RU2157442C2 - Construction unit - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction unit for building assembly dispensing with cement. SUBSTANCE: construction unit is made in the form of parallelepiped with four vertical and two horizontal faces. Horizontal faces mount female and male members made in the form of continuous lengthwise embossment arranged on upper horizontal face throughout entire length of construction unit and continuous longitudinal slot on lower face. Continuous longitudinal channel formed by steep edge attached to inclined surface of embossment and joined to horizontal bottom is provided near lengthwise embossment. Continuous longitudinal step formed by edge attached to very steep wall or set vertically is provided near longitudinal slot. When one construction unit is placed on top of other, step and channel which are facing each other constitute continuous longitudinal space spreading throughout entire length of unit. EFFECT: provision for dispensing with binding material. 19 cl, 17 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to the field of construction and more specifically relates to a building block for assembly without cement. There are many building blocks, each of which has different structural characteristics depending on the goal achieved in each case.

 Patent FR-A-2467929, for example, describes a unit whose two opposing surfaces are vertical and equipped with an appropriately male element and female element. With the exact fit of identical blocks, for example to make a wall, the male element of one block must be inserted into the female element of an adjacent block. This structure forces the blocks to be strictly oriented one relative to the other, since they are not reversible.

 Patent FR-A-2574450 describes a block, two opposite surfaces of which are vertical and equipped with both a male element and a female element, but the blocks are also non-reversible due to the fact that the wall, which is vertical and must abut against the two previous ones, has an outer front surface that is offset downward relative to the upper surface of the block.

 Utility Certificate FR-A-2568612 describes a block that must be supported in place by concrete and includes insulation material that is asymmetrically located so that the blocks are also non-reversible.

 Patent FR-A-2606056 describes a block of the same type as the block of FR-A-2574450, but which also has an internal partition due to which the blocks are non-reversible.

 Document EP-A-0048932 describes a block that must be supported in place by a bonding agent, since no fixing allows the blocks to be horizontally fixed relative to one another. In addition, when observing angles diagonally opposite in the horizontal plane (Fig. 1), it is clear that they are pairwise not identical, which indicates the irreversibility of the blocks: it is not possible to place one or the other end face indifferently, which is the main purpose of the present invention . Finally, the described block does not have large finished surfaces, but on the contrary, corrugation, the purpose of which, well-known to the specialist, is to ensure reliable adhesion to a gypsum-like coating. In addition, a clay block profiled by pressing in a die cannot be used independently and requires coating.

 Patent FR-A-1312989 describes a block that must be supported in place by a joint grout and which is not reversible, since its two ends are fundamentally different: one has two grooves 2, and the second has two protrusions 4. Mandatory use of the solution it almost makes impossible the presence of two large front surfaces having the appearance of a final finish, due to the inevitable contamination resulting from the laying of this solution.

 It should be noted that the last two documents describe non-reversible blocks that are only suitable for assembly using a binder.

 And finally, in the application of Great Britain N 1561935 a building block for structures is described, having the shape of a parallelepiped, which consists of six faces, four of which are vertical and two horizontal, including male and female elements intended for interpenetration during tight fit and the application of several blocks without cement, mortar or other sealing binder, while the male and female elements are located on horizontal faces and are made in the form of a continuous longitudinal relief, times placed on the upper horizontal face along the entire length of the block and a continuous longitudinal groove placed on the lower face.

 However, this well-known building block, like all those described above, requires the installation of the necessary decorative finishes and the provision of appropriate insulation and the mandatory attraction of additional labor.

 The basis of the invention is the task to create a building block, suitable for assembling high-quality structures without the use of a binder, in particular cement, which would be easily formed, easily removed from the mold, could be installed on a horizontal surface with any orientation and had a final finish without the need to use any decorative and insulating coating and to attract additional labor for this.

 The problem is solved in that in the building block for structures, having the shape of a parallelepiped, which consists of six faces, four of which are vertical and two horizontal, including covered and covering elements, designed for interpenetration during tight fit and the application of several blocks without cement, mortar or other embedment binder, while the male and female elements are located on horizontal faces and are made in the form of a continuous longitudinal relief, placed according to the invention, a continuous longitudinal channel is formed near the longitudinal relief formed by a steep edge attached to the inclined surface of the relief, attached to the horizontal bottom, and a continuous longitudinal a ledge formed by a wall attached to an inclined surface with a small slope or without a slope, attached to a wall with a large slope or vertical, in this case, when the blocks are superimposed on each other, the ledge and the channel located opposite each other form a continuous longitudinal cavity extending over the entire length of the block.

 It is advisable to provide the unit with an additional cavity located symmetrically with respect to the median vertical plane of the unit.

 It is desirable that the groove was formed by inclined walls, one of which is adjacent to the lower face of the block, and the second to the ledge, and the relief would have a trapezoidal cross-section, one of the inclined edges of which is internal connected to the steep edge of the channel, and the other is symmetrical to the first and connected to another plane of the block, and when the blocks are superimposed on each other, a groove located flush with the relief covers the relief, while a continuous longitudinal cavity is located near the relief.

