block) to form a channel / or at the intersection of two walls.

The building elements (blocks) of which the wall is composed may also have additional properties such as improved thermal insulation characteristics, hydrophobicity, increased resistance to aggressive media, increased or reduced vapor permeability, etc. Such properties are determined by the properties of the material from which the building elements (blocks) are made, but the building element (block) must remain a supporting element, that is, withstand structural loads. For example, to improve thermal insulation, the block may be made of foam concrete, polystyrene concrete, gas silicate, gas concrete, lightweight concrete, etc., which ensures the structural element's ability to withstand structural loads.

The building element (block) may have an outer and / or inner finishing layer, which avoids or minimizes the use of additional building protective structures and / or interior finishing work on the wall.

Preferred embodiments of the method of constructing load-bearing building walls by centering new special configuration building elements (blocks) that withstand the structural load of the building, which are interconnected by a structural lattice formed inside the walls, without the use of masonry and / or adhesive mortar in the claims of the present invention.

According to one preferred embodiment of the present invention

Result of application of the invention

The technical result of the application of the present invention is a reduction in the total weight of the supporting structures of the building. Load reduction of the load-bearing structures of the building. Decrease in the volume of load-bearing structures and in the volume of work carried out at the construction site using a liquid-curing liquid infill material. Decrease in construction time. Decrease in construction costs. Decrease in the labor intensity of the construction process. The ability to automate the construction process and even switch completely to robotic construction without human intervention.

Method of Application of the Invention

The following will illustrate the method of constructing building retaining walls and / or foundations by installing new special configuration building blocks (blocks) that withstand the structural load of the building, which are fastened to each other by a structural lattice formed inside the walls, without using masonry and / or adhesive mortar. , in which building blocks (blocks) of uniform size smaller than the size of the wall are used (Figure 11). The number of horizontal and vertical channels is unlimited and can be selected depending on the effect. The dimensions of the building element (block) can be any and are selected according to the need. Assembling of other walls and structures of the building is done analogously.

Before building walls and / or foundations of the building and / or parts thereof, building elements (blocks) are manufactured. The building elements (blocks) can be manufactured in several existing ways, for example, by vibratory molding, by use of a demountable formwork, by vibratory pressing, by using profiled pallets, or by vibrating sealing machines with top and bottom punches, load, by way of, but not limited to, hyper-pressing, extruding, fluid-wedge forming, creep-forming.

Building elements (blocks) can be made of different materials, depending on their application and the required additional properties. Building elements (blocks) for foundations are best made of concrete. Building elements (blocks) for exterior walls are preferably made of foam concrete, expanded polystyrene concrete, expanded clay concrete, perlite concrete or other concrete with improved thermal insulation properties that make the building element (block) able to withstand structural loads.

The building blocks (blocks) must be manufactured in the configuration described in the present invention. The building block (block) is formed with ducts for filling the structural lattice (Figure 16) and a four-way groove-ridge lock (Figure 1). The groove-ridge-type lock can be formed, for example, by configuring the opening form walls or the walls of the demountable formwork. The ducts may be formed, for example, by means of voids forming the form or the formwork, by means of retractable elements of the form or formwork or by cutting them in a slightly hardened building block.

Before installing the building elements (blocks), the plane beneath the perimeter of the wall to be mounted must be leveled so that the building elements (blocks) mounted on it are level.

The building elements (blocks) are placed on top of each other in such a way that the building element of the next row overlaps the two building elements of the previous row (Figure 3). The building elements (blocks) shall be positioned so that the groove-ridge locking projection of one building element (block) rests snugly against the groove-ridge lock recess of the other building element (block) both vertically and horizontally (Figure 2). The installation is carried out in such a way that the vertical channels for forming the structural lattice of one building element (block) are placed exactly above the vertical channels for forming the structural lattice of the other building element (Figure 10). To speed up the process, you can use pins or other auxiliary elements that control the exact positioning of the channels by stacking them on top of each other.

For large wall dimensions, it is worthwhile (but not necessary) to additionally fix the building elements (blocks) with temporary locking means (Figure 5), such as mounting foam, horizontal locking clamp (Figure 7), vertical locking clamp (Figure 8), vertical locking (Figure 9), wood screws or locking screws (Figure 6).

If the structural lattice is formed using a curing liquid structural material that does not contain reinforcing elements, such as fiber or microfiber, reinforcement elements, such as reinforcement and / or reinforcement frame, are inserted into the channels for casting the lattice. Both methods of reinforcing liquid structural material capable of curing can also be used. The most convenient but not necessary way of installing the reinforcement or reinforcement frame is the insertion of reinforcing elements during the installation of the building elements (blocks). The vertical and horizontal reinforcement elements to be inserted must be locked together (unless this is contrary to the design solution). It is desirable to place the reinforcing elements in such a way that the clearance between the reinforcing element and all the walls of the structural lattice formation channel is at least 2 cm (¾ inch). In the case of small wall dimensions, reinforcing elements can be inserted after the installation of building elements (blocks). The vertical bars of reinforcement elements are inserted from above through the vertical ductwork channels. Horizontal bars are placed through additional holes in the angular building blocks (blocks) in front of the horizontal ducts of the structural lattice.

After the wall structure is assembled from the building elements (blocks), it is possible, but not necessary, to use external temporary supporting structures, which are removed when the liquid structural material hardens in the lattice.

After the wall structure has been prepared from the building elements (blocks) and the reinforcing elements inserted, liquid hardening material capable of hardening is poured through the upper part of the forming channels of the structural lattice. Depth vibrators and / or other sources of vibration may (but need not) be used to improve the application of the material. It is possible, but not necessary, to make temporary openings up to the structural lattice formation channels to control whether the solid curing liquid material has filled the entire space of the structural lattice formation channels.

