RU2317667C1 - Method for complex amelioration of solonetz soil under irrigation conditions - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, may be used in soil science and plant growing during amelioration of black soil and light-chestnut soil.

SUBSTANCE: method involves providing soil agro-ameliorative investigation of plot; sowing winter farm crops, preferably wheat; harvesting grain simultaneously with straw grinding procedure and spreading ground straw over field; applying liquid manure and ameliorant such as ammoniated phosphogypsum in the form of semi-hydrate; embedding straw, liquid manure and ameliorant into soil surface layer by disking process using heavy disk-type tools, with amount of ground straw making at least 5-6 t/hectare, liquid manure - 40 t/hectare, and phorphogypsum - 6 t/hectare; plowing to 28-30 cm depth; sowing and cultivating phyto-ameliorant such as Sudan grass; providing ameliorant application to solonetz spots of black soil and to light-chestnut soil by continuous application process; repeating amelioration practices in five years on the basis of the same pattern.

EFFECT: increased efficiency of agricultural land and reduced costs of amelioration procedures.

3 cl, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in agriculture and crop production for chemical reclamation of chernozem soils with medium and high complexity (25% or more of the area) of solonetzes of small, medium and deep medium and multi-sodium, magnesium in irrigation.

A known method of reclamation of solonetzic soils on the background of irrigation [1]. The method includes leveling the surface of the field, moistening to the maximum moisture capacity of the soil, uniform application of pre-crushed wheat straw and sequential application of phosphogypsum, liquid manure, pyrite to the straw layer.

The resulting 30 cm thick ameliorant layer is plowed in 12 passes with a plow for better mixing of the components. Then, the obtained composition is raked into the shafts using a bulldozer, loaded with a front-loader loader into the manure spreader and brought to the reclaimed area. Then a plowing of 15 cm is carried out to mix the ameliorants with the soil. After this, a tailless cultivation to a depth of 30 cm and sowing of the cultivated crop is carried out.

However, this method is highly costly and quite difficult to use.

A known method of chemical reclamation of solonetzic soils, based on the chemical substitution reaction in the soil absorption complex of an excessive amount of sodium cations by calcium ions, as a result of which the alkaline reaction of the medium changes to neutral, improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil. As chemical ameliorants, natural (gypsum, clay-gypsum, chalk) or produced in the form of waste (phosphogypsum, calcium chloride, iron sulfate, etc.) predominantly calcium-containing substances, the doses of which are calculated by the content of absorbed bases in the solonetz, are introduced into the solonetzic soil and sodium, the strength of the reclaimed layer, the calcium content in the reclamant, etc. [2].

A chemical method is known for the reclamation of chernozemic soils with a high content of solonetzes of shallow, medium, and deep medium and multi-sodium soils, in which a soil survey of the site is carried out, chemical ameliorant is applied to the field, and peeling it is embedded in the surface soil layer, while cutting the sod or stubble, they carry out the usual ( unplated) plowing to a depth of 15, 16, 20, 22 or 27, 35 cm with soil tillage up to 40-50 cm, after which the field is left for one-year fallow, and then sowing and cultivation and solonetz and salt are carried out unstable crops - phytomeliorants [3].

A disadvantage of the known methods is the high duration of reclamation (substitution in the soil absorbing complex of an excessive amount of sodium cations by calcium ions). Moreover, to increase the effectiveness of land reclamation, it is necessary to use large doses of chemical reclamants (depending on the content of absorbed sodium in the soil and the thickness of the solonetz horizon to 70 tons per 1 ha), which significantly increases the cost of land reclamation.

The technical result is an increase in productivity of agricultural land while reducing land reclamation costs.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the proposed method of reclamation of solonetzic soils includes the following reclamation measures: soil ameliorative survey of the site, the introduction of ameliorant and liquid manure, their incorporation into the surface soil layer, plowing to a depth of 28-30 cm, sowing and cultivation of phytomeliorants. After an ameliorative survey of the site, winter crops (mainly wheat) are sown, grain harvesting is carried out simultaneously with chopping the straw and scattering it across the field, after which liquid manure and ameliorant are introduced, which is used as ammoniated phosphogypsum in the form of hemihydrate. The cultivation of straw, ameliorant in the surface soil layer is carried out by disking using heavy disc tools, and Sudan grass is used as a phytomeliorant, and the amount of crushed straw is at least 5-6 t / ha, liquid manure - at the rate of 40 t / ha, and phosphogypsum - at the rate of 6 t / ha. Moreover, on chernozem soils, the introduction of ameliorant is carried out on the spots of solonetzes, and on light chestnut soils, by the continuous method. Reclamation measures are carried out again after five years according to the same scheme.