 In this case, it is preferable that the inner edge of the relief has a slope to the median plane of the block, and the inner surface of the groove is slant to the median plane of the block.

 It is possible that the inner edge of the relief was larger than the slope of the groove surface for better water drainage.

 It is also advisable that the block was made with vertical internal recesses, each of which is delimited by transverse partitions, and the horizontal bottom of the channel adjoins at least one internal vertical recess.

 In a preferred embodiment, the block includes a central tray, which is a continuous bottom and is attached to at least one outer wall by means of vertical partitions defining vertical channels facing the lower face of the block.

 It is desirable that the tray be delimited by longitudinal walls that are higher than the vertical partitions defining the vertical channels.

 It is also possible that at least two vertical opposing faces include male and female elements located in polar symmetry relative to the vertical virtual axis between these faces and in the middle of the distance that separates them.

 Preferably, the male elements are located over the entire height of the block.

 While covering and covered elements can be located on two adjacent faces.

 It is advisable that at least one of the vertical faces has at least two male elements, the protruding parts of which are located in a straight line in one plane perpendicular to the other opposite faces.

 In another preferred embodiment, the two opposite faces have at least two male elements, the protruding parts of which are located in a straight line in the same plane for each face, so that the protruding parts of the male elements of two opposite faces are located in two virtual planes parallel and perpendicular to the other two opposite vertical faces.

 It is advisable that the face opposite the face with the surrounding elements, was made flat, parallel to the latter and had the appearance of the final finish.

 In this case, it is desirable that one of the enclosing elements is adjacent to one of the vertical edges, and the other of the enclosing elements is adjacent to the other vertical edge.

 In a preferred embodiment, the male and female elements are asymmetric with respect to the median virtual plane of a block perpendicular to the face, including male and female elements.

 It is possible that at least two vertical faces designed to form the visible parts of the structure have the appearance of a final finish that does not require a topcoat.

The invention will be better understood from the following detailed description, made with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a block according to the invention of “standard length”;
FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of the same block;
FIG. 3 is a schematic front view of the same block and showing lifting mechanisms, in particular for mounting the block;
FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view of blocks of the type shown in FIG. 1 - 3, assembled by tight fitting and applying, for example, for the erection of a wall;
FIG. 5 is a schematic front view of the same assembly as in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a schematic side view of the same assembly as in FIG. 4 and 5;
FIG. 7 is a schematic plan view of a block according to the invention half as long as the standard block of FIG. 1;
FIG. 8 is a partial schematic plan view showing a tight fit of two blocks according to the invention, one of which is designed to make an angle;
FIG. 9 is a partial schematic plan view showing a tight fit and overlapping blocks according to the invention, two of which are designed to make an angle;
FIG. 10 is a schematic plan view of a block according to the invention, another embodiment;
FIG. 11 is a schematic vertical sectional view taken along line XI-XI of FIG. 13, two blocks referred to as "standard", and showing specific to the invention means for ensuring the tightness of the wall made of such blocks;
FIG. 12 is a schematic vertical sectional view taken along line XII-XII of FIG. 13, of two blocks referred to as “standard”, and also showing means specific to the invention for insulating a wall made of such blocks;
FIG. 13 is a schematic plan view of two units referred to as “standard” of the same type as in FIG. eleven;
FIG. 14 is a schematic vertical sectional view taken along line XIV-XIV of FIG. 16, a unit referred to as a “guy unit,” placed on the standard unit of FIG. 11,12,13;
FIG. 15 is a schematic vertical sectional view taken along line XV-XV of FIG. 16, and also showing a block referred to as a “draw block”, delivered to the standard block of FIG. 11, 12, 13;
FIG. 16 is a schematic plan view of two blocks referred to as “guy blocks” of the same type as in FIG. 14 and 15;
FIG. 17 is a partial schematic view showing the location of the block according to the invention located at the base of the wall, relying on a grillage, which itself corresponds to the invention, for depicting rainwater discharge from the wall.

 Referring to figures 1 to 10 of the drawing, it can be seen that the block 100 corresponding to the invention is of a general parallelepiped shape and, therefore, includes six faces (surfaces).

 The two large vertical and opposite surfaces 110 and 111 have the appearance of the final finish and are identical, because, as will be seen later, the block must be reversible so that the large surfaces 110 and 111 can be located indifferently, block by block, or towards the outside, either to the inside of the structure.

 This means, in particular, that if the blocks corresponding to the invention are performed by molding concrete for architectural and finishing works in order to have a facade side with a rough appearance, it should be the same for two large surfaces (faces).

 This arrangement is completely different from some of the known blocks and panels, which include a finish intended for the exterior of the structure, and rather grainy, as well as a finish intended for the inside of the structure, and rather smooth and white following the example of traditional gypsum.

 The other two vertical and opposed surfaces 112 and 113 are equipped with alternating male (or “reliefs”) and female (or “notches”) elements.

