RU2460265C1 - Multifunction combined tillage unit - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: unit includes a frame with transverse bars fixed on it. On the bars the vertical racks with axes at the ends are movably mounted and spherical wheels set on the latter with the ability to rotate. Wheels have adjustable angle of attack and are located frontally on the width of capture. Wheels on the adjacent cross bars are concave or convex with sides, respectively, in opposite directions. Each wheel is displaced with respect to adjacent wheels in the direction of uncultivated land. The wheels have a slope to the vertical plane. In the double brackets with the holes the stands of shovel sweeps can be installed. In the stands of shovel sweeps several pairs of holes are made. Behind the last cross bar on the frame a frame with spring-loaded teeth or a roller is mounted. The device frame comprises four cross bars and is equipped with two front technology wheels located symmetrically related to the longitudinal axis of the machine. The frame at the backside rests on two symmetrically arranged transportation and technological wheels. All wheels are fitted with screw mechanisms of adjustment of tillage depth. Mechanisms of regulation of transportation and technological wheels are made in the form of screws, which are fixed movably with the upper ends relative to the horizontal axes in the paired brackets of these wheels bodies. At the lower ends of the screws lock nuts and back nuts are screwed, the lower sides of which are made in the form of convex bowl-shaped surfaces. By bowl-shaped surfaces the wheels bodies rest on the concave cup-shaped surfaces, fixed rigidly to the frame of the unit. In the center of the concave bowl-shaped surfaces there are holes for the lower parts of the screws. The screws are placed in the tubes, attached rigidly to the convex lower cup-shaped surfaces of the back nuts. The length of tubes protecting the helical surfaces of the screws is determined by the height of movement of the unit from the lowest to the highest position - the transport position. The racks of center hoes and subsoil cultivators are interchangeable. Paired brackets with the holes are attached rigidly only on the second and fourth transverse bars. In the middle between the movable vertical racks with the axes at the ends, the distance between which is 52-64 cm, in the paired brackets the removable racks of subsoil cultivators are simultaneously fixedly mounted. The subsoil cultivators racks smoothly pass in the bottom into the loosening teeth, the working surfaces of which, from the ends, are situated at an angle to the horizontal plane of 30°-35°, and higher on the rack this angle is 50°-70°. On the sides of the racks of the subsoil cultivators at the bottom the removable loosening brackets are rigidly fixed which work surfaces are located at an angle 30°-35° to the horizontal plane, and the width varies from 2.5 cm to 12 cm. The loosening teeth are protected by quick-detachable wear-resistant linings with chisels. The work surfaces of the chisels pass behind the lower ends of the teeth and form an angle to the horizontal plane from 10° to 25°. In the upper parts of the subsoil cultivators racks there are pairs of holes, by rearrangement of which changing the depth of soil is provided by 12, 24, 36 cm below the depth of its treatment by the spherical disks of the unit.

EFFECT: this implementation of the unit enables to expand the functionality of the unit while reducing its size.

2 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agricultural engineering, mainly to tillage tools with passive working bodies, and can be used in agriculture for post-harvest soil and vapors with the simultaneous destruction of the plow sole.

A disk tillage implement is known, including a frame with transverse bars fixed to it in several rows, on which vertical racks are mounted with axes at the ends and spherical disks mounted on the axles with the possibility of rotation, while the disks have an adjustable angle of attack and are located frontally along the working width, in addition, the disks on the first and second bars are installed with the concave or convex sides, respectively, in opposite directions and form the first pair of discs in the next pair of rows the ki are respectively installed opposite to the disks of the first pair of rows, and each subsequent disk is shifted in the transverse direction relative to the previous disk towards the unprocessed first row of disks of the inter-disk strip of land by an amount equal to the quotient of dividing the inter-disk distance by the number of rows, while the disks are inclined to the vertical plane (patent RU No. 2185044).

The disadvantage of the above unit is the inability to simultaneously destroy the plowed soil to destroy the plow sole, which is universally formed as a result of multiple passes through the fields of tractors, combines and other mobile equipment. In a dense and hard plow sole, the vital activity of soil microflora is significantly reduced, the air-water exchange of the arable layer of the soil with a deeper soil is disrupted, which leads to a decrease in crop productivity by 20-40%.

