RU2267255C1 - Protective complex for plants - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, protective complexes for plants, including greenhouses and hothouses equipped with electrotechnical and other equipment for care of plants and heat-loving bushes grown under home conditions or small-scale commercial plant growing conditions.

SUBSTANCE: protective complex has foundation pit with supporting carcass onto which transparent protective casing is put. Plastic walls of foundation pit are slightly extending beyond base of supporting carcass and are secured by means of drop screen. Foundation pit bed has ground provided with thermal layer and soil heating members. Foundation pit bed is connected through pipe to suspended closed reservoir hung under complex roof to define, in conjunction with foundation pit construction filled with ground and top layer of fertile soil, single reservoir with water influx-discharge regulated by means of electronic valves provided on branches as well as on pipe. Water is pumped through lower branch by means of water pump into suspension reservoir, and other branch equipped with electronic valve defines closed semicircle on pipe. Such construction provides water discharge by avoiding first branch from suspended reservoir into pipe equipped with corrugated insert provided at its lower end. Level of discharged water is controlled through bushing equipped with float having water level measuring ruler. Supporting carcass incorporates thermal sensors, humidity sensors, illumination sensors, air heating members, and illumination lamps. Valves are opened and closed by means of electronic device. All parts of protective complex are totally controlled by electronic instrument for maintaining optimal microclimate mode. On the basis of electronic instruments and with the use of communicating vessels principle, protective complex may be created, wherein, apart from setting optimal water level in ground soil and irrigation time, optimal heating and illumination mode may be maintained to thereby regulate plant development. Protective complex allows vegetable and other crops, as well as wild and exotic plants to be grown.

EFFECT: increased yield of vegetables and other crops.

2 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to a protective complex for plants, including greenhouses, greenhouses and hotbeds, equipped with electrical and other equipment for caring for plants grown both at home and in small-scale production.

The simplest devices for growing and sheltering plants, such as greenhouses, greenhouses and greenhouses, are known. Consider as an analogue of a greenhouse on bulk soil.

In these greenhouses, for a balanced microclimate, various watering methods and sources of artificial heat are used, among which are heaters, air and water heating systems. The greenhouse is sometimes equipped with wood heating with an oven or a hot water column located outside the greenhouse, but the chimney is always located in the ground of the greenhouse to heat the soil. Soil heating with the help of a chimney is effective, since the chimney is located in a circle along the walls. The chimney is made of stone, since the stone retains heat for a long time and gives off heat after the furnace firebox finishes. As a building material for the chimney, a wide variety of building materials are currently being used, including synthetic materials with high heat dissipation, cast-iron and ceramic pipes.

Modern methods of heating a greenhouse include water heating. Hot water circulates through a closed system of pipes that extend from the boiler at a slight angle. Water heating systems use hot water with an inlet temperature of +120 degrees Celsius, and an outlet temperature of +70 degrees Celsius. To warm the air of the greenhouse, fan heaters are used.

Electric heating of greenhouses is the most environmentally friendly, since the operation of electrical appliances does not emit toxic substances that contribute to air pollution. To date, several methods have been developed for heating the soil with electric cables. Cheap heating is the accumulation of solar energy, but solar heating must be used in combination with other sources of heating.

As an additional heating system, a plant is known that accumulates heat during the day, and at night, as the air of the greenhouse cools, it gives up the accumulated heat. The pipe of such a greenhouse is installed so that its inlet is located under the roof of the greenhouse. The sun through the transparent walls heats the air of the greenhouse during the day, which is sucked into the pipe by fans and pumped down. Stones are placed under the floor of the greenhouse, onto which warm air enters. At night, the fans switch the air supply in the opposite direction: now the air heated through the heat transfer by stones is sent through the pipe to the greenhouse. At the same time, stones give part of the heat to the soil of the greenhouse. A different type of system can be installed in the greenhouse. Along the roof of the greenhouse there are panels through which water flows. The sun heats the panels with water, water is supplied through pipes to a tank with thermal insulation. During the day of solar radiation, the water in the tank heats up, and in the evening the flaps of the heating tank open and the heat comes out, heating the air of the greenhouse, or the heated water goes through pipes located under the soil of the greenhouse. Another type of solar heating is using a solar furnace built under the roof of a greenhouse. Warm air rises and heats the stones. The heat accumulated during the day at night gradually enters the air of the greenhouse.

