RU2271090C1 - Method for application of fertilizers and sowing of winter cereals on slope and apparatus for performing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agricultural production, in particular, method which may be used for application of basic mineral fertilizer on sloped land.

SUBSTANCE: method involves providing presowing tillage to seed embedding depth; embedding seeds; providing line drilling of winter cereal crops and applying basic fertilizer in the form of vertical tape, said fertilizer tape being arranged between and below seed rows; as gradient angle of field increases, increasing depth of arrangement of fertilizer tape relative to seed rows. Apparatus has A-hoe, seed guides, fertilizer share, wedge, and safety valves. Depth of arrangement of fertilizer tape and tillage depth are adjusted by regulating height of arrangement of shank. Such method and apparatus allow the risk of washing away of fertilizers from slope to be reduced and depth of applying mineral fertilizer on each portion of field to be individually regulated depending on steepness of slope.

EFFECT: increased efficiency and simplified method and construction of apparatus.

3 cl, 4 dwg, 3 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agricultural production, in particular to methods for sowing the introduction of basic mineral fertilizer on the slopes.

A known method of local subsoil fertilizer application (SU 1218968 A, 03/23/1986), including the distribution of fertilizers with tapes and their filling by turning the formation. Distribution produce layers, wherein the top layer of base dose of fertilizer fed to the sowing depth, and at the bottom, a depth of _^1/2 - _^1/3 plowing depth - the starting dose, with formation turnover is carried out at 180 °.

The disadvantage of this method is that the fertilizer is produced in a separate manner. In addition, when growing winter crops on washed away soils, the introduction of the main dose of fertilizers to the depth of sowing leads to their erosion, while their use is reduced due to drying of the surface soil layer.

A known method of applying fertilizer to the soil (SU 1253463 A1, 08/30/1986), including cutting in the soil slopes in the longitudinally-vertical plane and spreading fertilizers in parallel rows in them.

The disadvantage of this method is that fertilizers are covered with tapes to a depth of 5-7 cm. When sowing on a slope due to a different slope, difficulties may arise with the uniform distribution of seeds and fertilizers in the soil.

There is also known a method of sowing seeds and fertilizing the soil (SU 1099875 A, 06/30/1984), which use the simultaneous application of fertilizers and sowing seeds. The method is characterized by sowing seeds and applying fertilizers in the form of slots located symmetrically and at an angle relative to the longitudinally vertical plane, with the vertices of these corners pointing upward, fertilizers distributed over their entire height, and a groove under the seeds cut between the upper ends of the slots.

The disadvantage of this method is that fertilizers after application are located in the slit in the form of an inclined tape and subsequently the integrity of the inclined tapes is violated due to rolling fertilizers into the lower parts of the furrow.

A known method (SU 1771398 A3, 10.23.1992) of cultivating crops on sloping lands, comprising placing fields of various crops depending on the slope. Fertilizing is carried out depending on the steepness of the slope, while on the upper part of the slope from 7 ° and above, ammonium sulfate is introduced in a scattering manner; on slopes less than 5 °, slow-acting urea-formaldehyde fertilizer is applied for autumn plowing.

The disadvantage of this method is that on a slope of less than 5 ° fertilizers are scattered and only nitrogen, on a slope of more than 7 ° they are applied locally, while the depth of fertilizer is not taken into account and this method is used in a wide variety of crops.

A device (analogue) is known (RU 2224402 C1, 02.27.2004), which contains a lancet paw, a fertilizer rack, a wedge and seed tubes and which allows performing three technological operations in one pass: pre-sowing cultivation, sowing of grain crops and the main dose of mineral fertilizers in the form of vertically located tape.

The disadvantage of this device is that it lacks the ability to control the depth of application of the tape of mineral fertilizers.

The effective use of the resource potential of each land plot determines the approach to the problem of applying fertilizers on washed away soils taking into account the steepness of the slope.

