RU2428048C2 - Method for feeding fresh cows in beginning period of milking - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: food industry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agricultural industry, in particular, to the methods for feeding fresh cows in the beginning period of milking. The method involves feeding a ration to animals that contains feed-stuff and a biologically active additive. The biologically active additive is represented by a camelina cake in amount of 22% of feed-stuff weight; one uses "Isilkulets" sort camelina cake with erucidic acid content no more than 1.9%, the cake having undergone two-stage pressing in the screw press. One administers camelina cake with feed-stuff during 300-305 day of the beginning period of milking.

EFFECT: this invention application allows to enhance milk productiveness of cattle.

2 cl, 10 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agricultural production, and more specifically to methods of feeding animals to increase the milk productivity of cattle.

It is known that during crushing, cows, in addition to the required feed rate for actual milk yield, are given an advance to increase milk yield at the beginning of 3-4 e.c.u., and in the future 2.5-1.5 e.k.u. per day with the appropriate amount of digestible protein and other nutrients.

Moreover, there are known methods of feeding highly productive cows during milking on the basis of bulky feed and such a fat supplement as sunflower meal (see Kalashnikov A.P. Feeding farm animals / A.P. Kalashnikov [et al.] - M .: Rosagropromizdat, 1988. - P.186).

In many countries, the use of sunflower seed oil, sunflower meal and meal is considered an indispensable element of intensive technologies in dairy cattle breeding (see Sokolov V.M. Rapeseed meal in compound feeds for dairy cows / V.M.Sokolov // Cattle feeding and keeping, - Zootechnics. - 1987. - No. 9. - S.52-56).

Sunflower meal is readily eaten by all types of farm animals. Sunflower meal and meal can be introduced into diets and compound feeds for cattle, sheep and horses without restrictions, in diets of pigs up to 10-15%, poultry up to 20%, depending on the fiber content in the product, as well as in the diet (see Petrukhin I.V. Feed and feed additives: Handbook / I.V. Petrukhin. - M.: Rosagropromizdat, 1989. - 526 p.).

However, sunflower meal has a significant drawback - a high fiber content due to husks, which is not desirable for cows especially during milking.

In recent years, it is known that unconventional oilseeds, especially cabbage (cruciferous) families, are of great interest. These crops are cultivated in almost all regions of the country (see T. Renzyaeva and others. “The quality of cruciferous oilseeds of the Siberian region and their processed products” // Fat-and-oil industry, No. 2, 2009, pp. 17-19) .

A distinctive feature of traditional cruciferous varieties is the presence in the seeds, as well as in the products of their processing, of a group of anti-nutritional substances (erucic acid, glucosinolates, polyphenols, tannins, etc.). Excessive amount of erucic acid entering the animal’s body can cause disturbances in the activity of the cardiovascular system, lipid skeletal muscle and myocardial infiltration, cirrhosis of the liver (see Chubb L.J. Anti-nutritional factors in animal feeding / L.J. Chubb / / Recent advances in the study of animal nutrition. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1985. - P.27-48).

Moreover, the increased content of cruciferous oil crops and products of their processing of anti-nutritional substances previously limited their widespread use in feeding agricultural crops. animals and birds.

The ability to increase the level of cruciferous in the diets of farm animals in many countries of the world is solved mainly by developing varieties with a low content of erucic acid and glucosinolates (canola varieties).

In recent years, breeders of our country have received low glucosinolate and bezerukovye varieties of cruciferous (type 00), which expands the possibility of their use in feeding agricultural. animals and birds as high-value sources of protein, energy, as well as other nutrients and biologically active substances.

With the production of bezerukovy and low-glucosinolate varieties of cruciferous oilseeds - rapeseed, rape, red saffron milk - began to attract the attention of producers as a forage or industrial crop.

In addition, it is known that the quality of the cake significantly depends on the technology of seed processing and, in particular, the pressing and processing regimes of the cake (see Lisitsyn AM, Grigoryeva V.N. Expansion of processing of seeds of cruciferous crops and flax for the northern regions of Russia // Oil and fat industry No. 4, 2000, pp. 8-10).

At present, cruciferous meal can be obtained according to the double pressing scheme with preliminary preparation of raw materials and seeds of bezerukovy varieties that are harmless to cattle (see Gumenyuk G.D. Use of industrial and agricultural waste in animal husbandry / G.D.Gumenyuk, AM Zhadan, A.N. Korobko. - Kiev: Harvest, 1991 .-- 216 p.).

