RU2185713C1 - Soil tillage method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves mellowing soil once two or three years to 30 cm depth; cutting perennial weed roots into parts of different length; destroying sprouted weeds; embedding destructive insect larvae and chrysalis into soil; providing annual layer-by-layer soil mellowing to 6,8,10 and 12-cm depth by flat hoes or A-hoes; combing out germinated weeds and weed roots twice a year, in summer and in prewinter period, by needle-type disks arranged in rest position; providing additional shaking of weeds and weed roots by active working devices such as brushes for removal of residual soil; laying weeds together with stubble remains onto field surface for drying in summer and for freezing-out in prewinter and winter seasons; mulching field surface with stubble remains combed onto field surface and preliminarily covered with soil together with nonviable weeds for protecting field from wind and water erosion. Method allows weedage to be intensively destroyed, soil microorganism activity to be improved, unproductive carrying out of nutritive substances and productive moisture from soil to be avoided. EFFECT: simplified method and increased farm crop yield.

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for intensive control of weeds in the main and pre-sowing tillages with the preservation of plant residues on its surface.

 A known method of tillage, including the creation of depth soil layers with different densities at a greater depth for the middle layer, loosening the upper and lower layers in the arable horizon and leaving a naturally composed soil layer as a denser layer between them (see SU 622429 , A 01 B 79/00, 1978).

 The disadvantage of this method is that the soil layers are loosened while maintaining stubble on the surface of the field, however, the method does not provide an intensive fight against weed vegetation.

 The closest analogue of the present invention is a method of tillage with mechanical removal of weed rhizomes located in the upper half of the arable layer, while the rhizomes located in the upper layer are removed from the soil by multiple treatments with spring cultivators or harrows along and across the field, and the extracted rhizomes are collected from the field, dried and burned (see Vorobiev S.A. et al. Agriculture, Moscow: Kolos, 1968. - p. 161-166).

 The disadvantage of this method is the incomplete removal of rhizomes from the soil, significant processing costs and excessive spraying of the soil with repeated cultivation or harrowing.

 The objective of the invention is to create a method of tillage that provides effective control of weeds and protection of the surface of the field from wind and water erosion.

 The technical result is an increase in the moisture storage and moisture-saving ability of the soil, the effective destruction of weeds, protection of the field surface from wind and water erosion.

This is achieved by treating the soil contaminated with perennial root shoots, rhizomes, and other hard-to-remove weeds once every 2-3 years to a depth of 30 cm by plowing or deep loosening, depending on the state of the soil, species and state of weed vegetation. With this treatment, sprouted weeds are destroyed, plant debris, larvae and pupa of the pests, seeds of weeds that showered on the field surface are planted. At the same time, the roots of perennial weeds, in which the bulk of the reserve nutrients in the form of ensuring their high viability and regenerative ability of water-soluble carbohydrates are concentrated at a depth of 9 meters, are cut into pieces of various lengths. The treatment improves the structure of the soil, creates favorable conditions for the development of beneficial microflora, the accumulation, conservation and productive use of soil moisture. Layer-by-layer loosening of the soil to a depth of 6, 8, 10 and 12 cm is carried out by plow cultivators or cultivators with lancet paws and / or razor paws in order to destroy weeds, cut roots of perennial weeds into pieces of different lengths, plant seeds of weeds, larvae in the soil and pupae of pests. Twice a year in the summer and winter periods, sprouted weeds and their root sections are combed with needle discs installed in a passive position with needles bent in the opposite direction of the machine movement and rotating in the same direction at a speed exceeding the translational speed of the tractor by 16-32% , while brushing off the roots of combed weeds from the soil with active working bodies, for example, brush type, laying weeds together with the soil previously combed from the soil onto the field surface the full stubble. The viability and regenerative capacity of the roots of perennial weeds cut into segments is determined by the moisture and temperature of the soil, the depth of occurrence, as well as the length and number of buds of renewal in these segments. At a soil moisture content of up to 10%, segments of root shoot weeds die from a lack of moisture (drying method), and at 40% or more from a lack of air (method of strangulation). Extracted to the surface of the soil segments of the underground organs die in winter at temperatures below minus 8-10 ^o C (freezing method). Plant segments effectively take root at a soil moisture content of 20-30%. In dry soil, segments of root shoot weeds do not take root and die after 5 days from dehydration, and in moist soil they can form independent plants.

