DE3118881A1 - "BRICK" - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a brick made of porous ceramic material, especially vertically perforated brick.

For reasons of thermal insulation, wall blocks made of brick material are used porous, especially with polystyrene beads. Such Porous bricks are also usually provided with a hole through which they create a grid-like structure obtain. A distinction is made with regard to the orientation dor Lochuncj Hochloch- and Langlochstoi.no.

Perforated bricks made of porous material are often manufactured and used in large formats, which makes them efficient Processing on. the construction site results. For the processing of

Europonn TiUCMU AuomuyH Zugoliisnono representative boiii) KuropAisclioxi l'nloiitmnt I) i> utf.chi> Hiijiü AO 1Ι (ΐιηΙιιιι · κ. No. ΟΠ / 2Η4Ο7 (IiLZ 200 700 00) · PoHtHeliook Ilumliui ·). ·, · 2H42-2OO Urotiiliiur IJiiiik AO 1 liiiiihiir ^. No. (JHH (IO SB (KLZ 200 800 0O)

like wall building blocks is mostly skilled personnel or semi-skilled Personnel required, because with the help of a suitable mortar, butt and bed joints are formed on the butt and bearing surfaces Need to become. In particular, the horizontal joints are also used to compensate for tolerances and unevenness of the stones on the Storage areas.

Another disadvantage is that mortar in the area of the bed joint can fall into the vertical brick tan that is open at the top and bottom. This increases the already considerable Mortar consumption and fully jointed masonry is not always guaranteed. The last-mentioned circumstance worsened the static strength of the masonry.

The use of mortar also affects the thermal insulation of a wall. Even when using special heat-insulating mortar the thermal insulation in the area of a mortar joint is significantly lower than in the area of the wall block.

The mortar in the joints also affects the living humidity and the manual work on the wall (e.g. wallpapering), as long as the mortar water has not dried off.

After all, it requires a certain level of craftsmanship to wall up large-format hollow blocks to make fair-faced masonry. Plastering is usually used for aesthetic reasons

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odor the application of a facade cladding or a facing layer necessary.

The invention is therefore based on the object of a wall module to create that can be walled up by non-specialists and, moreover, the wall an improved thermal insulation confers.

This object is achieved according to the invention in that the end faces have a tooth profile formed by extrusion with several wedge-shaped teeth and gaps between the teeth and the tooth profile on one end face mirror-symmetrically complementary to the tooth profile of the opposite end face as follows is shaped that regardless of the orientation of abutting stones, the tooth profiles interlock positively.

When bricks according to the invention are on each face several teeth or tooth gaps formed, the tooth profiles being complementary on opposite end faces, so two adjoining wall modules interlock positively via the tooth profiles. The tooth profile is mirror-symmetrical shaped so that it is the same which bearing surface faces upwards or downwards and which abutment surfaces come together.

Wall blocks made of ceramic material, especially brick

stones are known to be produced by extrusion.

The end faces and thus uie tooth profiles in the wall module according to the invention are formed directly by pressing over the corresponding mouthpiece. With this method it is possible to achieve a relatively high To achieve dimensional accuracy, so that the interlocking tooth profiles actually form a form fit, even if not all surfaces are completely smooth against one another lie. In each case a kind of labyrinth seal is created, which causes a very high air resistance. Therefore, a thermal insulation is obtained at the joint, which is hardly inferior to that of the rest of the stone. At least the thermal insulation is much larger than with a conventional mortar of the butt joint.

The processing of the brick according to the invention is extremely simple, because the bricks are simply placed against each other without the use of mortar. It can even be done by laypeople. The brick according to the invention is therefore excellently created for the erection of buildings using the sol-free construction method. The tooth profiles also ensure that the bricks are automatically centered when they are set, i.e. necessarily in the are in the correct position when the tooth profiles interlock. From the outside are only very narrow, evenly formed butt joints can be seen, so that the wall has a clean, attractive appearance. Therefore, the Bricks according to the invention particularly also for buildings in which, for reasons of cost, a wall cladding, a facing layer or the like is dispensed with e.g. in agricultural buildings, industrial buildings etc. Plastering to improve the appearance is no longer necessary.

The centering effect of the wall module according to the invention is increased in that, according to one embodiment of the invention the teeth and the gaps are trapezoidal in cross-section Trapezoidal shape causes automatic centering when two wall modules are placed against one another with a secure sealing effect at the same time when placing the wedge surfaces together. The trapezoidal or wedge shape also has the advantage that it is relatively is stable and therefore insensitive to impairments during transport and handling on the construction site.

For the appearance of a wall constructed from the wall modules according to the invention, it is advantageous if, according to one embodiment According to the invention, flat abutment surfaces are provided at the ends of the face »For the stability of the stone in the area of the abutting surfaces, according to a further embodiment of the invention, it is advantageous if the pitch of the tooth profile is selected in this way is that the width of the end abutment surfaces approximately corresponds to the width of the tooth tips or the gaps.