The method is as follows. First, an agro-reclamation survey of the field planned for reclamation measures is carried out, then winter crops are sown, mainly wheat, capable of producing 5-6 t / ha of straw. Harvesting winter crops for grain is carried out simultaneously with chopping and spreading straw across the field using the device PUN-5 mounted on the combine.

Then, liquid manure in the amount of 40 t / ha and ameliorant, which is used as ammonium phosphogypsum in the form of hemihydrate in the amount of 6 t / ha, are added to the straw layer.

Straw, liquid manure and ameliorant are closed up into the surface soil layer by disking using heavy disk implements. After this, plowing is carried out to a depth of 28-30 cm, sowing Sudanese grass and its cultivation according to generally accepted technology.

The effectiveness of the proposed method for the reclamation of chernozem solonetzic soils under irrigation conditions is presented in tables 1, 2.

The effectiveness of the proposed method of reclamation of light chestnut soils under irrigation conditions is presented in tables 3, 4.

The proposed method of land reclamation is easy to use, does not require additional costs to improve existing or create new tools for land reclamation treatment of salt licks.

Information sources

1 SU 1381154, C 09 K 17/00, publ. 03/15/1989.

2. Pak K.P. Salt flats of the USSR and ways to increase their productivity. - M .: Kolos, 1975, p.114-173.

3. Technologies for land reclamation and construction of crops on the solonetzic lands of the Volga region. - M .: Rosagropromizdat, 1989, p. 18-24, p. 98-104 (prototype).

Table 1 The impact of integrated reclamation of solonetzic soils on their main water-physical and chemical properties under irrigation conditions, an average of three years (SPK Karl Marx Collective Farm, Balakovo District, Saratov Region) Option Depth cm Humus gross
% pH water Water permeability, mm / hour Exchange-absorbed bases Sum of grounds Na,% of the amount CaCO ₃ ,% Density, k / cm ³ Porosity,% Ca Mg Na mEq Deep black solonetz The control 0-27 5,4 8.2 66.8 22.8 15.0 3.3 41.1 8.0 Absent 1.19 55.9 27-39 4,5 8.3 23.1 14.7 3.8 41.6 9.1 0.75 1.35 49.5 Straw, 5-6 t / ha + N ₆₀ 0-27 5,4 8.0 84.1 23.0 15.3 2,5 40.8 6.1 Absent 1.16 56.2 27-39 4,5 8.1 23.3 15.0 2,5 40.8 6.1 0.75 1.32 50.6 Straw, 5-6 t / ha + slurry of cattle, 40 t / ha 0-27 5,4 7.9 82,2 23,4 15.1 2,4 40.9 5.9 Absent 1.15 56.6 27-39 4,5 8.1 23.5 14.8 2,5 40.8 6.1 0.75 1.33 50.1 Phosphogypsum, 6 t / ha 0-27 5,4 7.9 75.1 23.6 14.8 1.3 39.7 3.3 Absent 1.16 56.2 27-39 4,5 8.0 23,2 14.3 2,4 39.9 6.0 0.75 1.33 50.1 Straw, 5-6 t / ha + slurry of cattle, 40 t / ha + phosphogypsum, 6 t / ha 0-27 5,4 7.6 94.3 24.7 13,2 1,6 39.5 4.1 Absent 1.15 56.6 27-39 4,5 8.0 23.6 13.5 1.8 38.9 4.6 0.75 1.32 50.6