 On each of these surfaces (faces) 112 and 113 there is a vertical relief 114 with an equilateral trapezoidal section and a vertical relief 115 with a rectangular trapezoidal section, which is half the section of the relief 114.

 These two reliefs 114 and 115 define two vertical notches 116 and 117. The relief 114 and the notch 117 are located on an open surface when the relief 115 and the notch are adjacent, each separately to one of the two vertical edges 118 and 119 of the block 100.

 They notice that both surfaces (faces) 112 and 113 are strictly identical when we look at them from the front. But for the same block 100 they are opposite, and the male and female elements are located in polar symmetry relative to the vertical geometric axis X of the block 100 and this is over the entire height of the specified block 100.

 Thanks to these arrangements, it is possible to install several blocks 100, fitting them tightly behind any of the surfaces (faces) 112 and 113, on the one hand, due to the special geometry of these surfaces (faces) 112 and 113, and on the other hand, due to the presence of two large surfaces 110 and 111, which, since they are identical, can be delivered indifferently on one or the other side of the structure, both outside and inside.

 Block 100 has at least one groove, here two: 120 and 121, separated by a central partition 123, the “bayonet” shape of which is adapted to provide good abutment to the partition having a surface 112 or surface 113 of the block 100 placed on the first.

 Referring especially to FIG. 2, it can be seen that the surfaces to be horizontal 125 and 126 also include male elements and female elements.

 The upper surface 125 has a relief 127, which touches the entire perimeter of the grooves 120 and 121 and which defines two longitudinal zones 128 and 129.

 The lower surface 126 has a recess 130, which touches its entire central part and which defines two longitudinal shoes 131 and 132.

 By overlapping each other, the upper blocks are supported on the lower blocks by a recess 130, which covers the terrain 127. In principle, the shoes 131 and 132 of the upper blocks can also rest on the zones 128 and 129 of the lower block, which then form the supports (Fig. 6) .

 However, this many supports located in different planes can make production difficult, and then a small gap can be provided between the upper shoes 131-132 and zones 128-129, since then you can be sure of good stability of the blocks, even in case of inaccurate sizes.

 The lateral surfaces of the relief 127 and the lateral surfaces of the recess 130 are inclined, which facilitates removal from the shape of the blocks during their formation and that provides self-centering when stacking blocks on top of each other.

 It can be seen that zones 128 and 129, as well as shoes 131 and 132, are horizontal, flat, smooth and continuous. Thus, it is possible to put the block on the other, using lateral self-centering, then set it horizontally so as to ensure mutual coupling of the two blocks due to the interpenetration of reliefs 114-115 into the recesses 116-117, whether the shoes 131-132 will be in contact or not with zones 128- 129.

 According to an important feature of the invention, the most protruding parts of the reliefs 114 and 115 of the surfaces (faces) 112 and 113 are respectively in the same virtual plane P1 for the surface 112 and P2 for the surface 113, while these two planes P1 and P2 are parallel and perpendicular to the large surfaces 110 and 111.

 Both reliefs 114 and 115 of the same surface constitute very stable support zones, in particular due to their relative distance, for lifting devices, such as forklifts, which are equipped, as everyone knows, with forks with adjustable spacing, as represented by F1 and F2 in FIG. 3.

 Thus, it is possible to take blocks 100 one by one from the warehouse if there is stock or immediately at the exit of the molding press in order to put them on the already installed blocks and this is very simple, since the block in motion is completely perpendicular to the forks in F1 and F2 , i.e. the operator does not have to be very skilled and trained.

 In contrast, with the known blocks it is impossible to act in this way because of their opposite surfaces, which have reliefs that are not located in a straight line in the same plane, and which will certainly be in an inclined and unreliable position if they are moved using forks, acting as indicated in F1 and F2.

 In contrast to the known methods, which are long and difficult to create, this moving method is convenient and quick because, as these are seen in the drawing and, in particular, in FIG. 2 and 3, the block 100, placed on the P3 plane, does not provide either a gripping place or a passage for raising from below.

 In addition, shoes 131 and 132 can rest on the entire length of zones 128 and 129 of already installed blocks (or, in any case, be very close to it) so that there is no way to use any mechanism whose working elements should be placed under the block .

 In the longitudinal direction, the block 100 actually has a passage consisting of a recess 130, but the width of the latter, measured between the shoes 131 and 132, is too weak for the installation of forks of the forklift truck, since the block, relatively heavy, will not be stable under conditions of transportation and movement, whom we meet on a often chaotic construction site.

 Thus, the installation of the block 100 is carried out by clamping it on two opposite surfaces 112 and 113 and delivering it to the already installed blocks, at a small distance from the block that will be adjacent to it, since it is necessary to provide a place for the plug F1 or F2. Then, after removing the forks, the block 100 is shifted by sliding before its male and female elements are inserted into the elements of the adjacent block.

 This action is possible, on the one hand, because the blocks superimposed on each other are self-centered and stable laterally, and, on the other hand, due to the continuity of zones 128-129 and shoes 131-132.