The objective of the invention is to develop a method for feeding first-calf cows during milking using a diet that includes compound feed containing an energy protein feed additive - oilcake oilcrops (cruciferous), which allows, without changing the accepted feeding technologies and without large additional costs, using generally available components, to improve and to correct the condition of animals and get healthy offspring from highly productive cows with an increase in milk yield and milk quality while reducing the cost of its production in and increase the profitability of his.

The problem is solved by the fact that the composition of the diet is fed with feed containing an energy protein supplement - camelina cake in the amount of 22% by weight of feed, which eliminates the protein deficiency in the diet of cows during milking, increase milk productivity and improve milk quality, while introducing bagelless beetroot varieties of milk saffron cake, which has undergone two-stage pressing on screw presses, in particular Isilkulets bagasse cake with residual fat content of not more than 15% and with an erucic acid content of not more than 1.9%, while Mykh administered daily for milking 300-305 days.

As a control option for determining the effectiveness of the proposed method adopted the most common and used option using sunflower meal in the same amount.

Oilcake oilseed protein is well balanced in amino acid composition. It contains almost all of the essential amino acids (table 1).

By the sum of the essential amino acids per 100 g of protein in the first place - camelina cake - 15.66 g; on the second - sunflower - 15.24.

The carbohydrate composition of oilcake meal is presented in table 2.

Table 1 The content of amino acids, crude protein in oilcake Indicator Cake Sunflower Saffron Asparagine 3.24 1.10 Tyrosine 1.06 0.60 Series 1.25 1.16 Glutamine 5.87 5.28 Proline 2.54 1,54 Glycine 2,52 1.81 Alanya 1.97 0.73 Valine 1.77 2.15 Methionine 0.96 0.44 Isoleucine 1.38 1,63 Leucine 2.01 2.48 Threonine 1.29 1.24 Phenylalanine 1,59 1.36 Histidine 1.96 1.39 Lysine 1.91 2,30 Arginine 2,37 2.67 Crude protein,% 27.58 33.77 The amount of essential amino acids, g / 100 g protein 15.24 15.66

table 2 The composition of heteropolysaccharide complexes in cake Indicator Neutral detergent fiber Acid Detergent Lignin Hemicelululose Cellulose Bev including starch sugar Contained in dry matter,% Sunflower meal 29.6 23.9 9.7 5.7 14.2 15,5 1,5 12,2 Ginger cake 28.0 19.9 6.9 8.1 13.0 11,4 3,7 7.7

As can be seen from table 2, the carbohydrate content in the studied meal is slightly different. Thus, the highest content of cellulose and lignin was noted in sunflower meal, which increased the level of acid-detergent fiber to 23.9% in dry matter. Acid detergent fiber is a complex consisting of cellulose and lignin. The cellulose content in camelina cake is 13.0%, and the amount of lignin, as a substance more resistant to microbial fermentation, in this cake is 2.8% lower than sunflower, which makes camelina cake biologically complete.

Neutral detergent fiber includes the sum of structural carbohydrates of the cell wall, consisting of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin. In sunflower and camelina oilcake, the NIR level varied from 28.0 to 29.6%.

The cake contains a large number of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids - oleic, linoleic, linolenic. The fatty acid composition of oilseed meal used in the experiment is shown in table 3.

Table 3 The composition of fatty acids in oilcake meal,% Indicator Sunflower Ryzhikovy (grade "Isilkulets" 2-fold pressing) Stearin 2.60 1.20 Oleic 17.80 16.30 Linoleic 70.80 25.60 Linolenic - 38.30 Eicosene - 3.40 Begonova - 10.10 Erukova - 1.90 Crude fat,% 17.51 14.25

Fatty monounsaturated oleic acid is part of the lipids involved in the construction of biomembranes, their permeability depends on its quantity, is a source of energy for living organisms. The oleic acid content in sunflower meal is 17.8%, in camelina - 16.3%. In the camelina cake used, the level of erucic acid due to the extraction technology and the used seed variety is reduced to 1.9%.

The highest amount of linoleic acid in sunflower oilcake (70.8%), however, in camelina oilcake, in addition, contains linolenic acid. The high content of linoleic and linolenic acids ensured the high biological value of camelina cake from seeds of the Isilkulets variety.

The content of minerals in the cake is shown in table 4.

