RU2387925C2 - Device for waste burning - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: heating.

SUBSTANCE: device can be used during heat treatment of rubbish, domestic and industrial waste. Device for combustion of solid fuel consists of reactor containing loading chamber with heat-resistant tray in the form of flattened cone the smaller base of which is directed downwards, with through holes in conical wall for supply of gasifying agent to reactor, grate covering the smaller base of cone, afterburning chamber, ash chamber and channels for supply of gasifying agent and removal of combustion products. One of the channels supplying the gasifying agent is located in upper part of loading chamber and serves for supplying the additional gasifying agent immediately to fuel bed. Grate is provided with possibility of vertical movement or ensuring effective ash removal and unobstructed discharge of products of drying, pyrolysis and combustion from reactor. Afterburning chamber is made in the form of independent unit, located between ash chamber and combustion product discharge channel, and interconnected with them subsequently.

EFFECT: providing long life time of the device and its versatility with regard to burnt fuel.

2 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of power engineering, in particular to devices for burning solid household and industrial wastes. It can find application in industry and municipal services in the processing of wastes containing paper, wood, rubber, textiles and other components, by gasifying them and subsequent afterburning.

A device for burning a fuel mixture of solid materials and condensed substances (patent RU 2182685, 7 F23B 1/12, publ. 05.20.2002), comprising a housing with a regenerative heat exchanger, a hopper, a combustion chamber formed in the free volume of the housing and formed an outer wall from a set of rings with partial overlap and gaps for air supply and exhaust of combustion products with decreasing diameters up. The inner wall is formed by a set of disk plates of different diameters mounted with gaps between themselves and a peripheral annular gap at the base.

The disadvantage of this device is the design complexity, the abundance of intracameral structural elements, which increases the likelihood of arch formation, and violation of the mode and quality of fuel combustion.

It is also known a gas generator for burning all types of solid fuel, household and industrial waste (Patent UA 44982, 6 F23G 5/00, Bull. No. 3, 2002), which contains a working chamber with a heat-resistant hearth in the form of a truncated cone with through channels, connecting the circumferential air supply channel for primary oxidation of fuel with the pericarpic space, the central vertically directed downward channel-chamber of the afterburning of pyrolysis gas generated during fuel combustion, connected with the autonomous metering chamber of the oxidizer supply. The ash chamber is located under the pyrolysis gas afterburner.

A device for burning solid fuel does not provide complete combustion of waste, due to the insufficient degree of mixing of pyrolysis gas with an oxidizing agent. Only the outer layers of the gas stream actively entering the afterburner, which are closer to the body of the device and the blower channels, are actively mixed with the oxidizing agent.

The closest to the claimed technical essence and the result is a device for burning solid fuel (Patent UA 75772, F23G 5/027, Bull. No. 5, 2006; Russian patent 2275552, F23G 5/14, Bull. No. 12, 27.04. 2006), selected for the prototype.

The device comprises a working chamber with a heat-resistant hearth in the form of a truncated cone, with a smaller base pointing downward, with through channels in the conical wall for supplying a gasifying agent to the reactor, a grate made in the form of an extension blocking the smaller base of the cone, the afterburner, and the ash chamber.

The known device provides a uniform supply of a gasifying agent to the active surface of the fuel mass, removal of ash into the ash chamber, and gaseous products of drying, pyrolysis and combustion into the afterburner, where they are actively mixed with air.

This device does not provide mechanisms for regulating the combustion process depending on the quality of the fuel burned, which does not allow to burn fuels of different morphological composition with equal efficiency. The close location of the hearth to the high-temperature combustion surface increases the likelihood of cracking of the lining, there are problems with ash removal when burning specific waste (glass, fusible ash, etc.).

The basis of the invention is the task of improving the device for burning waste by changing the design of the hearth and grate, which will avoid arching, as well as increase the durability and versatility of the device in the morphological composition of the fuel burned.