 In FIG. 4 and 5 we see blocks 100, 101, 102 and 103 superimposed on each other and tightly fitted with cross-seams, i.e. with their displacement so that their surfaces 112 and 113 are not vertically arranged in a straight line, which goes without saying.

 The first row of blocks 100, 101 and 102 can, for example, be placed on a longitudinal bed 133, which is installed in every way properly: directly on leveled soil, on a structure, on a grillage 134, etc. The longitudinal lay 133 is calibrated and profiled so that it forms the equivalent of the relief 127 so as to be properly covered with recesses 130 of the blocks of the first row and that these latter be installed on it centered and calibrated (Fig. 6).

 Only a block of “standard” length 100 and having two opposing surfaces 112 and 113 equipped with male and female elements is described. However, for the construction of the building, it is necessary to have at its disposal blocks of the same concept, but more specific.

 So, for example, in order for the wall to have continuous vertical edges, while the blocks are offset with cross-seams, you need to use blocks with a length equal to half the length of the standard blocks.

 Such a block 200 is shown in FIG. 7, but will not be described in detail since it includes the same features as block 100 of FIG. 1, except for its length. For the same reason, it also includes only one cavity 220 and does not have a transverse partition 123.

 In view of its concept that is identical to the concept of a standard element, element 200 has opposing protruding elements arranged in a straight line in the planes P1 and P2 for transportation by means of a forklift with forks F1 and F2, as described above.

 In FIG. 8, we see another block 300 of a concept identical to the concept of blocks 100 and 200, but specially designed to fulfill the corners of a structure: for example, load-bearing walls of a building. The designations used for block 300 are the same as for block 100 to indicate identical parts, but starting from the third hundred instead of the first.

 The element 300 has a surface (face) 313 identical to the surface (face) 113 of the element 100, but the opposite surface 340 is a flat surface having the appearance of the final finish, i.e. identical to large surfaces 310 and 311.

 They also note that the block fits between the two planes P1 and P2, which ensures its movement with the help of a forklift truck.

 But the surface 311 is not continuous along the entire length of the block, since it includes male and female elements, designed and located identical to the elements of the surfaces 112, 113 and 313, and indicated for this reason by the general designation 341, meaning that the surface 311 of the block 300 includes the assembly side .

 The surface 341 is provided at the edge (end) of the block 300, since its relief 315 is adjacent to the vertical edge 319 of the flat surface 340.

 Thus, the block 100 assembled on the surface 341 has a large surface 129 perfectly located in a straight line with the surface 340.

 To ensure the continuity of the facade side located on the side of surfaces 111 and 340, it is necessary that all corner blocks identical to block 300 are inserted vertically according to the same principle as shown in FIG. 6. Therefore, the block 300 not only includes two longitudinal zones 328 and 329, but also a zone 342 perpendicular to the two previous ones. Of course, the block 300 also includes shoes (not visible in the drawing) similar to shoes 131 and 132, and moreover, a transverse shoe corresponding to zone 342, on which it rests or not, as indicated above for zones 128-129 and shoes 131-132.

 Thus, the block 300 also includes the upper relief 327, but here it has a rectilinear branch 327a.

 Since the block 300, which should be placed on the lower block, covers the relief 327 from three sides, we therefore obtain fixation in two orthogonal plane directions for all corner blocks.

 Of course, you need to be able to perform both the "right" corners and the "left" ones. Therefore, there is a block 400, which is shown in Fig.9, the same elements have the same designations, but starting with the fourth hundred, and not with the third.

 Block 400 is identical to block 300, but its flat surface 440 is located instead of the assembly surface 313, while the lateral assembly surface 441 is then closer to the other end of the block, but always adjacent to the flat surface 440.

 A detailed description of this assembly is not necessary, since it is the same as in FIG. 8, besides symmetry, mutadis mutandis (“Having changed what should be changed, making the necessary changes”).

 However, it should be noted that to displace the seams not only on the front side with blocks 100 and 200, but also in the corners, alternately lay on top of each other block 300 and block 400, lying perpendicular to one another.

 This assembly is visible in FIG. 9: the block 300 is in a lying position from the bottom to the top of the drawing and is partially covered by a block 400, which in a lying position is left to the right side of the drawing, while the dashed lines depict the invisible outline of block 300.

With corner blocks, whether they are “right” or “left,” they ascertain the same polar symmetry between two assembly surfaces. However, it is necessary to consider these surfaces as opposite and to establish the presence of a structure corresponding to the invention, it is necessary to imagine a geometric rotation of 90 ^{o of} one of the two surfaces to restore the structure in symmetry with respect to the virtual vertical axis located between these surfaces, and in the middle of the distance that separates them .

 If you want to perform internal walls (partitions), then provide the assembly side of the same type as the surface 341-441, but located in the middle of a large flat surface of the block having two opposite assembly sides of the same type as the surfaces 112 and 113.