From the above data it is seen that there are certain differences in the content of mineral substances depending on the type of cake. Sunflower oilcake contains 8.08% more magnesium and 40% more potassium than camelina oilcake. The sodium content in the cake is the same. A higher cobalt content is noted in camelina oilcake - 3.92 mg / kg.

Table 4 The mineral composition of the used cake Element Units rev. Sunflower Saffron Calcium g / kg 2,34 4,57 Phosphorus g / kg 9.56 9.32 Magnesium g / kg 0.99 0.82 Potassium g / kg 15.00 10.80 Sodium g / kg 0.10 0.10 Cobalt mg / kg 3.69 3.92

Before the start of the experiment, all feeds were investigated and based on these analyzes, feeding diets were compiled.

The experimental and control groups of cows formed by the method of analogues included 8 heads of heifers. Maintenance in the same conditions on one farm.

To conduct production experience in the feed mill of the farm, concentrate mixtures were prepared from barley, peas and oilcakes for first-calf experimental groups, the composition and nutritional value of which are shown in table 5.

The composition of the concentrate mixtures for first-calf heifers included cakes: sunflower - control group, camelina - experimental group in an amount of 22%. Other ingredients of the concentrate mixture are P-60-1 premix, feed phosphate, sodium chloride are included in equal amounts (1.0-1.5-1.5%).

The content of energy feed units, exchange energy and dry matter is almost the same. Crude and digestible protein in feed mixtures of first-calf heifers in the control group are 1.8% and 1.2% more than in the second group, and 4.6 and 14.04% less crude fiber and raw fat, respectively.

Sugar in feed mixtures of heifers of the experimental group is 1.54 g or 4.4% more than the control group. In the prepared feed mixtures per 1 energy feed unit there is a digestible protein of 118 g (control group), 116.5 g (experimental group)

Table 5 Composition and nutritional value of concentrate mixtures (compound feed) of heifers Group Indicator control experienced The composition of the mixture,% by weight Barley 60 60 Peas fourteen fourteen Sunflower cake 22 Oilcake (Isilkulep) 22 Salt 1,5 1,5 Premix (P-60-1) 1,0 1,0 Feed phosphate 1,5 1,5 1 kg contains EKE. 1,054 1,055 OE, MJ 10.54 10.55 Dry matter, g 868.56 867.02 Crude protein, g 147.82 145.15 Digestible protein, g 124.42 122.88 Crude fiber, g 106.81 111.74 Starch 361.17 361.17 Sugar, g 35.06 36.60 Crude fat, g 54.05 61.64 Salt twenty twenty Calcium, g 3.75 4,51 Phosphorus, g 5.64 5.40 Iron mg 68,42 71.02 Copper mg 13.84 9.10 Zinc mg 60.48 55.90 Cobalt, mg 9.94 10.03 Manganese 17.75 25.30 Iodine, mg 1.98 1.99 Carotene 42.08 41.64 Vit. D, t 2701.10 2700.00 Vit. E mg 59.84 60.06 Bev 480.46 466.64 Ash 79.42 81.84

Mass fraction of crude fat in dry matter in a mixture of experimental groups (6.22; 7.11%), crude protein (17.02; 16.74%).

Crude fiber content (% on dry matter): in the control group amounted to 12.30, in the experimental group - 12.90; Bev: 55.32; 53.82%, respectively.

Table 6 shows the diets for feeding experimental cows, taking into account the eatability and digestibility of feed nutrients on average per head.

The diets of the experimental animals are balanced in all nutrients. So, the amount of dry matter per 100 kg of live weight in the control group was 3.9 kg, in the second group - 4.6 kg.

The full value of proteins and their level in the diet plays a significant role in obtaining milk production. First-calves of the control group consumed a diet containing 89.1 g of digestible protein per 1 energy feed unit, animals of the experimental group - 88.6 g.

The content of crude fiber in diets ranged from 19.0% in the control group to 19.74% in the experimental group.

The level of raw fat in the dry matter of the diet averaged 3.47%.

Sugar-protein ratio in the diets was: in the control and in the experimental group - 0.81. To obtain high productivity and maintain life, diets must be normalized by minerals. Normalized macronutrients include calcium, phosphorus, sodium chloride, magnesium, potassium and sulfur. The content of calcium and phosphorus per energy feed unit in the diets was within the normal range of 5.85 g and 3.62 g, respectively. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus on average in the groups was 1.62: 1. That is, this level of minerals fully provided the animals' need for basic macroelements.

