RU2350064C1 - Technique of cereal crops planting envisaging mineral fertilisers application as well as device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: proposed planting technique envisages soil being ripped in the vertical direction at a depth exceeding that of the seed planting to produce a slot, a seed furrow being shaped and seeds planted together with a starting dose of mineral fertilisers. The basic mineral fertiliser dose is applied into the slot cut at a depth below that of the furrow bottom in the form of a vertical band or row. After that the soil is compacted. Furrow formation is done by way of soil being ripped within a horizontal plane at the seed planting level and raised. The furrow cross-section profile is that of an isosceles trapezoid whose minor base (equal to the spacing width) is turned downwards. The angle of the furrow sides slant relative to the horizontal plane shall not exceed the soil natural slope angle. The seeds together with the mineral fertilisers starting dose are applied in the furrow corners to form rows with the basic fertiliser dose applied between the rows. After that soil is ripped to the left and to the right of the furrow within the horizontal plane at a depth less than that of the furrow having been shaped and by a distance at least equal to half the spacing width. The soil having been raised is levelled and compacted. The seeding implement consists of a frame and a disk blade with a dual-level opener equipped with a stilt and a fertiliser spout positioned behind it. To the tilt lower part there is an A-hoe blade attached. Onto the stilt butt-end a seed drop tube is rigidly attached. Behind the opener the leveller-and-compactor tool is positioned. The disk blade installation enables vertical axis rotation. The flat A-hoe blade is designed to have two crosswise bends. The first bend directed downwards at an angle no more than 25-30° is arranged within the blade section where the blade width W is equal to: W = W_s + 2·x·ctgα where α is the soil natural slope angle, °; W_s is the spacing width, m; x is the height soil is raised to by the A-hoe blade, m. The second bend directed upwards at an angle no more than 20-22° is arranged within the blade section where the blade width is equal to the spacing width W_s. To the stilt butt-end the second seed drop tube is rigidly attached. The fertiliser spout is attached to the rear seed drop tube butt-end. The lower ends of the seed drop tubes designed for application of seeds together with the fertiliser starting dose are bent rightwards and leftwards accordingly. The lower end of the fertiliser spout is bent backwards and positioned at the level of the self-aligning disk blade lower edge.

EFFECT: invention enables enhancement of energy efficiency, seeding quality, fertiliser application efficacy and crops yield due to targeted placement of the fertilisers being applied with due regard for the root system specificity.

6 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods and devices for sowing grain crops with simultaneous local application of mineral fertilizers, and can be used on grain fertilizer seeders.

A known method of sowing grain [RU 2070370 C1, 6 A01B 79/02, A01C 7/00; 12/20/1996]. The essence of the invention is as follows: the soil for sowing is preliminarily prepared to a depth of 15-17 cm. Next, with the combined working body of the seeder, the seed tapes are scattered together with the starting dose of fertilizers, and the distance between the midpoints of the tapes is 30 cm. The coulters moving between the tapes form furrows 6-8 cm deep, at the bottom of which a vertical slit is made to a depth of 15-17 cm, where the main dose of fertilizers is portioned and wedged in the soil in the form of an intermittent vertical ribbon. Soil extracted during the formation of furrows, seed tapes are covered with a starting dose of fertilizers. Sowing seeds and starter fertilizers on the walls of the furrows, which are below the level of seed tapes with a starting dose of fertilizers. Compaction of the soil above the tape, its partial pouring into the furrow and compaction of the walls of the furrows. The disadvantage of this method is that deep tillage is carried out on the entire cultivated area, which is not necessary.

A known method of sowing grain and a device for its implementation [RU 2099918 C1, 6 A01C 7/00; 12/27/1997]. The invention consists in the following: sowing is carried out in a scatter manner together with a starting dose of fertilizers in the form of tapes covered by soil removed from furrows in the inter-tape spaces with local application of the main dose of fertilizers in the form of an intermittently vertically arranged tape, with simultaneous sowing of seeds and a starting dose of fertilizers on the walls of the furrows in the crumbling layer of soil and compaction it over the ribbons of seeds and on the walls of the furrows, as well as the introduction of the main dose of fertilizers in the form of intermittent vertically arranged GOVERNMENTAL belts placed under the bottom of the furrows. A feature of the device for implementing this method is that the seed tubes with distributors are located in front of the openers between their center lines, and the additional ones are installed behind the openers, and the openers are equipped with dumps on the sides, and pipelines are rigidly fixed to them, rollers are pivotally attached. The device is also equipped with a box-type ductwork and cultivators in the form of plow dumps. The disadvantage of this method and device is the uncontrolled depth of seed placement and the complexity of the design.