Closest to the invention, the technological result achieved is a tillage implement, including a frame with several transverse bars fixed to it, on which movable vertical racks with axes at the ends are mounted and spherical disks mounted on the axes with rotation and having an adjustable angle of attack and are located frontally along the working width, in addition, the disks on adjacent transverse bars are arranged with concave or convex sides, respectively, in opposite hundred rons, and each disk is displaced relative to adjacent disks towards the uncultivated land, while the disks have a slope to the vertical plane, pair brackets with holes can be fixedly fixed on all transverse bars, in which racks of lancet, cultivator paws or racks of slotters can be installed, and several pairs of holes are made to the racks of lancet, cultivating paws, which allow you to change the depth of soil cultivation from 50 mm to 300 mm in increments of 50 mm, and a channel image is mounted at the lower ends of the slotting racks spreader, and the length of the rack of the slotter is such that it provides the formation of a gap and a channel-drainage in the soil, untreated by the previous working body of the tool with a plow sole, depth up to 500 mm, with distances between slots 400 mm - 800 mm, a frame is mounted behind the last transverse beam on the frame with spring teeth or a roller, moreover, the frame is mounted movably in the vertical plane by means of parallelogram mechanisms, and the teeth are mounted on the axis with the possibility of rotation of the axis, and the angle of installation of the teeth to the vertical plane is It is adjustable through traction and lanyard, each of the proposed working bodies can be used separately from each other or in any combination (patent No. 2408176).

The disadvantage of the above tool is that when cutting slots and channels in the plow sole, their walls are densified, which prevents the rapid absorption of rain or other water into a dense and solid plow sole until delamination from the walls of the slots and channels of the densified layer occurs the soil. In addition, racks of slotting machines with channel formers in this design of the guns cannot be mounted on one transverse beam with movable vertical racks with axes at the ends and mounted on the axles with the possibility of rotation of spherical disks due to the small distance obtained between them. This in the process of work leads to frequent clogging of the working bodies with soil, especially if it is clogged with crop residues or weeds. The tool becomes inoperative, therefore, to eliminate these shortcomings, it is necessary to expand the functionality of the unit, providing it with new working bodies, which would not create densified walls in the process of cutting slots and channels in the plow sole and could be mounted on transverse bars simultaneously with movable vertical racks with axes at the ends, which will generally reduce the overall dimensions of the unit and its mass.

The aim of the invention is the creation of working bodies, which simultaneously with the sowing of the plow sole would ensure the destruction of the compacted soil layer formed on the walls of the cracks formed in the plow sole in the process of siping, as well as expanding the functionality of the unit and reducing its dimensions and weight by allowing simultaneous installation on the transverse bars of the working bodies processing the arable soil layer and the plow sole.