The problem is solved in that in a device for burning waste, consisting of a reactor containing a loading chamber with a heat-resistant hearth in the form of a truncated cone, with a smaller base pointing down, with through holes in the conical wall for supplying a gasifying agent to the reactor, and a grate overlapping the smaller the base of the cone, the afterburner, the ash chamber and the channels for supplying a gasifying agent and the removal of combustion products, according to the invention, one of the channels for supplying a gasifying agent is located wives in the upper part of the loading chamber and serves to supply an additional gasifying agent directly to the fuel layer, while the grate is made with the possibility of vertical movement, to ensure effective ash removal and unhindered removal of drying, pyrolysis and combustion products from the reactor, and the afterburner is made in the form autonomous unit and is located between the ash chamber and the channel for removal of combustion products with which it is connected in series.

In addition, under the device and the grate are made of hollow ceramic blocks in the form of segments, the internal cavities of which communicate with the supply channels of the gasifying agent and the reactor.

The presence of a device for supplying an additional gasification agent makes it possible to better control the composition of the reacting mixture in the reactor, which expands the applicability range of the device. The grate is made with the possibility of vertical movement, to ensure effective ash removal during the burning of waste with high ash content and unhindered withdrawal of drying, pyrolysis and combustion products from the reactor.

The implementation of the hearth of the device and the grate of hollow ceramic blocks in the form of segments, the internal cavities of which communicate with the supply channels of the gasifying agent and the reactor, allows to increase the concentration of thermal energy in the combustion zone by reducing heat loss to the external environment. In addition, thin walls of hollow blocks are less susceptible to cracking, which increases the durability of the device.

The implementation of the afterburning chamber in the form of a stand-alone unit allows to improve the manufacturability of the assembly and replacement of the device parts if necessary, and its location between the ash chamber and the channel for the removal of combustion products and serial communication with them - to ensure the optimal temperature regime for incoming to the afterburning of combustion products.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing.

The device consists of a reactor 1 containing a loading chamber 2 with a cover 3 and a heat-resistant hearth 4 in the form of a truncated cone with through holes 5 through which a gasification agent is supplied to the reactor 1. The reactor 1 is equipped with feed channels for the gasification agent 6 and 7, moreover, through the channel 7 serves an additional gasification agent directly to the waste layer. The smaller base of the hearth 4 is blocked by the grate 8 mounted on the support 9 with the possibility of vertical movement by means of a lifting mechanism 10. The ash chamber 11 communicates with the afterburner 12, equipped with a burner 13, and then with the exhaust duct 14. The joints between the ash chamber 11, the chamber afterburning 12 and channel 14 are sealed with sealing elements 15. The device is mounted on supports 16.

The device operates as follows. Waste is loaded into the loading chamber 2 through the cover 3. The first part of the gasification agent enters the reactor 1 through openings 5 made in the hearth 4. An additional part of the gasification agent, mainly liquid, is fed directly through the channels 7 to the fuel layer. Under the action of the pressure gradient created by the exhaust gas channel 14, both parts of the gasification agent enter the fuel mass. The products of drying, pyrolysis and combustion are removed from the reactor 1 to the ash chamber 11 through the annular gap between the hearth 4 and the grate 8. The size of this gap, if necessary, is regulated by the vertical movement of the support of the grate 9 using the lifting mechanism 10. The products of drying, pyrolysis freed from ash and combustion enters the afterburner 12 with the burner 13 and then into the channel for the removal of combustion products 14.

Thus, the new distinctive features introduced into the waste incinerator, together with the known ones, allow us to solve the technical problem.

Claims (2)

1. A device for burning solid fuel, consisting of a reactor containing a loading chamber with a heat-resistant hearth in the form of a truncated cone, with a smaller base pointing downward, with through holes in the conical wall for supplying a gasification agent to the reactor, a grate, covering the smaller base of the cone, afterburner , ash chamber and channels for supplying a gasifying agent and removal of combustion products, characterized in that one of the channels for supplying a gasifying agent is located in the upper part of the charging chamber measures and serves to supply an additional gasifying agent directly to the fuel layer, while the grate is made with the possibility of vertical movement, to ensure effective ash removal and unhindered output of drying, pyrolysis and combustion products from the reactor, and the afterburner is made in the form of a stand-alone unit, located between the ash the chamber and the channel for the removal of combustion products and communicated with them in series. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the subdevices and the grate are made of hollow ceramic blocks in the form of segments, the internal cavities of which communicate with the supply channels of the gasifying agent and the reactor.

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