 In other words, the block that provides the connection between two perpendicular walls includes three assembly sides: two opposite and located at the ends of the block and one in the middle of a large flat surface. It may be necessary to use for this purpose blocks longer than standard blocks, for example, double lengths, in order to have a connected building module.

 It should be noted that such blocks can also be moved by “squeezing” the forklift between forks, as they always include opposite elements located in a straight line in two parallel planes.

 Cross walls can also be made by providing blocks having a noticeably cruciform shape, i.e. including four pairwise opposed assembly surfaces. Due to the perfect reversibility of the assembly sides, you can arrange these blocks in any of the four possible orientations. You can also move these blocks by forks, clamped to the side for any of two pairs of opposite surfaces.

 FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of the invention in which the block 500 includes assembly sides having a relief 514 and a rounded recess 517 resembling a sinusoidal phase. But in order to ensure the continuity of the facade sides, which are necessarily flat and non-inclined, the relief 515 and the recess 516 are flat in the part 515a and 516a, respectively, perpendicular to the large surfaces 510 and 511.

 Block 500 has three recesses 520, 521 and 522, as it is believed to be larger than block 100.

 The recesses 520, 521 and 522 are separated by transverse partitions 523 and 524, which do not have a polyline shape, as in the case of the partition 123, but simply rectilinear.

 With equal dimensions, a block made in this way will be heavier if it is made of the same material as block 100. You can choose the solution of block 500 when, for example, lightweight concrete is used, if you want to avoid problems associated with weight.

 Note that, despite the rounded shape of the relief 514 on each assembly side, the most protruding parts of these opposite surfaces are located in a straight line in parallel planes P1 and P2 and still allow for movement by clamping the unit using forklift forks.

 Of course, it is possible to execute a block with an odd number (greater than 1) of recesses, whether its assembly sides, such as FIG. from 1 to 9 or the type of FIG. 10 and, in this case, the assembly sides of the upper blocks are not flush with the transverse partition, but with the central recess if the blocks are displaced by half the length, as is the case of FIG. 5.

 This assembly is not as good as that which provides for the assembly of the assembly sides of the upper blocks resting on a transverse partition.

 Therefore, it is better to adapt the displacement to the location of the transverse partitions.

 In the case of FIG. 10, for example, an offset is provided for the third part: two identical blocks are placed on the block 500, which are adjacent flush with the partition 524, one rests on two-thirds of the length of the block adjacent to the block 500, and the other rests on one-third of the length of the other block, adjacent to the same block 500, and so on.

 In order to complete the construction, it is necessary to have at its disposal specific blocks, in particular for the construction of jumpers and to ensure a guy line, i.e. horizontal adhesion of the walls.

 These blocks are identical to those that have been described and presented, with the exception of the transverse parts (outer walls or partitions 123), which should leave a passage for reinforcement (reinforcing steel) that is embedded in a binder, such as concrete.

 To ensure that the latter remains in place, the guy blocks and jumpers have a base (bottom) that closes the recesses (120, 121, 220, 320, 321, 420, 421, 520, 521, 522).

 If you want to create vertical supports, then use some of the recesses flush with one another for laying a binder, such as concrete, as is known, with or without reinforcement.

 However, we know that one of the most important construction problems is the more or less high ability of the materials used to provide adequate insulation inside and outside the building. The first of the desired insulation is moisture and wind insulation.

 But if this problem is well resolved with building elements assembled by a binder, such as cement, it is completely not resolved with building blocks intended for dry assembly, i.e. without any binder, which is just the case of blocks corresponding to the present invention.

 In addition, the insulation of a building is effective only if at least one of its surfaces, internal and / or external, is completely protected by a coating: plaster, gypsum, etc. ... Since the blocks corresponding to the invention must be assembled without a binder and have two finished surfaces, on which there will be no coating, the problem of insulation of a building constructed with the use of such blocks becomes a fundamental one.

 Referring to FIG. from 11 to 15, it is seen how the invention allows for the isolation of a wall made of blocks assembled without a binder and on which there will be no coating.

 Each block of the type, including reliefs on the upper surface for the formation of a convex (or "covered") node, when its lower surface has grooves (nests) for the formation of a concave (or "covering") node, while the reliefs of the lower block must be covered with grooves ( sockets) of the unit set to the previous one.

 Here, in particular in FIG. 13, notice two continuous longitudinal reliefs 1 and 2 on the upper surface of each block, and two continuous longitudinal grooves 3 and 4 on the lower surface of each block, the first inserted into the second during overlapping of the blocks.

 In FIG. 12 it can be seen that each of the blocks has vertical recesses, here two, 5 and 6, defining the middle transverse partition 7, and two end transverse partitions 8 and 9, which on the outside have reliefs 10 and 11 alternately with recesses 12 and 13 for their lateral assembly .

 It is not necessary for the one described here that the reliefs 10-11 and the recesses 12-13 were in polar symmetry, nor should the outer surfaces of the reliefs 10-11 be in the same plane.