This goal is achieved by the fact that in the known tillage implements, including a frame with transverse bars fixed to it, on which vertically movable racks are mounted with axes at the ends and spherical disks mounted on the axles with the possibility of rotation, which have an adjustable angle of attack and are located frontally in width capture, in addition, the disks on adjacent transverse bars are located concave or convex sides, respectively, in opposite directions, and each disk is offset relative to adjacent disks in the direction of the uncultivated land, while the disks have a slope to the vertical plane, racks of lancet cultivator paws can be installed in paired brackets with holes, and in the racks of lancet cultivator paws several pairs of holes are made, a frame with spring teeth is mounted behind the last transverse beam on the frame or skating rink. According to the invention, the unit frame contains four transverse beams and is equipped in front with two technological wheels located symmetrically relative to the longitudinal axis of the unit. The rear frame is supported by two transport and technological wheels located also symmetrically. All wheels are equipped with screw mechanisms for adjusting the depth of soil cultivation, and for transport and technological wheels they are made in the form of screws, which are movably mounted with the upper ends movably relative to the horizontal axes in paired brackets of the casings of these wheels. Locking nuts and support nuts are screwed at the lower ends of the screws, the lower sides of which are made in the form of convex cup-shaped surfaces, by means of which the wheel housings abut against concave cup-shaped surfaces fixed motionless on the unit frame. In the center of the concave cup-shaped surfaces there are holes for the lower part of the screws, the screws themselves are located in tubes fixed motionless to the convex lower cup-shaped surfaces of the support nuts. The length of the tubes protecting the screw surfaces of the screws is determined by the height of movement of the unit from the lowest position to the highest - transport position. Racks of lancet paws and deep rippers are replaceable. Paired brackets with holes are fixed only on the second and fourth transverse bars, and in the middle, between movable vertical posts with axes at the ends, the distance between which is 52-64 cm, in paired brackets with holes, simultaneously with movable vertical posts with axes at the ends and mounted on the axes with the possibility of rotation of spherical disks, fixedly removable racks of deep-rippers are mounted, which smoothly pass in the lower part into loosening teeth, working surfaces of oryh starting from the ends of ripper teeth are arranged at an angle to the horizontal plane of 30 ° -35 °, and then higher in the rack, this angle is 50 ° -70 °. On the sides of the racks of the subsoilers in the lower parts, removable ripping arms are fixedly fixed, the working surfaces of which are located at an angle of 30 ° -35 ° to the horizontal plane, and the width varies from 2.5 cm to 12 cm. The ripping teeth are protected by quick-detachable wear-resistant plates with chisels. The working surfaces of the bits go beyond the lower ends of the teeth and make an angle to the horizontal plane from 10 ° to 25 °. In the upper parts of the racks of the deep-rippers there are pairs of holes, the rearrangement of which ensures a change in the depth of tillage by 12; 24; 36 cm below the depth of its processing with spherical discs of the unit.

Subsoiler racks are fixedly fixed on the second transverse bar in paired brackets with holes, and the racks with lancet, cultivating paws are fixed on the fourth transverse bar, the front surface angle of which is 50 ° -70 ° with the horizontal plane, their working depth is 6; 12; 18 cm below the depth of soil treatment with spherical discs, which is set by rearrangement in the pair of mounting holes of the racks.

Introduction to the design of the soil tillage aggregate of racks of rippers with loosening teeth, the working surfaces of which, starting from the loosening teeth located to the horizontal plane 30 ° -35 °, then higher along the racks, this angle is 50 ° -70 °, as well as the presence of protective quick-detachable wear-resistant linings with chisels, where the working surfaces of the chisels extend beyond the lower ends of the teeth and are mounted to a horizontal plane at an angle from 10 ° to 25 °, ensures, as experiments show, stable cutting of the racks divisors plow sole in any hardness and loosening in its passage area. The presence of side loosening brackets installed in the lower part on the sides of the racks of deep rippers, the working surfaces of which are located at an angle of 30 ° -35 ° to the horizontal plane, provides loosening of the compacted soil layer formed on the walls of the cracks formed in the plow sole, which significantly improves absorption into the body plow sole of water and reduces the volume of its runoff to lower parts of the surface of the treated field.

Setting a distance of 52-64 cm between movable vertical posts with axles at the ends and mounted on the axles with the ability to rotate spherical discs, as tests show, is quite sufficient for mounting between them (in the middle) of the racks of deep-rippers, while also ensuring stable operation of the unit.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows the inventive tillage unit, side view;

Figure 2 is the same, a top view;

figure 3 is the same diagram of the unit;

figure 4 shows a disk working body;

figure 5 shows the rack of the subsoiler, side view;

figure 6 shows the lancet paw, side view;

7 shows a mechanism for adjusting the working bodies of the aggregate of the rear transport and technological wheels.