A known method of sowing crops [RU 2219695 C2, 7 A01C 7/00, A01B 79/02, 05/20/2001]. The method includes the formation of a comb profile of the soil, laying on top of the crests of the seeds, embedding them under the mulching layer, and fertilizing the lateral surfaces of the crest profile to the left and right of the row to a different depth, starting 1-2 cm below the seeds. An erosion relief is formed on the surface of the latter in the form of trapezoidal grooves located at an angle to the rows of sown seeds. The method is performed by a device including fertilizer and vas deferens, paired openers - left and right - for fertilizing, an anchor opener for seeds, a spiral roller with leashes and a mechanism for adjusting the depth of the erosion relief. When the device is operating, twin coulters, the front part of which is made in the form of a ploughshare, loosen the soil, form ridges and evenly distribute fertilizers to the side walls of the ridges. An anchor opener strictly sows the seeds coming through the vas deferens to the top of the ridges. The spiral roller with trapezoidal cross-sections forms an erosion relief.

The disadvantage of this method is the lack of control of the depth of seeding and the destruction of the stubble background.

Known working body for subsoil sowing of seeds and fertilizing [SU 1066479 A, 3 AC 7/20; 01/15/1984], including a flat-cutting paw and a stand, on which tuco- and seed tubes are installed at the back. A fertilizer reflector is located in the lower part of the pipe line, and the seed tube ends with a seed distributor installed in the sublap space. However, such a coulter does not provide for mutual regulation of the depth of sowing seeds and fertilizers and pesticides.

Known combined opener [RU 2224402 C1, 7 AC 7/20; 02/27/2004], intended for the localization of bulk mineral fertilizers with simultaneous tillage and sowing of grain crops. The combined opener contains a lancet paw, a fertilizer rack, a wedge, and a vas deferens. To create a fertilizer belt vertically located in the soil and sowing seeds on a compacted bed, the cutout in the lower part of the fertilizer coulter is oblique, and under the seed guides seals are installed in the form of convex parts of truncated spherical segments. To prevent soil from entering the fertilizer coulter during deepening, a counterweight valve is pivotally mounted in the upper part of its notch, as well as an arm and an adjusting bolt. To protect against soil clogging, safety valves are installed on the seed guides, opening during operation at an angle less than 90 °.

The disadvantages of this device include the following: high material consumption, difficulty in manufacturing, the sowing bed is not compacted, the gap remaining after the passage of the rack is not sealed, which drains the soil.

Known opener [RU 2233063 C1, 7 A01C 7/20; July 27, 2004], intended for sowing grain. The coulter contains the vas deferens, stand and paw. In the front of the paw, the rack of which is tilted forward, a vertical flat knife with a blunt angle of entry is installed. The back of the rack goes into a vertical plate fin. The coulter height gradually decreases from the front to the back. In the sublap zone, a prismatic spreader and seed distributor are located. The distributor is made in the form of stripes helically curved around its axis, fan-oriented in the horizontal plane from the center to the periphery of the coulter. The disadvantages of this invention are the lack of sealing the gap remaining behind the paw, unsealed sowing bed, separate sowing of grain and fertilizing.

The objective of the invention is to reduce energy costs by reducing the amount of decompression of the soil and combining a number of technological operations; improving the quality of sowing by increasing the field germination of seeds by laying them on a solid sowing bed with subsequent compaction of the soil above them, as well as increasing the efficiency of fertilizers by simultaneously applying the main and sowing doses; increase grain yield due to the oriented placement of fertilizers relative to the root system.

Figure 1 - diagram of a method of sowing grain; figure 2 - device for implementing the method of sowing, attached to the frame of the seeder, side view; figure 3 - combined opener; figure 4 - paw; figure 5 - equalizer-seal attached to the frame of the seeder; figure 6 - plate with arcuate rods, bottom view.

The method of sowing crops with mineral fertilizers is as follows.

In the soil in a vertical plane, a gap is made to a depth greater than the sowing depth (Fig. 1, a). In the horizontal plane at the depth of sowing, the soil is cut and lifted to a certain height, forming a hollow space, the vertical cross section of which is represented by an isosceles trapezoid, facing a smaller base down, whose length is equal to the row spacing, in addition, the angle of inclination of the side walls of the trapezoid to the horizontal does not exceed the angle of repose of the soil (figure 1, b). In the furrow, made in the form of an isosceles trapezoid, in the corners formed by the sides and the lower base, seeds are laid together with the starting dose of mineral fertilizers (Fig. 1, c). In the gap placed between the rows of seeds, below their level, the main dose of mineral fertilizers is placed in the form of a vertical tape or row (Fig. 1, d). At a depth less than the depth of the formed furrow, to the left and to the right of it in the horizontal plane, the soil is trimmed to a distance equal to or greater than half the row spacing (Fig. 1, e). Previously raised soil is lowered into the furrow and compacted (figure 1, e).