 The heights of the reliefs 1 and 2, the grooves 3 and 4 and the partitions 7, 8, 9 are set so that when the blocks are superimposed, the reliefs 1 and 2 could be introduced only approximately to the bottom of the grooves 3 and 4, but it is necessary that the upper the transverse partitions rested on the lower transverse partitions with virtually no clearance.

 In FIG. 11 and 12, it is seen that the inner edges 15 and 16 of the reliefs 1 and 2 are steep, vertical and go lower than the upper edge 17 of the transverse partitions in such a way that each block has endless channels 18 and 19 along the longitudinal reliefs 1 and 2, defined by the inner edges 15-16, grooves 20-21 and perpendicular only to the transverse partitions with the front sides 22 and 23 of the same transverse partitions.

 We notice that the inner upper edge of the reliefs 1 and 2 is connected to the corresponding steep edge 15-16 through an inclined plane of 25 and 26, respectively. Here, an inclined plane of 27 and 28, respectively, symmetrical to plane 25 and plane 26 is provided, which gives the reliefs 1 and 2 a trapezoidal section while the planes 27 and 28 are attached to the large surfaces of the block through other planes 29 and 30, respectively.

 The lower grooves (nests) 3 and 4, as for them, have a section coordinated with the section of reliefs 1 and 2, which they should cover. They include a groove 31-32 and two inclined partitions 33-34, 35-36.

 Walls 33 and 34 are directly adjacent to the lower surface of the block when walls 35 and 36 stop slightly higher, in ledges 41 and 42, each consisting of two walls 43-45 and 44-46, while the second 45-46 goes to the lower part of the block , which has only two relatively narrow longitudinal supports (between the transverse partitions 7, 8 and 9), respectively 47 and 48, located, on the one hand, between the wall 45 and the recesses 5 and 6, and, on the other hand, between the wall 46 and the same recesses 5 and 6.

 This description shows that when two blocks are superimposed on each other, the ledges 41 and 42 are flush with the channels 18 and 19 and each of these two opposite pairs of concave elements forms a continuous cavity along the entire length of the structure, since they are located one against the other along blocks.

 This indispensable location of the invention allows the isolation of the structure, as will be explained now.

 Assume that the outer surface of a structure constructed with blocks of the invention is on the left when we look at FIG. 11 and 12. Thus, rain can also fall on this surface. The most unfavorable conditions are collected in the case when it rains heavily and a sharp wind blows, as this last one pushes water into the narrowest gaps.

 Water flows down along the outer surfaces of the blocks and hits them at all points and reaches, in particular, the plane 29 of each block. Under wind pressure, rainwater rises and passes between plane 27 and surface 33, as well as between the top of relief 1 and surface 31. Then it flows between plane 25 and surface 35.

 At first, it was assumed that plane 25 and surface 35 are exactly one against the other. Then the water reaches the cavity 18-41 and naturally falls to the bottom 20 either by flow along the plane 29, or by a drop falling from the surface 43 of the ledge 41.

 Perpendicular to the transverse partitions 7, 8 and 9, the bottom 20 is covered with face 22 (FIG. 11), but water can flow freely into the channel 18 along this face 22, as this is schematically shown in FIG. 13 arrows F1, and go beyond it to reach the next recess 5 or 6, into which it is poured, as is illustrated in FIG. 12 arrows F2.

 Blocks are vertically stacked on top of each other with seams apart, i.e. the vertical interval between two tightly fitted blocks is flush with the middle of the lower block. Therefore, two end partitions 8 and 9 are supported on the middle partition 7, while the recess 5 is then opposite the recess 6, which means that the vertical recesses are continuous along the entire height of the structure, subject to the presence of guy blocks, which will be described later.

 Consequently, the water that flows into the recess will certainly flow to the base of the structure.

 Now it must be emphasized that the surface 35 can advantageously have a smaller slope than the plane 25 so that the water has a more noticeable tendency to fall to the bottom 20 than to run along the surface 43.

 Assuming that water, always under the influence of horizontal air pressure caused by an external sharp wind, reaches the upper edge 17 of the transverse partitions, it can flow more only due to capillarity between the two lower and upper surfaces of the transverse partitions, and this is done in very small quantities.

 An obstacle thus opposed to the transverse movement of water may be sufficient, and with this assumption it is enough that the blocks had one recess 41-48 from the side of the block, which will constitute the outer surface of the structure.

 However, it is more true to foresee the second obstacle, from the inside, as shown, since this also provides a very big advantage of making the block reversible, because then it is symmetrical about the median longitudinal plane PL.

 If water flows in this way over the entire width of the transverse partitions superimposed on one another, it reaches the second recess 19-42, which becomes an almost insurmountable obstacle.

 In fact, water that could move contrary to all probability on a support 48 located overhanging reaches the edge (rib) by a specific support 48 and surface 46 and will probably drop by drops to the bottom 21, since the air pressure here is practically canceled due to significant losses pressure originating from the outer surface.

 Assuming that water flows beyond the edge between 48 and 46, it can reach the inner surface of the structure only if it overcomes from the inside to the outer obstacle consisting of topography 2 and nest 4, which is incredible due to the upward movement necessary to overcome the planes 30 and 26.