The filled liquid structural material shall be provided with the necessary conditions for the acquisition of strength. Such conditions may include, for example, maintaining appropriate humidity and temperature, etc.

Claims (15)

Definition of the Invention 1. A method of building walls and / or foundations comprising a known method of assembling building elements (blocks), superimposing them on one another and forming a structure capable of withstanding the structural loads of a building, characterized in that the building elements (blocks) are structural elements, building elements (blocks) is able to withstand the structural loads of the building, the main function of the structural lattice formed by pouring the solidifying liquid building material is the reinforcement of the building elements (blocks) with each other, that the bearing capacity of the structure is calculated according to the bearing capacity of the building elements , assembled from building elements (blocks), is able to withstand vertical structural loads prior to the filling of the liquid solid material capable of solidification, so that the building elements (blocks) are fastened to each other internally (located inside the building elements). (e) structural lattice formed by known infusions of a curing liquid structural material, reinforced by known means and materials, which allows the installation of structures of any height in a single step, avoiding the risk of deformation of hardened masonry or adhesive mortar; less than 1 mm) building elements (blocks) without the need to leave a layer of masonry and / or adhesive mortar, which results in a decrease in the volume of filling of the liquid hardening material, which can be cured at the construction site, volume of supporting structures, weight loss of supporting structures , a reduction in the volume of work that can be applied on a construction site to fill a liquid curing liquid, the ability to unify a structural element (structural lattice) io building elements (blocks) within the structure, accelerating the construction process, the construction process reduces labor consumption and reduces the building costs, it allows to automate the process of building up to the full transition to robotic construction without human involvement. 2. A method of construction according to claim 1, characterized in that the building elements (blocks) are installed without the use of masonry, glue or other mortar, but can be provided with temporary fixing elements. 3. A method of construction as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that temporary elements required during the construction process, such as floor formwork and / or structural elements of the building, may be added to the building elements (blocks) prior to the infiltration of the liquid curing structural material. structural components such as floor panels, ribs, reinforcements. A method of construction according to claim 1, characterized in that it allows the use of special configuration building blocks (blocks) which are used not only for straight plane construction, such as angular elements, without any change in structural lattice integrity and bearing capacity. 5. A method of construction as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that it enables the use of various sizes of building elements (blocks) with the same pitch of the structural lattice formation channels without losing the bearing capacity of the structure. 6. A method of construction according to claim 1, characterized in that it enables the filling of the liquid curing liquid material, which can be cured, in a single step or in several steps without changing the overall bearing capacity of the structure. A method of construction according to claim 1, characterized in that the load-bearing capacity of the wall is increased by using a higher grade reinforcement frame and / or a greater number of reinforcing elements without changing the make and / or configuration of the building element (block). 8. A method of construction as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that it combines various grades of liquid curing materials capable of curing, thereby providing a local reinforcement of the bearing capacity of the structural part. 9. A method of construction as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the structural lattice formed inside the assembled building elements (blocks) redistributes structural loads and enables the use of lower bearing capacity building elements (blocks), which is required when the building elements are installed using masonry or glue. mortar. 10. A method of construction as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that it does not require the use of structural reinforcements, such as retaining lintels over door and window openings, ribs, etc. 11. Building element (block) with a known groove-ridge locking system for interconnecting building elements (blocks), characterized in that each building element (block) is simultaneously in two plane planes (horizontal and vertical), inside the wall is formed vertical and Horizontal channels interconnected at their intersections, the arrangement of the channels allows to place reinforcing elements of liquid structural material capable of solidifying them and to perform reinforcement elements directly inside the building elements (blocks), such that by creating a structural lattice inside the wall, manufactured in such a way that the projection and dimensions of one building block (block) exactly coincide (with a tolerance of less than 1 mm) with the recess of another building block (block), the groove-ridge locks provide a precise (less than 1 mm foot idai) centering of the assembled building block (block) with respect to the already installed structure, each building block (block) has groove-ridge locks on all four sides and joins them with other building blocks (blocks), which results in a precise (less than 1 mm tolerance) ) alignment of the building element (block) simultaneously in the horizontal and vertical plane, allowing the installation of structures of any height in one step, avoiding the risk of deformation or tilting of the structure, as well as rigid fixing of each building element (block) in its position the possibility of (blocks) offset in any direction; structural lattice performs the function of the reinforcement element and ensures the structural integrity of the connected building elements (blocks), structural lattice redistributes general structure loads from increased load areas to less loaded parts, structural lattice plays the role of window and door lintels and perimeter strips of reinforcing elements, such as lintels, bands, support columns, which results in a decrease in the volume of infiltration work of liquid structural material on the construction site, a decrease in the volume of supporting structures, a decrease in weight of the structural structures, reduction in volume, the ability to unify the structural element (structural lattice) contained within the building element (Blocks) within the structure, speed up the construction process, the construction process reduces labor intensiveness, reducing construction costs, allows to automate the process of building up a full transition to robotic construction without human involvement. 12. A building element according to claim 11, characterized in that it enables the production of building elements (blocks) from a variety of structural materials which have improved performance but at the same time can withstand structural loads, such as lightweight thermo-insulating concrete. 13. A building element according to claim 11, characterized in that the building elements (blocks) can have a groove-ridge-type locking system with a plurality of rows of locks. 14. A building element according to claim 11, characterized in that the building elements (blocks) can have a groove-ridge-type locking system with a variable locking angle. 15. A building element according to claim 11, characterized in that it enables the formation of additional ducts in the building elements (blocks) and / or the use of building elements (blocks) with a greater number of ducts, thereby providing local reinforcement without altering the external configuration of the wall.