table 2 The impact of integrated reclamation of solonetzic soils on their basic water-physical and chemical properties under irrigation conditions, an average of three years (Abganerovsky collective farm, Oktyabrsky district, Volgograd region) Option Depth cm Humus gross,% pH water Exchange-absorbed bases Sum of grounds Na,% of the amount CaCO ₃ ,% Density, g / cm ³ Water permeability, mm / hour Porosity,% Ca Mg Na mEq Solonets light chestnut small and medium 30% + light chestnut solonetzic soil The control 0-23 1.7 8.3 10.5 7.8 0.54 18.84 3,5 Absent 1.23 62.3 53.9 23-36 0.9 8.3 10.0 7.8 0.79 18.60 2,3 1.26 1.30 51.5 36-49 0.5 8.4 10,2 7.6 0.67 18.50 2.7 2.71 1.38 48.7 Straw, 5-6 t / ha + N ₆₀ 0-23 1.7 8.0 11.0 7.2 0.60 148.80 3.2 Absent 1.22 83.5 54.3 23-36 0.9 8.1 10.6 7.5 0.61 18.71 3.3 1.26 1.29 51.9 36-49 0.5 8.1 10.5 7.4 0.60 18.50 3.2 2.71 1.36 49.4 Straw, 5-6 t / ha + slurry of cattle, 40 t / ha 0-23 1.7 7.9 10.8 7.3 0.60 18.60 3.2 Absent 1.22 85.9 54.3 23-36 0.9 8.0 11.0 7.2 0.62 18.82 3.3 1.26 1.28 52.3 36-49 0.5 8.1 10.6 7.6 0.60 18.80 3.2 2.71 1.36 49.4 Phosphogypsum, 6 t / ha 0-23 1.7 7.9 12,2 6.0 0.54 18.74 2.9 Absent 1.21 81.8 54.7 23-36 0.9 7.8 11.5 6.2 0.62 18.32 3.4 1.26 1.27 52.6 36-49 0.5 8.0 10.5 7.9 0.47 18.87 2,5 2.71 1.36 49.4 Straw, 5-6 t / ha + slurry of cattle, 40 t / ha + phosphogypsum, 6 t / ha 0-23 1.7 7.8 12.8 6.1 0.61 19.51 3,1 Absent 1.21 90.6 54.7 23-36 0.9 7.7 12.0 6.8 0.73 19.53 3,7 1.26 1.77 52.6 36-49 0.5 8.0 10.9 7.4 0.64 18.94 3.3 2.71 1.36 49.4

Table 3 Yields of Sudan grass (in total for two to three mowing) on chernozem solonetzes, depending on the reclamation method, average for three years (SEC “Karl Marx Collective Farm”, Balaklava District, Saratov Region) Option Green crop, t / ha Harvest increase to control t / ha % Control (without reclamation and fertilizer) 43.1 - - Straw, 5-6 t / ha + N ₆₀ 64.7 21.6 50.1 Straw, 5-6 t / ha + slurry of cattle, 40 t / ha 69,4 26.3 61.0 Phosphogypsum, 6 t / ha 58.9 15.8 36.7 Straw, 5-6 t / ha + slurry of cattle, 40 t / ha + phosphogypsum, 6 t / ha 79.2 36.1 83.8 Table 4 Yield of Sudan grass (in total for two or three mowing) on light chestnut sun soil, depending on the reclamation method, average for three years (collective farm “Abganerovsky” of the Oktyabrsky district of the Volgograd region) Option Green crop, t / ha Harvest increase to control t / ha % Control (without reclamation and fertilizer) 45.8 - - Straw, 5-6 t / ha + N ₆₀ 60.3 14.5 31.7 Straw, 5-6 t / ha + slurry of cattle, 40 t / ha 65.1 19.3 42.1 Phosphogypsum, 6 t / ha 57.6 11.8 25.8 Straw, 5-6 t / ha + slurry of cattle, 40 t / ha + phosphogypsum, 6 t / ha 72,4 26.6 58.1

Claims (3)

1. A method for the comprehensive reclamation of solonetzic soils under irrigation conditions, including land reclamation measures: soil agro-reclamation survey of the site, land reclamation, plowing it into the surface soil layer, plowing to a depth of 28-30 cm, sowing and cultivating phytomeliorants, characterized in that after the land reclamation survey plot planned for the implementation of reclamated measures, sow winter crops, mainly wheat, grain harvesting is carried out simultaneously with grinding scrap and scattering it across the field, after which liquid manure and ameliorant are introduced, which is used as ammoniated phosphogypsum in the form of a hemihydrate, and straw, liquid manure and ameliorant are embedded in the surface soil layer by disking using heavy disc tools, and Sudanese is used as a phytomeliorant grass, and the amount of chopped straw is at least 5-6 t / ha, liquid manure - at the rate of 40 t / ha, and phosphogypsum - at the rate of 6 t / ha. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, on chernozem soils, the introduction of an ameliorant is carried out on the spots of solonetzes, and on light chestnut soils, by the continuous method. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the reclamation measures are carried out again after five years.