A device for implementing the method of sowing crops with mineral fertilizers contains a seeder frame 1; circular knife 2; combination opener 3; equalizer seal 4; vertical stand 5; traction 6 and 7; spring 8; fingers 9; bracket 10; plug 11; perpendicular axis 12; rollers 13; lancet paw 14; seven pipelines 15; piping 16; a spring 17; pendulum bracket 18; timber 19; C-shaped spring 20; arcuate plate 21; arcuate bars 22.

A disk knife 2 is fixed to the frame of the seeder 1 with the possibility of rotation around a vertical axis 2. A combined coulter 3 is fixedly fixed to the frame of the seeder 1 to the frame of the seeder 1, and after it an equalizer-seal 4 is installed (see figure 2).

The combined opener 3 (see FIG. 3) includes a vertical strut 5 connected by two parallel rods 6 and 7, fastened by a diagonal spring 8, and fingers 9 with an arm 10. In the strut 5 below the tie rod 6 a series of adjacent holes are made, placed on one vertical axis. The rack 5 is in contact with a fork 11 having openings coinciding during its vertical movement with adjacent holes in the rack 5. An axis 12 is rigidly fixed to the front end of the fork 11 in the perpendicular direction, the rollers 13 are installed at the ends of it. The lancet is fixed to the bottom of the rack 5 paw 14 (see figure 4). Moreover, it is made in the form of a plane having two bends in the transverse direction, and the first bend is made down by an angle not exceeding 25-30 °, in the place of the paw, where its width W is equal to:

,

,

where α is the angle of repose of the soil, °;

In _m - row spacing, m;

x - the height of the soil paw, m,

and the second bend is made upward at an angle not exceeding 20-22 °, in the place of the paw, where its width corresponds to the row spacing V _m

To the end of the rack 5 are rigidly attached two spermatic conduits 15, the lower ends of which are located in the sublapar space of the legs 14 and bent to the right and left, respectively. An end pipe 16 is rigidly attached to the end of the rear syvate duct, the lower end of which is bent back and placed at the level of the lower edge of the self-aligning disk knife 2.

To the frame 1, on the spring-loaded spring 17 of the pendulum bracket 18, a beam 19 is fixed in its lower part to which an equalizer-seal 4 is fixed, made in the form of a C-shaped spring 20 with an arcuate plate 21 rigidly fixed to it (see Fig. 5), the width of which In _p is equal to:

,

,

moreover, the convexity of the plate 21 is facing down, and arcuate rods 22 are rigidly attached to its lower side, which are convex to the axis of symmetry (see Fig. 6), and the distance M between the rods is greater than the depth of soil cultivation M ^* .

The device operates as follows.

When lowering the frame of the seeder 1 to the working position and its movement, the self-aligning disc knife 2, facing the combi coulter 3, is immersed in the soil. Following him, the fertilizer line 16 enters the slot formed by the self-aligning disk knife 2 in the soil. At the same time, the lancet paw 14, which is rigidly fixed to the bottom of the rack 5, interacts with the soil and immerses until the rollers 13 touch it, mounted on the perpendicular axis 12, mounted on the front end of the fork 11. When moving with a self-aligning circular knife, plant residues are cut on the soil surface and perform a gap in it to a depth greater than the depth of sowing seeds with a starting dose of mineral fertilizers. A stand 5 moves along the formed gap with a lancet paw 14 fixed at its end, forming a hollow space in the soil, the vertical section of which is represented by an isosceles trapezoid. By sowing devices of the seeder, mineral fertilizers are fed through hoses to the seed tubes 15. Through the seed tubes 15, which are rigidly attached to the end of the rack 5, the ends of which are located in the sublap space of the legs 14 and are directed to the right and left, respectively, feed the seeds together with the starting dose of mineral fertilizers. The piping 16, which is rigidly attached to the end of the rear seven-duct, the lower end of which moves along the slit formed by the self-aligning disk knife 2, serves the main dose of mineral fertilizers, which is fixed by closing soil in the form of a vertical tape or row. The equalizer-seal 4 coming from behind the combined opener 3 with arcuate rods 22 crumbles, smoothes and compacts the soil above the rows of seeds. The pressing force of the equalizer-compactor to the soil is ensured by turning the pendulum bracket 18 relative to the frame 1 by changing the stiffness of the spring 17. Rollers 13 running on untreated soil, when hitting an uneven surface, acting on the perpendicular axis 12, fork 11, and, accordingly, rack 5, parallel rods 6 and 7, fastened by a spring 8 arranged in a diagonal direction, provide for the paw 14 and the piping 16 to be deepened. This is due to the vertical movement of the rack 5, which allows you to keep the set Loubinoux sowing.