The objective of the invention is to increase the efficiency of fertilizer use on washed away soils and reduce the energy intensity of the process (pre-sowing cultivation + application of the main fertilizer + sowing).

figure 1 shows a diagram of the application of mineral fertilizers and sowing of winter grains on a slope of up to 3 °; figure 2 is a diagram of the application of mineral fertilizers and sowing of winter crops on a slope of 3-5 °; figure 3 - a device for applying mineral fertilizers and sowing winter crops on a slope (side view); figure 4 - a device for applying mineral fertilizers and sowing winter crops on a slope (rear view).

It is known that at the present level of development of agricultural production, great detailing of technological processes is required, which allows to differentiate the main elements of agricultural systems in accordance with the level of soil fertility and the intensity of erosion processes (Kotlyarova OG. Soil protection system in intensive farming of the Central Black Earth zone. Voronezh, Central Committee Prince Publishing House, 1990, 267 pp.).

The studies show that on a slope up to 3 ° there is streaming erosion with ravines of the soil to an average depth of 5 cm (range of variation from 2 to 10 cm). The number of ravines on the accounting area is 15 pieces. On a slope of 3-5 °, the depth of the ravines reaches 10 cm (range of variation is from 5 to 15 cm). The number of holes in the study area totals 30 pieces. The data presented in table 1 show that the volume of washed soil on the 3-5 ° slope is four times higher than on the 1-3 ° slope.

In this regard, moisture reserves are formed differently in different agroecological conditions. Their comparison depending on the steepness of the slope shows that the amount of total moisture in 1 m soil layer after wheat regrowth in spring on a slope of 1-3 ° is 2298 t / ha, on a slope of 3-5 ° in the same period 1942 t / ha. Soil moisture in the upper 0-30 cm layer on a slope of 1-3 ° increases from 25.7% to 28.8%, on a slope of 3-5 ° from 18.7% to 24.8% in the same layer (Table. 2).

Table 1
The influence of the steepness of the slope on the amount of washed soil on winter wheat crops Slope steepness Total accounting area, ha The volume of washed soil on the accounting area, m ³ The volume of washed away soil from 1 ha, m ³ 1-3 ° slope 0.189 0.0115 0,061 3-5 ° slope 0.194 0,0513 0.265

table 2
Content (%) and total moisture reserves (t / ha) depending on the steepness of the slope Options Depth cm Moisture reserves in a 0-30 cm soil layer, t / ha Moisture reserves in 0-100 cm soil layer, t / ha 0-10 10-20 20-30 1-3 ° slope 25.7 27.8 28.8 96.9 2298 3-5 ° slope 18.7 20.8 22.8 73,4 1942

The upper 0-10 cm soil layer contains less moisture than layers 10-20 and 20-30 cm, regardless of the steepness of the slope.

Erosion processes lead to a change in the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium (Table 3).

The table shows that the content of nutrients in the arable soil layer on a slope of 1-3 ° is phosphorus 17.3 mg / 100 g of soil, potassium 33.0 mg / 100 g of soil. On a slope of 3-5 °, the content of these elements is much lower and amounts to 7.0 mg / 100 g of soil phosphorus and 17.0 mg / 100 g of potassium soil.

From the foregoing, it follows that, depending on the steepness of the slope, various conditions are formed for the growth of crops. Fertilizing measures in this case are of paramount importance.

Table 3
The content of mobile phosphorus and potassium in the soil under winter wheat in different environmental conditions in a 0-30 cm layer Options The phosphorus content, mg / 100 g of soil Potassium content, mg / 100 g of soil Slope 0-3 ° 17.3 33.0 3-5 ° slope 7.0 17.5

The method is as follows: after plowing and cultivation for the purpose of crushing the soil and leveling it, they simultaneously pre-sow cultivation to a depth of h, row sowing of winter grains with row spacing b, cutting slots with a height of H and making main fertilizer in them in the form of a vertical tape with a width s, located between rows of seeds and below them by Δh, and with increasing field slope angle α from α ₁ to α _{2, the} depth of pre-sowing cultivation h increases from h ₁ to h ₂ and the depth of placement of the fertilizer belt Only rows of seeds Δh increases from Δ h ₁ to Δ h ₂ (Figs. 1, 2, 3).