The tillage unit contains a frame 1, a trailer 2, front technological wheels 3, rear transport and technological wheels 4, transverse bars 5, in which slide bearings 6 are mounted in a certain order, struts 7 installed in them with axles 8 at the ends and mounted on axles 8 with the possibility of rotation of the spherical discs 9, at the upper ends of all the uprights 7 the leads 10 are fixedly mounted, which, in turn, are pivotally connected to the rods 11 that are installed with the ability to move and fix along the transverse bars 5, the number of rods 11 corresponds to the number of transverse bars 5. Spherical disks 9 are installed with a variable angle of attack α (figure 2) and an angle of inclination β (figure 4). The angle of attack α is changed by moving the rod 11 in one direction or another, while the leads 10 pivotally connected to it rotate by turning the posts 7 and with them the spherical discs 9. On the second and fourth transverse bars 5 of the frame 1, at the beginning of the counting of the transverse bars from the trailer 2, in the middle, symmetrically, between all the bearings 6 are fixedly fixed paired brackets with holes 12, in which removable racks of subsoilers 13 can be installed, which in the lower parts pass into the ripping teeth 14, working on the surfaces of which make an angle of 30 ° -35 ° to the horizontal plane and are protected by quick-detachable wear-resistant pads with bits 15, the working surfaces of the bits go beyond the lower ends of the ripping teeth 14 and make an angle with a horizontal plane of 10 ° to 25 °, the working surfaces of the racks of the rippers make up a horizontal plane angle of 50 ° -70 °, which ensures self-cleaning of the racks from crop residues, and are protected by removable dividers 16, motionless loosening brackets 17 are mounted on the sides of the racks in their lower parts, the working surfaces of which make an angle of 30 ° -35 ° with the horizontal plane, in the upper parts of the racks of the deep-rippers 13 there are three pairs of holes 18, designed to change the depth of the strip or continuous loosening of the plow sole. In the pair of brackets with holes 12, lancet cultivator legs 19 (Fig. 7) with racks of lancet cultivator legs 20 can also be installed, their working depth is set at 6, 12 and 18 cm. Rollers 21 or spring-loaded harrows can be mounted on the last transverse beam of the unit (not shown in FIG.).

The mechanisms for adjusting the working depth of the working bodies of the tillage unit of the rear transport and technological wheels 4 consist of paired brackets 22 mounted on the bodies of the rear transport wheels 4, the axis 23, on which the screws 24 are movably mounted, the lock nuts 25 are screwed onto the screws 24, then the lock nuts 26, in which the lower parts are made in the form of convex cup-shaped surfaces, by which the casings of the transport and technological wheels abut against the concave cup-shaped surfaces 27 fixed motionless on the frame 1 of the unit, Centralized cup-shaped surfaces 27 have openings in which are located the lower ends of screws 24 when lifting or lowering the assembly from the working position to transport position and vice versa. Protective tubes 28 are fixedly mounted on the lower cup-shaped convex surfaces of the support nuts, which protect the threads of the screws 24 from damage to the walls of the holes of the concave cup-shaped surfaces 27. The length of the protective tubes is selected so that the screws 24 are protected when the tillage unit is moved from the working position to the upper transport and vice versa, as well as in the process of movement.

Tillage unit (Fig.1 and 2) works as follows. Before starting work, depending on the required depth of cultivation of the arable layer, the presence of crop residues and the depth of the required processing of the subsurface layer of the soil (plow sole), determined primarily by the hardness of the plow sole and the power of the tractor used, etc., the corresponding values are set on the implement parameters of the working bodies. So the angle of attack of the spherical discs, which determines the depth of their work, is established by moving the rod 11 and turning the racks 7 with the spherical discs 9 by means of leashes 10. The depth of the racks of the deep-rippers 13 or lancet cultivator legs 19 is set by rearranging them in the pair of holes of the racks and can be installed at 12; 24; 36 cm for racks of deep-rippers and 6; 12 and 18 cm for lancet, cultivator paws (not shown in Fig.) Deeper than the depth of the spherical discs. Then the unit is set to the edge of the field, transferred to the working position and moved around the field. In the process of movement of the unit, spherical disks 9 cut into the soil to a set depth, for example 15 cm, loosen it, closing up the crop residues. At the same time, if subsoilers 13 are mounted in the middle between the spherical disks 9 of the rack 13, they are cut by overlays with chisels 15 of loosening teeth 14 into the plow sole, cutting strips filled with loose soil in it, the width of which expands with loosening brackets 17 depending on their size up to before joining the loosened strips, forming a continuous loosened plow sole with a depth of up to 50 cm. If lancet cultivator legs are installed on the racks on the unit, then they also cut into the plow along a sole and loosen it. The rollers 21 or gear-spring harrows mounted behind the last transverse beam of the unit level the surface of the treated field.