It has already been mentioned that the molded in the extrusion process Tooth profiles on the abutment surfaces can be generated with relatively accurate dimensions. Nevertheless, tolerances cannot be ruled out, which can also add up with two abutting surfaces. So that in a defined area a Abutment on the abutment surfaces is achieved in each case, a further embodiment of the invention provides that the -pEndschlag-

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surfaces of an end tooth protrude slightly from the abutment surfaces of the other teeth, preferably by 1 to 3 now. At a Wall block shaped in this way ensures that the end abutment surfaces are independent of the tolerances that occur in any case, get fed up with each other.

The shaping of the tooth profile in the extrusion process leads to the fact that the material in the area of the web and the teeth one obtains greater tightness than in the rest of the cross-sectional area of the stone. This was recognized in the invention and in addition exploited to choose the number of teeth relatively high. An embodiment of the invention provides in this context suggest that the distance between the tooth centers is between 50 and 70 mm. In the case of large-format stones, this means a number of four or more teeth, resulting in an extremely good form fit and an excellent heat-tight connection in the butt joint is created. Because of the aforementioned relatively high tightness in the area of the tooth profile, there is no risk of that the teeth are damaged by careless handling during transport and processing.

The dimensions of the tooth profile and thus also the distances between the tooth centers and between the gap centers are independent of this selected which stone formats are produced. In this way

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is Gs possible to brick different stone formats together, as far as the other conditions for this are present.

For the formation of the tooth profile in the brick according to the invention, it has proven to be particularly advantageous if According to one embodiment of the invention, the ratio of the width to the height of the teeth is between 2.5 and 1.5: 1, preferably about 2: 1 amounts to. Such a height of the teeth has proven to be sufficient Proven with regard to the desired requirements for thermal insulation and static strength, without the teeth on their part are endangered by shock and impact. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the flank angle of the teeth is between 60 and 70 °.

A vertically perforated brick has a given perforated structure which is selected with regard to various requirements. In this Context provides an embodiment of the invention that the width of the web between the tooth gaps and the holes of the Stone is approximately constant across the width of the stone. This means that the ends of the holes facing the abutment surface in end a plane which is approximately perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stone. That way is the strength of the web evenly distributed over its length. The bar, which is made of solid material, is naturally a relatively good conductor of heat. Therefore it becomes according to one embodiment of the invention in its width chosen so that it is approximately the height of the teeth. Such a one

The width is sufficient to ensure a stable connection between the teeth and the stone.

Nevertheless, the heat transfer in the area of the web and the To reduce teeth, a further embodiment of the invention provides that holes are provided in the teeth. The holes can be more or less wide in the area dos Steges to stretch out. The shape of the holes ju; t arbitrary. Vorzucjr; woiuo is, according to one embodiment of the invention, the dimension of the holes relatively small transversely to the longitudinal axis, preferably not larger than 5 to 10 mm. Such a dimensioning of the holes has the advantage that they are able to take up a hook end of a wall anchor in an effective manner. Such wall anchors are with facing layers prescribed in front of the load-bearing wall. So that such wall anchors, which are on a short distance Extend far in the bed joint, do not increase the thickness of the bed joint, they must be more or less far in the bearing surface be sunk. In the case of relatively soft brick material, this can be countersunk by striking with a hammer or the like be achieved. In the case of harder material, one embodiment of the invention provides that in the webs one aligned with the holes Groove or groove for receiving the wall anchor is formed.

It was already mentioned at the beginning that, because of the use of mortar in the butt and bed joints, the processing of bricks usually requires skilled workers. From this procedure

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can be dismissed especially if according to a further Embodiment of the invention in the brick according to the invention, the bearing surfaces are ground plane-parallel. With such a Bricks, a wall can be erected by simply stacking the blocks on top of one another. A connection of the Bricks on the storage areas can be done with the help of a "known thin-bed mortar, which was previously made in a small thickness is applied. Such a method does not require any technical knowledge and is therefore particularly suitable for the House building in self-construction. Grinding is only necessary on the storage areas. The dimensional accuracy of the tooth profiles is ensured by the Extrusion achieved. Because of the high percentage of holes, grinding on the bearing surfaces has proven successful - contrary to widespread prejudice - proved to be easy to execute. The amount of material to be removed is relatively small and is in view of Nuisance, pollution of the environment and removal easy to deal with. The grinding of the heavily porous storage surfaces also leads to the formation of a large number of whimsical pockets, which have an effective entangling effect in joining bricks have as a consequence.

For the brick according to the invention, it has proven to be particularly advantageous if the brick density is 0.6 to 0.8, the degree of porosity is at least 50 pores per 5 cm ² and the hole cross-section is not greater than 40 to 50, preferably not greater than 46 % By volume.