A device for applying mineral fertilizers and sowing winter cereals on a slope contains a lancet paw 1 (Fig. 3) of a steam cultivator with a working width of 330 mm, attached to a seed-guide rack 2, made in the form of two nozzles 3, rigidly connected to each other, by means of which the device is attached to the seeder leads. Two holes are made in the bracket 4 of the seed-guide rack, and one hole is made in an arc, which allows the coulter to be tilted in a vertical plane by rotating the screw 5 mounted on the bracket toe, thereby regulating the seed placement depth. The tubes of the seed-seed rack are seed tubes: one tube is directed under the left part of the lancet paw, and the other is under the right, and the distance from the opener axis to the right and left socks of the seed tubes is 7.5 cm, which allows sowing of grain in an ordinary way with row spacing b = 15 cm (figures 1, 2). Behind the stand-seed guide there is a fertilizer coulter 6 (Fig. 3) with the ability to move vertically to ensure the placement of mineral fertilizers in the form of a vertical tape with a width of (Fig. 1, 2) to a different depth Δh. The fat coulter is arranged to move along the grooves of the guide plate 7, mounted behind the seed-guide rack (Fig. 3).

The fat coulter in a predetermined position is fixed by means of a spring latch 8, the stem of which is included in one of the discretely located holes on the plate 9, which is rigidly fixed on the seed-guide rack of the device. An oblique cutout is made in the lower part of the fertilizer coulter to form fertilizers in the soil in the form of a vertical ribbon. To ensure better penetration and cutting of weeds and crop residues, a wedge is installed under the lancet paw 10. To prevent clogging of the oblique opener of the coulter with soil at the time of deepening, a valve 11 with a counterweight 12 is pivotally mounted at the ends of the seed guides 13 and 14 are reflective valves ( figure 4), protecting them from clogging with soil. To avoid soil getting on the seed guides on the lancet paw, rigidly fixed left-side and right-hand dump flaps 15 and 16 are installed. Seals 17 are installed on the socks of the seed guides to form a solid sowing bed for seeds.

The device operates as follows: by sowing devices of the seeder mineral fertilizers and seeds are fed through hoses to the fertilizer coulter 6 (Fig. 3) and seed tubes 3, respectively. At the exit from the fertilizer coulter, fertilizers, due to the oblique cut-out, are sequentially pinched by the soil, forming a vertically located tape. Moreover, with an increase in the angle of the field slope, the depth of placement of the fertilizer tape relative to the rows of seeds is increased. In this case, the rod of the spring latch 8 is withdrawn from the hole on the plate 9, the fertilizer coulter 6 is moved down by the required amount and again fixed with the latch. Seeds that are transported through the vas deferens are fed to the reflector valves 13, 14 (Fig. 4) and placed on a sealed bed prepared by seals 17, after which they are covered with soil coming off the dump plates 15 and 16.

The device allows you to combine three technological operations in one pass of the sowing unit: pre-sowing cultivation, sowing of grain and the main dose of mineral fertilizers in the form of a vertically located tape to a given depth.

Using the device allows you to reduce the risk of flushing fertilizers on the slope and set the depth of mineral fertilizers for each section of the field individually, depending on the steepness of the slope.

Claims (2)

1. The method of applying mineral fertilizers and sowing winter cereals on a slope, including applying the main dose of mineral fertilizers in the form of a vertically arranged belt and sowing, characterized in that they perform simultaneous pre-sowing cultivation to the depth of seed placement, row sowing of winter grains and the main fertilizer in the form vertical tape located between rows of seeds and below them, and with increasing field slope angle the depth of pre-sowing cultivation and the depth of placement of fertilizer tape relative to rows with Yemen increase. 2. A device for applying mineral fertilizers and sowing winter crops on slopes, including a lancet foot, seed tubes, fertilizer coulter, wedge, safety valves, characterized in that the fertilizer coulter is movably mounted with the possibility of moving vertically with fixation in the required position to ensure that the mineral tape is sealed fertilizers to various depths.

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