The closest technical solution to the present invention is the well-known simplest heat accumulator. To do this, first dig a pit 10-15 cm deep in a greenhouse and cover the ground with a layer of heat insulator, such as polystyrene. You need to put a layer of plastic film on top, thereby ensuring reliable waterproofing. Then the foundation pit is filled with coarse sand or gravel, heating elements are laid, and only after that soil is laid. This very simple device allows even when the air temperature drops to -15 degrees Celsius to maintain in the greenhouse the necessary temperature parameters of both soil and air.

On the basis of this simplest device for the accumulation of solar heat in the soil, a solar heliotope is known. Asbestos-cement pipes with a diameter of 10-20 cm are laid in a layer of clay at a depth of 40-50 cm, through which air will circulate, and the usual soil suitable for growing plants is poured over these pipes. Air moves through the pipes thanks to a fan, the power of which should be in the range of 25-30 watts. With such a system, warm air flows through the pipes during the day, which heats the clay layer and the soil of the greenhouse, and at night, clay and soil give their heat to the cooling air of the greenhouse

This close technical solution, like the others described above, is described in the book of E. Tribis "Greenhouse and hotbed. M.," Ripol Classic, 2002, 160 pages.

Another close to the proposed invention is the device according to our application No. 20011119012/12 (020179) dated 07/09/2001 under the name "Rybkin Water Heater".

The device works on the basis of using water as a solar energy accumulator with the help of a simple suspension structure made of an elastic waterproof material, for example, a transparent polyethylene film of a “sleeve” sealed from the ends. This forms a closed bag in the form of a "pillow". A support rod or pipe is inserted into the cut upper corners of the “pillow bag”. The “pillow bag” is suspended on a rod or pipe, which is suspended on a ridge beam under a greenhouse roof in the upper hot zone or simply fixed in any other isolated space that acts as a “solar trap”, for example, on the sides near the base of the greenhouse objects of irrigation or economic use of water. One of the sides of the tank, facing the south side, or all sides of the tank, depending on where it is installed, darkened or darkened.

The end of the flexible hose with a sinker is lowered into the polyethylene container formed in this way. The hose at the exit from the polyethylene container is fixed on the support rod. The other end of the hose goes down, forming a conduit with a set of simple or electronic valves, or is clamped or pinched by some other device below the level of the container.

But all these listed greenhouses have one unique drawback: the high price of building materials, fuel and energy services. The cost of products grown in greenhouses with the named air and soil heating is very high, and therefore the production of vegetables and fruits, growing plants in small-scale production is simply unprofitable.

All described greenhouses and devices are used to create certain conditions for growing plants and seedlings of cultivated and wild plants.

But in any case, all the well-known technical solutions for heating greenhouses, greenhouses and other plant shelters share the same drawbacks: the difficulty with their help to maintain favorable and stable conditions of humidity and heat for a long period of plant development, when, for one reason or another, they forget or cannot heat in time or turn off the heating system or overheat the greenhouse, which leads to an agrotechnical imbalance in the balance of plant development.

In addition, one should take into account the high cost of building materials and devices for equipping and constructing heating installations of greenhouses and greenhouses, as well as the high cost of energy for heating.

The proposed protective complex for plants is devoid of these disadvantages and has several advantages over the known protective shelters such as greenhouses and greenhouses with installations for heating and irrigation:

- the enclosed volume of the protective structure for growing plants using a protective transparent coating. Facilitation of the assembly of the protective complex is achieved through the use of a welded shell in the form of a cover that is easily put on and removed during installation and dismantling of the protective complex. A suspended closed container for water that accumulates solar heat, connected by a pipe or hose to a bathtub of waterproof, heat-insulating material, filled with a layer of fine-grained sand or pebbles, and on top with a layer of soil, a water pump, soil heating elements, minimizing heat loss, since in the daytime there is a constant process of heat input and accumulation, which is given to the soil and air of the greenhouse through the discharge of heated water into the ground due to cooling both at night and and the onset of adverse weather for plants;

- the use of temperature sensors, humidity sensors, a device to maintain the optimum mode, photosensitive elements, backlight, electronic valves, an automatic timer with sensors for assessing the internal state of soil and air with elements of backlighting, heating and watering plants eliminates the need to carry out production procedures manually and keep in the storage device, the moments of turning on and off the backlight, heating and watering.