Milk productivity of first-calf cows is shown in Table 7. From the data in the table it can be seen that the milk yield in the first 100 days of lactation in the cows of the experimental group exceeded the milk yield of the control group by 136.67 kg or 6.83%.

Table 6 Diets for feeding heifers at the end of the milking period (on average per 1 head) Indicator Norm control experienced Set, kg: Haylage 41.3 43.1 Campostal hay 20,2 21.3 Beetroot 5,0 5.3 Concentrate mixture 10,4 10.5 Salt, g 5.7 6.0 Diammonium phosphate, g 114.0 120.0 The diet contained ECE 17 17.3 18.2 Metabolic energy, MJ 170 172.9 181.7 Dry matter, kg 17000 19542,2 20550.8 Crude protein, g 2342.5 2435.6 2547.4 Digestible protein, g 1523.8 1540.1 1611.0 Crude fiber, g 3980 3819.3 4057.0 Starch, g 2126.3 2540.8 2674.1 Sugar, g 1062.3 1241.9 1297.4 Crude Fat, g 496.3 678.4 760.5 Table salt, g 106.5 114.0 120.0 Calcium g 106.5 95.9 105.7 Phosphorus, g 76.5 63,2 65.0 Bev 10,848.2 11319.6 Iron mg 1202.5 4400.0 4659.6 Copper mg 139.3 169.2 149.0 Zinc mg 920 690.5 698.5 Cobalt, mg 10.9 67.7 71.8 Manganese, mg 920 1148.9 1253.7 Iodine, mg 12.5 15.1 16,0 Carotene, mg 675 891.1 937.2 Vit. D, thousand units fifteen 19,4 20,4 Vit. E mg 602.5 1406.4 1484.7

Table 7 First-calf milk production over the test period (X ± Sx) Indicator Group 1st (control) 2nd (experienced) Milk yield per 100 days of lactation with natural fat content, kg 1865 ± 55.11 2001.67 ± 38.25 Daily milk yield, kg 18.65 ± 0.55 20.01 ± 0.38 Milk yield for 305 days of lactation with natural fat content, kg 4600.37 ± 6.48 5023.08 ± 72.68 ** Milk yield with 4% fat, kg 4481.52 ± 85.82 5106.51 ± 88.15 ** Average% fat in milk 3.9 ± 0.01 4.07 ± 0.04 ** Milk fat, kg 179.26 ± 3.43 204.27 ± 3.53 ** * P <0.05; ** P <0.01.

Milk yield for 305 days of lactation was significantly higher (P≤0.01) in animals of the experimental group - 5023.08 kg, which is 8.42% more than in cows of the control group. The smallest milk yield per 305 days of lactation in terms of 4% fat content in cows of the control group is 4481.52 kg, which is 621.99 kg less, or 13.87%, in the experimental group (P≤0.01).

The average% fat, compared with the control group, in cows of the experimental group is higher by 0.17% (P≤0.01). The amount of milk fat per lactation from the cows of the experimental group was also obtained more than from the control group.

Table 8 displays the indicators characterizing the milk productivity of animals.

The milk ratio in the experimental group is 16.52% higher in comparison with the heifers of the control group.

Table 8 Indicators of milk productivity of heifers Indicator Group 1st control) 2nd (experienced) The coefficient of usefulness of lactation 72.95 64.07 The coefficient of uniformity of milk yield 226.68 211.50 Milk ratio 925.63 1108.85

The chemical composition of the milk of the heifers of the experimental groups is presented in table 9.

The energy value of milk is also higher in animals of the experimental group (camelina oilcake), compared with the control (sunflower oilcake) group of 0.09 MJ.

Dry matter characterizes the nutritional value of milk. According to the table, milk of cows that consumed camelina cake is more nutritious.

Table 9 Chemical composition of heifers milk (%) (x ± Sx) Indicator the control experienced 1 - sunflower 2 - camelina Energy value, MJ 2.85 ± 0.01 2.94 ± 0.04 Dry matter% 12.27 ± 0.09 12.49 ± 0.15 Fat% 3.90 ± 0.01 4.07 ± 0.06 Protein,% 3.53 ± 0.01 3.65 ± 0.04 Milk sugar,% 4.44 ± 0.04 4.46 ± 0.05 Ash% 0.68 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.01 Calcium% 1.27 ± 0.001 1.29 ± 0.005 Phosphorus,% 1.77 ± 0.02 1.81 ± 0.02

The fat content in milk of first-calf heifers that consumed camelina oil rises to 4.07% versus 3.9% in cows of the control group.