Thus, the proposed multifunctional combined tillage unit, in comparison with the known ones, allows expanding the functionality of the unit due to the use of lancet cultivating paws and subsoiler racks with loosening brackets fixed in the lower part, providing destruction of the compacted soil layer formed on the walls of the cracks cut in the plow sole, which makes it difficult to absorb water into the plow sole.

The design of the unit also provides the possibility of simultaneous installation on the transverse bars of the working bodies, allowing to process both the arable layer of the soil and the plow sole, for example: spherical discs that loosen the arable layer of soil and partially cover the crop residues, and racks of rippers that cut the plow sole, forming loosened soil strips in it, into which rainwater flows, seeping through the loosened soil layer, impregnating the remaining non-loosened, all-structural plow the wedge sole, which, when wet, freezes in the winter, expands and increases in volume. In the spring, such an all-structural plow sole thaws, while maintaining a loosened structure of increased volume.

The ability to install on the transverse bars of the unit at the same time working bodies that allow you to process the arable soil layer and the plow sole, reduces the overall dimensions of the unit and its mass.

Claims (2)

1. Tillage unit, including a frame with transverse bars fixed to it, on which movable vertical racks with axles at the ends are mounted and spherical disks mounted on the axles are rotatably mounted, which have an adjustable angle of attack and are located frontally along the working width, in addition, the disks on adjacent transverse bars, they are arranged with concave or convex sides, respectively, in opposite directions, and each disk is offset relative to the adjacent disks towards the uncultivated land, while the suits have a slope to the vertical plane, in the pair of brackets with holes, racks of lancet cultivator paws can be installed, and in the racks of lancet cultivator paws several pairs of holes are made, behind the last transverse beam, a frame with spring teeth or a roller is mounted, characterized in that the frame the unit contains four transverse beams and is equipped in front with two technological wheels located symmetrically relative to the longitudinal axis of the unit, and is supported by two located on the rear e is also symmetrically transport and technological wheels, all wheels are equipped with screw mechanisms for adjusting the depth of soil cultivation, and for transport and technological wheels they are made in the form of screws that are movably mounted with the upper ends movably relative to the horizontal axes in the pair of brackets of the casings of these wheels, and screwed at the lower ends locknuts and support nuts, the lower sides of which are made in the form of convex cup-shaped surfaces, by means of which the wheel housings abut against concave cup-shaped surfaces, fixed on the unit frame, in the center of the concave cup-shaped surfaces there are holes for the lower parts of the screws, while the screws themselves are located in tubes fixed to the convex lower cup-shaped surfaces of the support nuts, the length of the tubes protecting the screw surfaces of the screws is determined by the height of movement of the unit from the lower position to the highest - transport position, the racks of lancet paws and subsoilers are interchangeable, paired brackets with holes fixed fixed only on the second and fourth transverse bars, and in the middle between the movable vertical struts with axes at the ends, the distance between which is 52-64 cm in paired brackets with holes at the same time as the movable vertical struts with axes at the ends mounted on the axles with the possibility of rotation of spherical disks fixedly removable racks of deep-rippers are mounted, which smoothly pass in the lower part into ripping teeth, the working surfaces of which, starting from the ends of the ripping teeth, are located at an angle to the horizontal plane of 30-35 °, then above the rack this angle is 50-70 °, on the sides of the racks of the rippers in the lower part removable loosening arms are fixedly fixed, the working surfaces of which are located at an angle of 30-35 ° to the horizontal plane, and the width varies from 2.5 cm to 12 cm, loosening teeth are protected by quick-detachable wear-resistant pads with chisels, the working surfaces of the chisels extend beyond the lower ends of the teeth and make an angle to the horizontal plane from 10 to 25 °, in the upper parts of the racks deep casters there are pairs of holes, rearranging which provides a change in the depth of tillage by 12; 24; 36 cm below the depth of its processing with spherical discs of the unit. 2. The tillage unit according to claim 1, characterized in that on the second transverse beam in pairs of brackets with holes fixedly mounted racks of rippers, and on the fourth transverse beam are fixed racks with lancet cultivating paws, the angle of the front surface of which is with a horizontal plane of 50-70 °, the depth of their work is 6; 12; 18 cm below the depth of soil treatment with spherical discs, which is set by rearrangement in the pair of mounting holes of the racks.

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