 As for the water located on the upper edge 17, it necessarily flows along the front side 23 and reaches the bottom 21 before falling into the recess 5 or 6.

 It cannot be imagined that water at bottom 21 could rise along plane 30.

 Experience also shows that infiltration water generally flows through vertical recesses, without even reaching the second cavity 19-42, despite the test involving exposing the wall made of blocks of the invention to continuous water runoff combined with forced air supply, perpendicular to the wall under a constant pressure of 200 MPa continuously for 24 hours.

 At the end of the test, there was not a single drop of water on the intact wall surface.

 It should be noted that such a test involves higher voltages than voltages of cyclones, the continuous duration of which never reaches 24 hours with a maximum of their strength.

 From this we conclude that the invention allows for the construction of reliable and isolated structures in the most severe meteorological conditions of habitable zones of the globe, and even more so in temperate regions.

 In FIG. 12. It is seen that perpendicular to the recesses 5 or 6, the movement of water is completely impossible beyond the edge of the bottom 20, since there is no transverse physical connection and, therefore, water flows or flows necessarily in the recesses 5 or 6.

 Referring now to FIG. 14, 15 and 16, we have in front of us a kind of building block called the “guy block”, since it has a bottom (base), but does not include transverse partitions in order to serve as a horizontal channel for reinforced concrete to ensure horizontal “guy guy.” we are talking about the classical phase of construction, which consists in strengthening the strength of the structure by horizontally uniting the blocks at critical levels: mainly above doors and windows and on top (castle) of the walls.

 In these figures, the same elements have the same notation.

 Each guy block includes a continuous bottom 50 and vertical channels 51 and 52, which pass through the block from one to the other side and which create the outer walls 53 and 54, as well as the inner walls 55 and 56, while the latter are integral with the bottom 50.

 The side of the vertical channels 51 and 52, closest to the large outer surfaces of the block, is formed by lengthening the inner edge 15-16 of reliefs 1 and 2.

 For the above reasons, the block is still symmetrical about the median longitudinal plane PL, but if we are satisfied with the recess 18-41, it is clear that it is sufficient to provide channels 51, since they are designed to remove water down the structure. Channels 52 will then be unnecessary.

 Thus, each block is analyzed as including a central tray 57 and outer walls 53 and 54. The central tray 57 and outer walls 53 and 54 are joined by vertical partitions 58 and 59, which are located respectively between the walls, outer 53 and inner 55, for partitions 58, and between the walls, outer 54 and inner 56, for the partitions 59, while these partitions define the vertical channels 51 and 52.

 These arrangements are intended to ensure the outflow of water in a continuous manner, from the top of the walls to their base, despite the presence of guy blocks whose bottom 50 counteracts this outflow in the manner described opposite to FIG. 11 ... 13 for building blocks.

 Now we will describe how water can flow out, assuming that this is the most common case that a number of guy blocks are placed on a number of standard blocks, as is shown schematically in FIG. 14, 15 and 16.

 To simplify the drawing and description, it was assumed that the guy blocks themselves do not support any top block, but it will be seen that these explanations apply also to the case where the guy blocks themselves are covered with other blocks, both standard and, by the way, guy blocks.

 Water, therefore, must flow over terrain 1, in particular, as already described, externally under pressure from the wind.

 This water flows along arrows F3 along an inclined plane 25 and reaches a steep edge 15, which also forms the interior of the vertical channels 51. Water therefore flows along arrows F4 through these channels 51, which are flush with the endless channel 18 of the standard unit, onto which guy unit leans.

 When water reaches this channel 18, it flows, as already described, i.e. expires in vertical recesses 5-6 in the direction of arrow F2 (FIG. 15).

 As already noted above, it is unlikely that water could flow through the entire width of the blocks, but if this happens, it will be removed through channels 52, channel 19 and the recess 5.

 Note that the top of the partitions 58 and 59 is lower than the top edge of the inner walls 55 and 56, and all the more so below the reliefs 1 and 2.

 So the water that flows along the arrows F3 necessarily falls into the vertical channels 51-52 and cannot reach the upper edge of the inner walls 55 and 56, even opposite the vertical partitions 58 and 59.

 Tray 57 receives the reinforcement and is filled with concrete to the level of the upper edges of the walls 55 and 56 so that if water reaches these edges, it can flow due to capillarity, as was indicated for the transverse partitions 7, 8 and 9 of the standard blocks.

 Now it becomes clear that if another block is placed on the guy block, water that reaches this block from top to bottom is removed in the same way as just described: or the indicated other block - the standard block and its ledges 41 and 42 are located above vertical channels 51 and 52, or then we are talking about the guy block and its vertical channels 51 and 52 exactly above the channels of the lower guy block and once again the water flows freely downward.

 Referring now to FIG. 17 shows a view of a building block located on the base of a structure in accordance with the invention.

 They showed how the water in the wall constructed according to the invention is automatically removed to the bottom of the wall, unable to flow through it.