Of all the constituent parts of milk, proteins are the most important in nutrition. They are complete, as they contain all the essential amino acids. The total protein content of milk in cows of the control group is 0.12% lower compared to the experimental one.

Milk sugar (lactose) is found only in milk. It is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose.

Lactose plays a large biological role, being an integral part of enzymes - coenzymes, participates in the synthesis of proteins, fats, enzymes, vitamins, is necessary for intracellular metabolism, normal functioning of the heart, liver and kidneys, and contributes to the absorption of calcium.

In the milk of animals of the control (sunflower meal) the group of milk sugar was 0.02% less than in experimental cows (camelina cake).

The mineral composition of milk is determined by the elements that remain after its burning. The ash content in the milk of the first-calf experimental group increased by 0.01%.

More than half of the minerals accounted for by calcium and phosphorus. Minerals are of great physiological and technological importance in the processing of milk. In milk are all the elements that provide mineral metabolism in the body, normal growth and development of the animal.

The content of calcium and phosphorus is higher in milk of first-calf heifers who consumed camelina cake by 0.01 and 0.04%, respectively.

Table 10 shows the sanitary qualities of cow's milk.

Table 10 Sanitary quality heifers milk Group Actual Content Density, A Titratable acidity, T Somatic cells thousand / ml Bacterial contamination thousand / cm ^W Control (sunflower meal) 29.00 ± 0.20 17.06 ± 0.36 less than 500 less than 500 Experienced (camelina cake) 28.07 ± 0.35 16.91 ± 0.23 less than 500 less than 500 GOST 13264-88 norm 27-32 16-18 up to 500 thousand up to 500 thousand

From the data of table 10 it is seen that the density, titratable acidity, the content of somatic cells and bacterial contamination of milk in cows of both groups are within normal limits, they do not have a reliable difference.

According to an economic analysis, the use of diets with the inclusion of oilcakes in Kurgan OJSC for breeding revealed that the yield of milk for 305 days of lactation in the cows of the control group was 4600.4 kg, which is 195.1 kg, or 4.1% less than in animals of the experimental (camelina) group (table 11).

The increase in milk yield in the cows of the experimental group to 4795.5 kg reduced the cost of feed for the production of 1 ton of milk to 0.9 e.k.u.

The feeding of camelina cake from Isilkulets seeds, which underwent two-stage pressing according to the proposed method as part of a concentrate mixture, allowed to reduce the cost of 1 ton of milk in 2008 prices in the experimental group (camelina cake) by 142 rubles and increase profit by 5310 rubles, which resulted in an increase profitability of milk production up to 24.6%.

The experiments and the results presented (tables 7-11) showed the feasibility, effectiveness and prospects of the proposed method.

Table 11 Indicators of economic efficiency of the use of diets with the inclusion of cake in heifers Indicator Group Control (sunflower meal) Experienced (camelina cake) Goals in a group 8 8 Yield per feed cow, kg 4600.37 4795.5 Gross yield, t 27.6 28.7 The cost of feed per 1 ton of milk, e.c.e. 0.94 0.90 Total costs, thousand rubles 136.84 138.56 including feed, thousand rubles 64.46 65.97 Cost of 1 ton of milk, rub. 4957.6 4815.6 The selling price of 1 ton of milk, rubles. 6000 6000 Profit, thousand rubles 28.77 34.08 Profitability,% 21.03 24.60

Thus, practically on the basis of production experiments, it was found that feeding the camelina cake feed additive according to the proposed method to first-calf cows in the regions of the Urals and Trans-Urals, increase the milk productivity of first-calf heifers during the milking season, increase the biological value of milk (increasing the content of fat, protein, energy value) and allows you to get milk that meets the requirements of sanitary quality while lowering its cost.

The method can be widely used both in the zone of the Urals and Trans-Urals, and in other zones and regions of the Russian Federation, in which a protein deficiency in the diets of highly productive farm animals, in particular cows, is recorded.

Claims (2)

1. A method of feeding first-calf heifers during milking, including feeding animals a diet containing compound feed, comprising a biologically active additive, characterized in that camelina cake in an amount of 22% by weight of compound feed is used as a biologically active additive, while cake made from camelina variety " Isilkulets ”with an erucic acid content of not more than 1.9%, which has undergone two-stage pressing on screw presses. 2. The method of feeding the heifers during the milking season according to claim 1, characterized in that the camelina cake is administered daily with feed for 300-305 days of milking.