RU2391617C2 - Long-range gun of staroverov - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: weapons and ammunition.

SUBSTANCE: long-range gun comprises barrel with the breech and ammunition with charges of explosive substance. One or several sections of barrel are arranged with bypasses, and ammunition is equipped with additional charges of explosive substance arranged in separate pistons formed as sleeves. To stop the piston and transform it into intermediate gate, stopping facilities may be provided on piston or in barrel.

EFFECT: increased initial speed of ammunition.

23 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The invention relates to artillery and is intended for long-range, anti-tank and anti-aircraft guns, as anti-missile and anti-satellite weapons.

Known guns consisting of a barrel with a breech, loading, guidance and transportation systems (see Big Soviet Encyclopedia, Volume A, page 238, article "Artillery gun"). The initial velocity of the projectile of them, as a rule, does not exceed 1200 m / s. The essence of the invention is that to increase the initial velocity, the munition, in addition to the projectile and the propellant explosive charge (hereinafter MVV), contains between the charge and the projectile one or more pistons in the form of cups containing respectively one or more MVV charges.

As you know, the charge of existing explosive explosives cannot accelerate the projectile to high speed, since the powder gases themselves expand no faster than 1200 m / s. In order to accelerate the projectile to a higher speed, one or several additional, intermediate charges must be dispersed together with the projectile (that is, communicate kinetic energy). Then the additional charge forms a new frame of reference with the projectile, with respect to which it will accelerate the projectile further. It is like a shot from an aircraft gun from a fast-flying airplane.

For alternating and timely ignition of these additional charges, the barrel has one or more sections with one or more (optimally two) bypasses (bypass channels running parallel to the main channel of the barrel and connected to it from both ends). As soon as the bottom of the first (all designations of directions and sequences - relative to the direction of the shot, from the breech) piston passes the entrance to the bypass, hot gases rush along the bypass, bypass the piston and ignite the charge of this piston. To do this, the piston at the junction with the next piston or with the projectile must have holes, cracks or slots.

For reliable ignition, the bypass length is chosen so that the hot gases come to the exit of the bypass at about the moment the last sealing belt of the next piston or projectile passes near it or a little earlier. To accelerate the jet, the bypass entry may take the form of a Laval nozzle.

To exclude the possibility of gas passing back bypass, the latter may have a quick-acting check valve or valve. To drive the crane, it is convenient to use a pneumatic drive from powder gases from the barrel. But this may not be necessary, as the piston will fly forward and block the bypass.

Since after the shot pistons fly out of the barrel, to reduce their initial speed, the cranes can be three-way, triggering with a slight delay and releasing powder gases from under the piston into the atmosphere.

For the possibility of a simple shot (with a single charge), the cranes must have a second drive - remote (electric, pneumatic, hydraulic, cable). After ignition of the additional charge, the first piston will continue to move forward by inertia for some time. But then the pressure difference will stop him and try to push him back. To prevent this, the piston must be locked. This can be done in two main options: locking devices can be placed on the piston or on the barrel.

In the first embodiment, the piston has locking elements on its outer surface, which inhibit it, for example, by wedging during its reverse movement.

The locking elements may be balls located in profiled grooves, decreasing in depth in the direction of "forward". A device is formed that resembles a freewheel ball clutch, but not in a cylindrical, but in a linear form: the piston can only move forward, when it tries to move it back, it self-sticks.

To increase the contacting surface and reduce contact loads, it is better to use barrel-shaped (barrel-shaped) rollers instead of balls, the curvature of the generatrix of which is equal to the curvature of the circumference of the barrel. It is desirable that the trunk, at least until the last bypass section, be smooth-bore.

Contact loads can be further reduced by using sector parts of the cylinder surface (a pipe longitudinally cut into several parts) with external and internal flanges instead of balls or rollers. The ribs should have a conical shape on one side and a cone-shaped shape on the other. So that the locking elements do not fall out, they can be rolled in grooves.

In this case, the barrel and piston should have corresponding grooves with conical and inverse conical surfaces located at the same pitch as the flanges. The width of the grooves in the barrel should be less than the width of the leading shells of the projectile. In the barrel, these grooves should be located after the bypass sections at the piston stops. These places are first calculated, and then clarified empirically.

The locking elements can be spring-loaded forward.