When rollers 13 get into a depression on the soil surface, parallel rods 6 and 7, fastened by a spring 8 through the strut 5, deepen the paw 14.

Using this method of sowing grain with the introduction of mineral fertilizers can reduce energy costs by reducing the volume of softening of the soil and combining a number of technological operations; to improve the quality of sowing by increasing the field germination of seeds by laying them on a solid sowing bed with subsequent compaction of the soil above them, as well as to increase the efficiency of fertilizers by simultaneously applying the main and sowing doses; increase grain yield due to the oriented placement of fertilizers relative to the root system.

Information sources

1. RU 2070370 C1, 6 A01B 79/02, A01C 7/00; 12/20/1996.

2. RU 2099918 C1, 6 A01C 7/00; 12/27/1997.

3. RU 2219695 C2, 7 A01C 7/00, A01B 79/02, 05.20.2001.

4. SU 1066479 A, 3 A01C 7/20; 01/15/1984.

5. RU 2224402 C1, 7 A01C 7/20; 02/27/2004.

6. RU 2233063 C1, 7 A01C 7/20; 07/27/2004.

Claims (6)

1. The method of sowing crops with mineral fertilizers, including cutting the soil in a vertical direction to a depth greater than the depth of sowing with the formation of a gap, the formation of a furrow, sowing seeds with a starting dose of mineral fertilizers and the main dose of mineral fertilizers in the slot located below the bottom of the furrow fertilizers in the form of a vertical tape or row, and soil compaction, characterized in that the furrow is formed by cutting the soil in a horizontal plane to the depth of sowing and raising it, while the furrow in the cross The cross section has the shape of an isosceles trapezoid, facing smaller base down, whose length is equal to the row spacing, and the angle of inclination of the side walls of the furrow to the horizontal does not exceed the angle of natural slope of the soil, while the seeds, together with the starting dose of mineral fertilizers, are laid in the corners of the furrow with the formation of rows, and the main dose of fertilizer is between the rows of seeds, after which to the left and to the right of the furrow in a horizontal plane at a depth less than the depth of the formed furrow, the soil is trimmed to a distance equal to or greater than half the row spacing, and the raised soil is lowered and compacted. 2. A device for sowing grain crops with the introduction of mineral fertilizers, comprising a frame, a circular knife, behind which a combined opener with a stand is installed, a lancet foot is rigidly fixed to its lower part, and with a vas deferens rigidly fixed to its end, and a pipe duct, characterized in that an equalizer - seal is installed behind the opener, and the circular knife is mounted to rotate around the vertical axis, while the lancet paw is flat and has two bends in the transverse direction, the first and gib formed downward at an angle not exceeding 25-30 ° at the point paw where the width W is equal to
W = H _m + 2 · x · ctgα,
where α is the angle of repose of the soil, deg;
In _m - row spacing, m;
x - the height of the soil paw, m,
the second bend is made upward at an angle not exceeding 20-22 ° in the place of the paw, where its width corresponds to the row spacing V _m , in addition, the second vas deferens are rigidly attached to the end of the rack, and the fertilizer conduit is attached to the end of the posterior vas deferens, and the lower ends of the deferent sowing seeds with a starting dose of fertilizers are bent to the right and left, respectively, and the lower end of the duct is bent back and is located at the level of the lower edge of the self-aligning disk knife. 3. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the vertical strut is connected to two parallel rods and in it, below the tie rods, a series of adjacent holes are made located on one vertical axis. 4. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that the parallel rods are fastened by a spring placed in a diagonal direction. 5. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that the fork is fixed to the rack, having holes matching in vertical movement with the holes in the rack, while an axis is fixed to the front end of the fork in the perpendicular direction, at the ends of which rollers are mounted. 6. The apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the equalizer-seal is made as a C-shaped springs are rigidly secured thereto an arcuate plate, wherein the width B _f equal to B _n ≥ The _m + 2 · x · ctgα, wherein convexity of the plate facing down, and to its bottom side are rigidly attached arcuate rods, convex to the axis of symmetry.

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