The aim of the invention is the exclusion of manual procedures for watering plants, mechanically filling the tank with water and mechanically draining water from the tank for irrigation, adjusting the soil moisture level, as well as optimizing soil heating for growing plants using accumulated solar energy through irrigation with a significant reduction in heat-generating resources, and also the removal of excess moisture from the soil during irrigation, lighting and heating of soil and plants with a given temperature regime, a programmable lighting rhythm, ease of observation uzhivaniya with minimal staff intervention.

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that the walls of the pit protrude beyond the dimensions of the supporting frame. The transparent protective coating of the supporting frame is made in the form of an integral welded film cover, worn on the frame and fixed along the lower contour of the frame using hooks or eyelets. The lower ends of the cover form hinged aprons with the possibility of fixing the free lower edges of the protective apron on the outside of the support frame, from the outside on the perimeter of the support frame on the drainage layer are laid solar water heat accumulators from a waterproof transparent film material.

A suspended closed water tank with a water conduit emerging from the bottom of the tank, the end of the water conduit is lowered into a glass with side openings. Using valves and a nutrient solution level sensor that maintain the level of water or nutrient solution in the ground, a pump that pumps water into a closed tank, maintains a given water level in a closed suspension tank, the valves are located on the water conduit and on the branch pipes.

One pipe is used to pump water through a conduit into a closed container, another pipe, located on a water conduit in the form of a half-ring, serves to drain the water, thereby bypassing the inlet of the first pipe. A tank for liquid fertilizers is connected to the pipe connecting the pump to the water pipe. The lower section of the water conduit is vertically movable and connected to the main conduit through a corrugated sleeve, and the position of the lower end is set using a lever that has support on the glass, and the water level in the soil and the nutrient solution is controlled by a float with a measuring ruler and an instrument of the level of the nutrient solution.

Inside the volume of the supporting frame there are temperature sensors, humidity sensors, photosensitive elements, and devices for heating the air.

The valves are closed and opened using an electronic device to maintain a microclimate that receives information from humidity, light, temperature and level sensors and controls air heating devices, backlight, ventilation windows, fans and a pump.

The microclimate electronic device is based on a programmable microchip.

Thus, using electronic devices and the principle of communicating vessels, you can create not just a greenhouse, but also a whole protective complex in which you can not only set the optimum water level in the soil and irrigation time, but also maintain the optimal heating, backlight mode, thereby regulate plant development.

The drawing shows a protective complex for plants.

1. The supporting frame.

2. Transparent sheeting - a cover.

3. A foundation pit with walls of heat-insulating and waterproof material.

4. Release permeable film.

5. Protective apron.

6. The drainage layer.

7. Soil with the top layer of fertile soil.

8. Closed water tank.

9. Water conduit.

10. The lower end of the conduit.

11. Corrugated insert.

12. Bypass pipe.

13. Gates.

14. Water pump.

15. A glass.

16. A float with a measuring ruler.

17. Movable water pipe.

18. Water batteries for solar thermal energy.

19. Devices for heating air.

20. Heating elements.

21. Backlight.

22. Humidity sensors.

23. Thermal sensors.

24. Light sensors.

25. Capacity for liquid fertilizers.

26. Level sensor.

27. Apron retainers.

28. Knob for setting the level of nutrient solution.

29. An electronic device to maintain optimal microclimate.

The drawing shows a General view of the protective complex for plants, where the supporting frame of the complex (1) rests on the soil with the upper layer of fertile soil (7). The excavation pit (3) is formed of a heat-insulating and waterproof material. The edges of the walls of the pit (3) extend to the surface of the soil outside the support frame (1). The lower pit volume (3) is initially filled with soil, and on the bed with an inert drainage material (coarse sand, pebbles, gravel) covered with a permeable dividing film (4), which excludes mixing of the soil with the material of the drainage layer (6).

Heating elements (20) and temperature sensors (23) are laid in the drainage layer (6) and serve to heat and maintain the given temperature of the soil with the upper layer of fertile soil (7).