The second option involves the installation of locking devices in the barrel. Devices can be of any type (ratchet, reed, rotary, slide, diaphragm, etc.). It is convenient to carry out their drive by a pneumatic drive from powder gases. Since the stopping place of the piston may differ in different shots, the location of the locking device on the barrel should be chosen with a margin. That is, the piston will fly over the stopper and then be thrown back a little. Therefore, it should be borne in mind that in addition to significant static loads from the pressure difference of the powder gases, these devices will also experience some shock loads. Although in general, the load on the stoppers will be about an order of magnitude less than the shutter.

As a consequence of this, it is desirable to select a type of locking device such that it possesses some damping ability. This ability will be possessed, for example, by a ratchet locking device with controlled ratchets (larvae) in conjunction with a special - back-animated conical rear surface of the pistons. Such a piston, before stopping on the ratchets, slightly pushes them apart and, due to friction and an increasing angle of tangential interaction, extinguishes the shock energy. The ratchet length must be less than the distance between the drive belts of the piston or projectile.

However, when the shot is energetically energized, that is, with an increased MVV hitch and increased pressure in the barrel, as well as with a sufficient length of each acceleration section, the locking device may not be needed on the second (counting from the breech part) intermediate piston. If the first, that is, the main, breech charge accelerates a bunch of two pistons and a projectile to 1050 m / s, and the second charge, that is, the first additional of the first piston, accelerates another 1050 m / s, then the speed of the third charge, i.e. the second additional one will amount to 2100 m / s, and during combustion it will produce gases that cannot expand backwards, but only forward. Such gases, on the contrary, will be compressed from behind by a flying piston. That is, the work of the third charge in this case is similar to the work in a recoilless gun: relative to its reference frame, the gases of this charge will propagate both forward and backward. But their backward propagation will be limited, since a second piston will fly on them at a speed of 2100 m / s.

With a smaller length of the acceleration section, a locking device will not be needed starting from the third piston (for example, during acceleration in each section up to 700 m / s). The transit time of each section is less than the previous one, therefore, the combustion speed of the MBV should be 1.707 times greater in the first piston than in the main charge, in the second piston - 2.225 times, and in the third - 2.639 times.

Of great importance is the compactness of the additional charges, so it is advisable to use the MVV in the form of checkers or liquid. In the latter case, it must be protected from spillage by a membrane made of solid MVV, in which, to accelerate ignition, there can be one or more explosive inclusions (if the liquid MVV is not prone to detonation).

Such guns, by analogy with missiles, will be called two-, three- and multi-stage. That is, an ordinary gun is a single-stage one.

The barrel of such a gun will have a very large elongation: for example, a three-stage gun (with two pistons) with a length of each section of 70 calibers and a length of two pistons of 7 + 3 calibers will have a total length of 220 calibers. It is advisable to choose a slightly longer length of the last section, so the total barrel length of a three-stage gun will be 230-240 calibers, and a four-stage gun will be 300-310 calibers.

To maintain the straightness of such a barrel, the gun has a supporting truss on top or bottom of the barrel, connected to the barrel in several places by sliding fasteners of a controlled length (for example, electric screw jacks).

The mounts are controlled relative to the laser beam using several four-sector (left - right, up - down) photocells or photo resistors connected to the barrel. Moreover, in each such element there is an opening for the passage of the beam. The closer to the barrel, the smaller the holes (the latter may not be). Such a barrel at any length will be perfectly straight.

The farm can be installed on the bed of an artillery mount and have a system of rods, cables and balances.

Or the farm can be mounted on an auxiliary trolley, tracked or rail, with the ability to ride in a circle around the installation.

A three- or two-stage gun of moderate caliber can be mobile, especially with a collapsible barrel. It is not practical to make a large-caliber gun with the number of steps more than two mobile.

The gun may have a recoil device, but may not have it (since firing at long ranges is conducted with an elevation of 45 degrees or more). In the latter case, it will have some resemblance to a treasury-loading mortar.