 To avoid the accumulation of water at the bottom of the structure, provide for its underground drainage.

 For this purpose, a grillage (pillow) 60 is installed by laying concrete usually on the bottom of the ditch, then the first row of building blocks is delivered.

 These blocks can simply be placed on the grillage 60, as shown in FIG. 17, or embedded in concrete to a certain height.

 In one, as in the other case, the invention provides that under the blocks of the first row there is a continuous longitudinal channel 61 with which perpendicular channels 62 communicate, which extend outside the grillage 60 from the outside relative to the structure in the ground T.

 With such arrangements, infiltration water drains, flows from the top of the structure and flows through all the blocks, whether they are standard or extraction blocks, and reaches the grillage 60. It flows out along the grillage 60 and is collected by the longitudinal channel 61, then it finally flows out through the channels 62 followed by soil absorption T.

 From the above description it follows that the invention allows for the construction of structures by means of blocks assembled without any binder, while providing excellent insulation even in difficult conditions due to the special profile of the lower and upper surfaces, which interpenetrate in the grooves and include upper elements that favor the flow of water droplets above the lower elements that themselves favor the outflow and / or runoff to the blocks below.

 Thus, we achieve the goal of easily building, using low-skilled labor, structures of good quality and easily resisting the most aggressive weather.

Claims (19)

 1. A building block for structures, having the shape of a parallelepiped, which consists of six faces, four of which are vertical and two horizontal, including male and female elements intended for interpenetration during tight fitting and the application of several blocks without cement, mortar or other binder, while the male and female elements are located on horizontal faces and are made in the form of a continuous longitudinal relief placed on the upper horizontal face along the entire length of the block and a continuous longitudinal groove located on the lower edge, characterized in that near the longitudinal relief there is a continuous longitudinal channel formed by a steep edge connected to the inclined surface of the relief, attached to the horizontal bottom, and a continuous longitudinal ledge formed by the attached to an inclined surface by a wall with a small slope or without a slope, attached to a wall with a large slope or vertical, while when superimposing blocks on each other The ledge and the channel, located opposite each other, form a continuous longitudinal cavity extending over the entire length of the block.  2. The block according to claim 1, characterized in that it is provided with an additional cavity located symmetrically with respect to the median vertical plane of the block.  3. The block according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the groove is formed by inclined walls, one of which is adjacent to the lower edge of the block, and the second to the ledge, and the relief has a trapezoidal section, one of the inclined edges of which is internal - attached to a steep edge of the channel, and the other is symmetrical with the first and attached to the other plane of the block, and when the blocks are superimposed, a groove located flush with the relief covers the relief, while a continuous longitudinal cavity is located near the relief.  4. The block according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the inner edge of the relief has a slope to the median plane of the block.  5. The block according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the inner surface of the groove is made with a slope to the median plane of the block.  6. Block according to any one of paragraphs.1 to 5, characterized in that the inner edge of the relief is greater than the slope of the groove surface for better drainage of water.  7. Block according to any one of paragraphs. 1 to 6, characterized in that it is made with vertical internal recesses, each of which is delimited by transverse partitions.  8. Block according to any one of paragraphs.1 to 7, characterized in that the horizontal bottom of the channel is adjacent to at least one internal vertical recess.  9. The block according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that it includes a tray, which is a continuous bottom and attached to at least one outer wall by means of vertical partitions defining vertical channels facing the lower edge of the block.  10. The block according to claim 9, characterized in that the tray is delimited by longitudinal walls that are higher than the vertical partitions defining the vertical channels.  11. Block according to any one of paragraphs.1 to 10, characterized in that at least two vertical opposite faces include male and female elements located in polar symmetry relative to the vertical virtual axis between these faces and in the middle of the distance that separates them.  12. The block according to any one of paragraphs.1 to 11, characterized in that the female and male elements are located along the entire height of the block.  13. Block according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the female and male elements are located on two adjacent faces.  14. Block according to any one of paragraphs.1 to 10, characterized in that at least one of the vertical faces has at least two male elements, the protruding parts of which are located in a straight line in one plane perpendicular to other opposite faces .  15. Block according to any one of paragraphs.1 to 12, characterized in that at least two male elements, the protruding parts of which are located in a straight line in the same plane for each face so that the protruding parts of the male elements are two opposite faces were in two virtual planes parallel and perpendicular to the other two opposite vertical faces.  16. The block according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the opposite side of the face with the surrounding elements is made flat, parallel to the latter and has the appearance of the final finish.  17. The block according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that one of the enclosing elements is provided with one of the vertical edges, and the other of the enclosing elements is adjacent to the other vertical edge.  18. The block according to any one of claims 1 to 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, characterized in that the male and female elements are asymmetric with respect to the median virtual plane of the block perpendicular to the face, including male and female elements.  19. Block according to any one of paragraphs.1 to 18, characterized in that at least two vertical faces intended for the formation of visible parts of the structure, have the form of a final finish that does not require a top coating.

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