On the outer sides of the support frame (1), a transparent protective coating is stretched, made in the form of a welded cover (2), fixed along the lower contour of the frame using hooks or eyelets - an apron retainers (27). The lower edges of the walls from the insulating and waterproof material of the pit go to the soil surface (3) and end with folding protective aprons (5), which are mounted, if necessary, on external contours around the perimeter of the support frame (1). Protective folding aprons (5), during certain periods of plant growth, protect against the penetration of pests into the protective complex, and also allow you to adjust the flow of precipitation from the transparent protective cover of the cover (2) into the pit. (3)

Inside the support frame (1), a closed water tank (8) is suspended in the “hot zone”, which is filled and emptied during irrigation using a water conduit (9). A branch pipe (12) departs from this water conduit (9) for pumping water, which is closed by a valve (13). The bypass pipe of the water conduit (12) forms a half-ring on the water conduit (9) for independent drainage of water and is closed by a valve (13) that regulates the given water flow from the main water conduit (9). The lower end of the water conduit (17), equipped with a corrugated insert (11), is lowered into the glass (15), with holes in the lower part, and the glass (15), which is slightly larger in diameter than the water conduit itself, allows not only to freely remove the water conduit (9) ) from the glass (15), without damaging the soil, but also to change the location of the water conduit (9) together with the glass (15) over the area of the soil.

At other internal points of the support frame (1), humidity sensors (22), light sensors (24), and backlight (21) are placed. On the pipe (9) there is a container for liquid fertilizers (25) and an electronic device for maintaining the optimal microclimate mode (29).

The protective complex works as follows

Before assembling the protective structure, a foundation pit (3) of a given depth is prepared. The bottom of the pit and the walls are first covered with a heat-insulating and waterproof material (3), then a layer of coarse sand or pebbles or other drainage material is poured, the so-called drainage layer (6), then it is covered by a permeable waterproofing film (4) and then a layer of fertile soil is filled up on top forming the soil (7). Then, the support frame (1) is installed, onto which a transparent protective cover-cover (2), made in the form of a welded tent, is thrown on top and fixed (27) along the lower contour of the support frame (1).

Under the ridge, inside the protective complex for plants (see drawing), a closed transparent container for water (8) is suspended, from which the water conduit (9) leaves down. Water is pumped into a suspended closed container (8) using a manual or electric pump (14). Injection of water and the discharge of water with heated heat accumulated in the upper zone of the volume of the protective complex is controlled by valves (13). The backlight (21) and pendant devices for heating the air (19) are controlled by an electronic device to maintain the optimal microclimate mode (29) and create the necessary level of lighting and heat inside the volume of the protective complex.

The outer edges of the pit (3) extend beyond the surface, form folding protective aprons (5). When the protective apron is folded down (5), precipitation is collected that flows down the outer walls of the transparent coating (2) of the support frame (1). The free ends of the edges of the protective aprons (5) along the lower contour of the support frame (1) are mounted on the apron latches (27) (on hooks, eyelets, Velcro or burdock), thereby regulating the use of precipitation and providing protection against ingress of plant pests into the protective structure.

In the drainage layer (6), before filling the soil with the upper layer of fertile soil (7), heating elements (20) are laid. Through the soil (7) and the drainage layer (6), a glass (15) passes, forming a well. The lower end of the water conduit (10) of the movable water conduit pipe (17) from the closed hanging water tank (8) is lowered into the glass (15). Thanks to the connecting corrugated insert (11) and the handle for setting the level of the nutrient solution (28), mounted on the edge of the wall of the glass (15), lowering or raising the lower end of the handle (28), you can adjust the level of the nutrient solution in the drainage layer (6). The inlet water conduit (9) provides water injection into a closed suspended water tank (8), and with the help of mechanical or electronic valves (13) located both on the water conduit (9) and on the branch pipe (12) of the water conduit (9) , the drain and filling of the closed suspended water tank are regulated (8).

A bypass pipe (12) located on the water conduit (9) in the form of a half-ring serves to drain water into the soil with the upper layer of fertile soil (7). The water level in the drainage layer (6) is controlled by a float with a measuring ruler (16). On the inlet conduit (9) connecting the water pump (14) with a closed water tank (8), a container for liquid fertilizers (25) is installed, which enter the soil by the command of an electronic device to maintain the optimal microclimate mode (29).

Due to the high transparency of the material from which the walls of the cover (2) of the protective complex are made, good illumination of plants is ensured.

To avoid overheating from excessive solar radiation, the transparent protective coating (2) of the supporting frame (1) can also be covered with a layer of a composition that changes its transparency depending on the intensity of the light flux.