When fired from a four-stage gun at a speed of 1000 m / s in each section, the initial velocity of the projectile will be 4000 m / s. In this case, the projectile theoretically can fly up to 800 km. And when shooting at a range, the theoretical range will be 1,600 km, with 95% of the flight going in space, that is, in a vacuum, and the shell will not experience aerodynamic drag. Based on the law of the "square-cube", the larger the caliber, the closer the practical range will approach the theoretical. Since the main obstacle to this is the aerodynamic drag in the initial section of the flight (up to 20 kilometers), to reduce drag, you can donate 5-10% of the payload and apply a caliber (for example, 70% of the diameter) projectile with a detachable leading element. At the same time, a projectile of the same weight will have a large elongation, a well-streamlined pointed animated part, and a relatively small bottom diameter. Perhaps the shell will need thermal protection.

After flying in space, the projectile may lose orientation, especially if the gun is smoothbore. Therefore, the projectile should be equipped with plumage, for example on a stationary or telescopic rod located at the rear.

It should be noted one feature of this gun: with a single (that is, only the main charge) shot from a four-stage gun (bypass cranes must be closed), the projectile will fly at an initial speed of about 1500 m / s to a distance of 100-1500 km, while the shot will be very quiet and almost flameless.

One drawback of this weapon should also be noted: when firing at a high altitude or range, it may be necessary to take into account not only the rotation of the Earth, but also the gravity of the Moon and even the Sun. Therefore, in the computer guns should be data on their position for a certain period in advance.

It is assumed that firing from such a weapon will be conducted mainly by guided, adjusted or homing shells. For example, for ground targets - with laser target designation, including from a satellite. For airplanes, warheads and hypersonic inter-medium vehicles - with thermal or passive radar homing. Uncontrolled shells are possible shooting at tanks from compact two-stage guns and firing nuclear shells at the places where the enemy troops are concentrated.

Figure 1 shows in cross section a fragment of a three-stage gun with ammunition in the barrel. Barrel 1 has two sections with bypasses 2 (one is shown). In the barrel there is a first piston 3 with a liquid MVB charge 4. The charge is covered with a membrane 5 with BB 6 inclusions. The piston has barrel-shaped rollers located in the profiled grooves 7. In front of the first piston 3 there is a second piston 8 with a powder charge 9. The second piston has no locking elements . The pistons abut against each other and in the projectile 10, having a rear rod 11 with a plumage 12.

Figure 2 shows the locking elements in the form of sector parts of the cylinder 13 with conical flanges on the outer and inner surfaces. The parts of the cylinder 13 are located in the grooves 14, having a cross-sectional shape corresponding to the inner flanges of the cylinders 13, with the possibility of wedging the cylinders outward. While the outer flanges of the cylinders 13 will enter into the annular grooves 15 on the inner surface of the barrel. The cylinders are spring loaded 16.

Figure 3 shows a segment of the piston 3, where the option with barrel-shaped rollers 7 is shown on the left, and the option with the sector part of the cylinder 13 is shown on the right.

Figure 4 shows a variant with the location of the locking elements in the barrel. The ratchets 17 are held by the springs 18 (the right is shown in the open, the left in the closed position) in the open position. At the right time, they are closed by rods 19 using a pneumatic actuator operating from the pressure of the powder gases (not shown). The piston 3 has a rear surface in the form of a back-animated cone 20.

Figure 5 shows a General view of a three-stage gun, where 21 is a bed with a breech, 22 is a trolley, 23 is a farm.

Figure 6 shows the simplest version of a control system for fixtures of controlled length, where 24 are sector photo resistances with a hole in the center, R1, R2 are resistors, 25 is an amplifier with bipolar power, 26 are jacks.

The gun works like this: the main charge of the explosive charge is ignited in the breech (not shown). Powder gases accelerate a bunch of two pistons 3 and 8 and a projectile 10 to a speed of 1050 m / s. After passing the first bypass 2, hot gases flow along it and through the slots in the edge of the glass (not shown) ignite a small explosive charge 6, which breaks the membrane 5 and ignites the charge of the liquid MVV 4. The first piston 3 gradually stops and stops with stoppers in the form of rollers 7, which wedge between the barrel and the piston, turning into a bolt. Gases accelerate the second piston 8 with the projectile 10 to a speed of 2100 m / s and bring them to the second bypass 2. There the second charge of the MMV 9 is ignited, which further accelerates the projectile. The second piston and barrel in the area of the second bypass do not have locking devices due to uselessness.