 The method is implemented as follows. In the autumn, once every two or three years, plowing is carried out by dump plows or deep cultivation by plow cutters, deep rippers to a depth of 30 cm, while germinating weed plants are destroyed, the roots of perennial weeds are cut into pieces of different lengths, the larvae and pupae of the pests are embedded in the soil. From the buds located on the roots below the cut, new shoots grow in autumn and spring, giving rise to new plants. To combat them and other sprouted weeds in the spring and summer, layer-by-layer loosening of the soil to a depth of 6 to 12 cm is carried out by plow cultivators, cultivators with lancet paws and / or razor paws, while also forming the upper soil layers with the required density, with soil units of certain sizes. During layer-by-layer soil cultivation, the underground organs of perennial weeds are cut into segments, which excludes biosynthesis and deposition of reserve nutrients in the underground organs of weeds and leads to their intensive depletion.

 Twice a year in the summer and winter periods, the sprouted weeds and weed root sections are combed out with needle discs installed in a passive position with the needles bent in the opposite direction of the machine movement and rotating in the same direction with the drive from the tractor power take-off shaft at a speed exceeding the translational speed of the tractor by 16-32%. Simultaneously with combing out weeds and segments of their roots, they are additionally shaken from the soil by working bodies, for example, brush type. Simultaneously with combing weeds, weed seeds, pupae and pest larvae are embedded in the upper soil layer, weeds and their segments are laid on the field surface, combed out and stubble cultivated and laid on the field surface.

 Plowing or deep loosening, layer-by-layer tillage, additional loosening of the soil with needle discs when combing weeds create a fine-grained structure of a certain density in the treated layer, which increases its moisture-accumulating and moisture-saving ability. Destruction of sprouted weeds, cutting the roots of perennial weeds into segments of various lengths and combing them to the field surface, drying and freezing the root sections provide effective cleaning of the fields from perennial root shoots, rhizomes and other difficult to remove weeds. Mulching the surface of the field with non-viable weeds and pieces of their roots, as well as stubble combed to the surface previously covered with soil soil additionally protects the fields from wind and water erosion.

 The implementation of the proposed method of soil treatment with the intensive destruction of weeds allows us to eliminate habitats and sources of spread of many pests and pathogens, prevent the spread of root rot and smut, improve the vital activity of soil microorganisms, dramatically reduce the unproductive removal of nutrients and productive moisture from the soil, and on this basis increase crop yields.

Claims (1)

 A method of cultivating the soil, including plowing or deep loosening to a depth of 30 cm and layer-by-layer cultivating with plow cultivators or cultivators with lancet paws and / or razor paws, characterized in that plowing or deep plowing in weedy root, rhizome and other hard-to-remove weeds loosening is performed once every two or three years by dump plows or plow cutters, deep rippers for cutting the roots of perennial weeds into segments of different lengths, the destruction of sprouted weeds, seeding larvae and pupae of larvae into the soil, and layer-by-layer loosening of the soil is carried out annually to a depth of 6, 8, 10 and 12 cm, while twice a year in the summer and winter periods, the germinated weeds and weed root sections are combed out with needle discs installed in passive position with the needles bent in the opposite direction of the machine movement and rotating in the same direction at a speed exceeding the translational speed of the tractor by 16-32%, while brushing off the root systems of combed weeds from the soil by active working bodies, for example, brush type with laying weeds together with stubble residues on the surface of the field, and weeds combed and laid on the surface are dried in the summer, and frozen in the winter and winter to protect the field from wind and water erosion.