In the protective complex for plants, heat loss due to evaporation is eliminated, and the soil temperature is maintained at the ambient level, and additional illumination of plants raises this temperature by several degrees.

The use of the pit lining, equipped with a heat-insulating layer (3) and heating elements (20), allows you to maintain a higher temperature for some plants. A quick layer of coarse-grained sand or pebbles contributes to the rapid absorption of water from the soil. At the same time, if necessary, the protective complex, equipped with automatic programmable sensors, allows you to achieve a stable optimum temperature at a given level or change it according to the program.

Watering the plants, if necessary, is carried out using a water conduit (9), which, together with the base of coarse sand or pebbles and the foundation pit soil (3), forms a communicating vessel that maintains a given water level in the soil (7) of the pit (3).

A protective complex for plants can also be used to preserve domestic plants during the period of prolonged absence of the host, since automatic maintenance of the optimal regime of plant maintenance can occur without human intervention.

A protective complex for plants can be used to prepare the soil before planting. For this, the earth mixture pretreated is poured onto the soil surface (7), watered with water coming through a water conduit (9) heated by the sun in a closed water tank (8), and left without planting plants for one or two weeks to propagate beneficial microorganisms. At the same time, the protective complex together with the prepared soil does not require any care and control until the time of planting or planting.

Using the proposed protective complex for plants allows you to get high yields of vegetables and other crops, both domestic and wild plants. It is possible to grow at thermal conditions optimal for plants with normalization of both moisture and top dressing, even rare exotic plant species such as avocados or pineapples.

The protective complex for plants was tested by the author during the year-round cycles of 2001-2004 for the cultivation of elite roses "Black Margarita" and showed complete suitability for these purposes. For the entire period of growing perennial flowers, watering was carried out only once for each summer season.

The invention is still valuable in that there is no problem in the electronic support of the complex, since the radio-technical elements produced by our industry can be found in any specialized store, and heat-insulating and polyamide fabrics are always sold in the required quantity in the Sadovod store. You only need to understand what you need and adapt the well-known products of modern industry to a new constructive purpose that gives the necessary positive effect.

Claims (2)

1. A protective complex for plants, containing a pit or other container under the ground, on which a support frame covered with translucent material is mounted, a suspended closed container for water, water conduits, a water pump and valves, backlight lamps, and the walls and bed of the pit are made of waterproof and heat-insulating material with a lower drainage layer and an upper layer of fertile soil, with soil heating elements located in the drainage layer, devices for heating the air, backlight, vents, fans, sensors temperature, humidity, illumination and level of nutrient solution, characterized in that the pit walls protrude beyond the dimensions of the supporting frame, the transparent protective coating of which is made in the form of an integral welded film cover, worn on the frame and fixed along the lower contour of the frame with hooks or eyelets, lower the ends of the cover form hinged aprons with the possibility of fixing the free lower edges of the protective apron on the outside of the support frame, on the outside on the perimeter of the support frame on the other the pressure layer contains solar water heat accumulators made of waterproof transparent film material, a suspended, closed water tank with a water conduit exiting from the bottom of the container, the end of the water conduit is lowered into a glass with side openings, using valves and a nutrient solution level sensor that maintain the water level or a nutrient solution in the ground, a pump that pumps water into a closed container, maintaining a given level of water in a closed suspension tank, and the valves are located wife on the conduit and on the branch pipes, one pipe serves to pump water through the pipe into a closed container, another pipe located in the half-ring on the pipe serves to drain the water, thereby bypassing the inlet of the first pipe, and to the pipe connecting the pump to the pipe , a container for liquid fertilizers is connected, the lower section of the water conduit is vertically movable and connected to the main water conduit through a corrugated sleeve, and the position of the lower end is set using a lever with support on the glass, and the water level in the ground the nutrient solution is controlled by a float with a measuring ruler and a device of the level of the nutrient solution, inside the volume of the support frame there are temperature sensors, humidity sensors, photosensitive elements, devices for heating the air, and the valves are closed and opened using an electronic device to maintain the microclimate, which receives information from humidity sensors, illumination, temperature sensors and level sensors and control devices for heating the air, backlight, window leaves, fans and us wasp. 2. The protective complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the electronic device for maintaining the microclimate is made on the basis of a programmable microchip.