The cylindrical locking element 13 in figure 2 works as follows: when the piston is decelerated, the cylinder 13 by inertia and the spring 16 moves forward and, due to the bevels in the groove 14, goes beyond the diameter of the piston. At the same time, its outer flanges enter the grooves 15 on the barrel and lock the piston.

The locking device in figure 4 works like this: when the piston 3 passes the ratchets 17, the rods 9, driven by a pneumatic actuator from the powder gases (the drive is not shown) close the ratchets 17 (left position in figure 4). When the piston 3 moves backwards with its conical back-revival part 20, the piston touches the ratchets 17 and, slightly pushing them apart, absorbs the shock due to friction.

In general, the artillery system in Fig. 5 works as follows: the trolley 22 takes the desired position on the ground or on the rails, raises the barrel 1 with the help of truss 2 and straightens the barrel with the help of fastenings of a controlled length 26. The gun is ready to fire.

The barrel straightening system in FIG. 6 works as follows: a laser beam with a diameter larger than the hole diameter in the four-sector photocell 24, falling on the photocell, creates a voltage balance on the resistor bridge R1-R2, which is amplified by the amplifier 25 and drives the electric jacks 26. Their movement will cause the displacement of the barrel and the associated photocells until the voltage balance becomes zero, that is, the laser beam and the hole in the photocell become concentric.

Claims (22)

1. A long-range gun containing a barrel with a breech and ammunition with explosive charges, characterized in that one or more sections of the barrel is made with bypasses, and the ammunition is equipped with additional explosive charges placed in separate pistons made in the form of glasses. 2. The gun according to claim 1, characterized in that the bypasses have non-return valves and / or valves, in particular three-way valves, with the release into the atmosphere, actuated with a delay in the pneumatic drive from the pressure in the barrel or remotely. 3. The gun according to claim 1, characterized in that the barrel has grooves whose width is less than the width of the leading shells of the projectile. 4. The tool according to claim 3, characterized in that the grooves have a conical surface. 5. The gun according to claim 1, characterized in that it is mounted on a supporting truss connected to the gun barrel in several places with a sliding mount of variable length. 6. The gun according to claim 5, characterized in that four-sector photocells or photo-resistors are attached to the barrel, having holes in the center, the diameter of which is reduced to the barrel, designed to control variable-length mounts using a laser beam. 7. The gun according to claim 5, characterized in that the truss is mounted on a tracked or rail trolley with the ability to move in a circle. 8. The gun according to claim 5, characterized in that the farm is installed on the bed of the gun. 9. The tool according to claim 1, characterized in that in one or more places of the barrel made locking device. 10. The gun according to claim 9, characterized in that it is equipped with a pneumatic actuator that moves the locking devices due to powder gases. 11. The tool according to claim 9, characterized in that the locking device is made rotary with a length less than the distance between the leading belts of the piston or projectile. 12. The gun according to claim 1, characterized in that the entrance to the bypass is made in the form of a Laval nozzle. 13. The gun according to claim 1, characterized in that the pistons have locking elements interacting with the barrel. 14. The tool according to item 13, wherein the locking elements are made in the form of balls or barrel-shaped rollers located in profiled grooves with the possibility of wedging with the barrel during reverse movement, and the curvature of the forming line of the surface of the rollers is equal to the curvature of the circumference of the barrel channel. 15. The tool according to item 13, wherein the locking elements are made in the form of sector parts of a cylindrical surface with outer and inner conical flanges located in the piston grooves with the possibility of wedging, and the step between the outer flanges is equal to the step between the grooves in the barrel. 16. The tool according to 14 or 15, characterized in that the locking elements are spring-loaded forward. 17. The gun according to claim 1, characterized in that the projectile has a stationary or telescopic rod with plumage at the back. 18. The gun according to claim 1, characterized in that the burning rate of the propellant explosive in each subsequent charge is greater than in the previous one. 19. The gun according to claim 1, characterized in that the liquid propellant explosive is covered with a membrane of solid propellant explosive. 20. The gun according to claim 19, characterized in that the membrane has one or more inclusions of explosive. 21. The gun according to claim 1, characterized in that the projectile is made of sub-caliber and has a detachable lead element. 22. The tool according to claim 9, characterized in that the rear side of the pistons has a back-animated conical shape for interaction with locking devices.

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