For some applications it is advantageous - if the teeth or Tooth gaps are provided with undercuts that have teeth or gaps, e.g. dovetail profiles. With such a trained Tooth profile, the stones must be placed against each other from top to bottom.

With conventional methods when processing hollow blocks a relatively large amount of mortar is lost by falling into the open cavities. The use of thin bed mortar could not cope with this perfectly unless a special method is used to apply the mortar to the bearing surfaces aufzutragen.A method according to the invention provides for this purpose that the binder is applied by contact application. Contact order means that the binder is taken from a supply with the help of a device and more or less from above against the Bearing surface is guided and brought into contact with this, without one to the side. Wiping or stroking movement takes place.

However, through the contact order

only the surfaces of the webs are supplied with the binding agent without any appreciable proportions of it getting into the mold cavities and thus be wasted.

The application of the binder according to the invention is particularly useful then perform in a simple manner if a device is used with an application surface made of foam, preferably Rigid foam. Polystyrene or polyurethane foam has proven to be beneficial in terms of function and effort. When entering

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icMi do: Application area in a binder supply remains one a certain amount will adhere to the application surface. Now becomes the application area guided from above against the bearing surface of a brick and lifted off again after contact, remain on the contact surfaces Binder proportions adhere, in a proportionately equal distribution in terms of quantity. This procedure is extremely simple and can be done by any unskilled worker. Nevertheless In this way, the optimal amount of binder is applied with even distribution over the individual webs of the latticework a hollow block.

The application surface made of foam can, according to one embodiment of the invention be formed on a one-piece block made of foam, on which a handle is also formed in one piece. Alternatively, a foam sheet can be provided that is provided with an undercut channel for receiving the plate of a plaster board. Plaster boards with wooden or metal surfaces are usually standardized in terms of dimensions. The receiving channel in the foam board is shaped so that the plate of the Plaster board can be added with a slight clamp connection to the application of the binder according to the invention in a simple manner to ensure.

The application surface is flat like a plastering board. However, it can also be slightly convex. With a curved application surface the contact is made by gently rolling it off.

Alternatively, to apply the thin-bed mortar, a so-called

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A *:

so-called notched trowel has been used, with which the mortar is corrugated is spread over the storage areas.

The invention is to be explained in more detail below with reference to drawings.

Fig. 1 shows a plan view of two adjoining brick building blocks according to the invention.

Fig. 2 shows in section a first embodiment of a Device for carrying out the process of decay in accordance with the invention.

Fig. 3 shows a section through a second embodiment a device for carrying out the method according to the invention .

Fig. 4 shows the plan view of a butt joint of another embodiment of the brick according to the invention.

Figs. 5 and 6 show modified tooth profiles of the brick according to the invention.

Fig. 7 shows a side view of the brick according to FIG. 1 in detail.

Fig. 8 shows two adjoining bricks according to the invention in another embodiment.

Before going into the details shown in the drawings, it should be noted that each of the described and features shown are of essential importance to the invention either by themselves or in conjunction with features of the claims.

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Fig. 1 shows two hollow blocks 10, 11 made of porous brick material. The format is arbitrary or can be one of the usual approved formats. A hole arrangement 12 gives the stones 10, 11 a lattice structure in a known manner. The so-called hole fraction is between 40 and 50% by volume. ^{The stones 10, 11 are ribbed on the} long sides, as shown at 14. The degree of porosity is

2
mimUüsüens b0 pores per 5 cm. The brick density is between 0.6 and 0.8.

The bearing surfaces of the stones 1O ₇ 11, of which only the upper ones can be seen at 15 or 16, are as a whole ground plane-parallel.

At the end faces, the bricks 10, 11 have a tooth profile with teeth 17 and 18 and tooth gaps 19 and 20, respectively. Each end face or abutment surface of the module 10 has three trapezoidal teeth 17 and three trapezoidal tooth gaps 19. The tooth profiles are not symmetrical to the longitudinal axis 21 of the stone 10, 11, but shaped and dimensioned so that they are independent of the orientation of the stones under Interlock positively. On the sides straight abutment surfaces 22, 23 are provided, the width of which is approximately the width of the head of a Tooth corresponds. The distance between the centers of the teeth is a little more than 60 mm, the height of the teeth 17, 18 is about half the width of the Tooth gaps 19, 20 in the base. The tooth or Lückeiabsiand is otherwise regardless of the size of the stone, i.e. the number of teeth increases with the width of the stone. The width of a ridge 40 between the Perforation 12 and the gaps 19 is constant over the width of the stoin and approximately equal to the height of the teeth 17 over the gaps 19.

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The position of the terminal teeth 23 is no bomconon, i.e. nio in protrude by a small amount in relation to the remaining tooth surfaces, around 1 to 2 now.

In the area of the teeth 17 holes 24 are also provided to .in to achieve a sufficient proportion of holes in this front area for the purpose of improving the thermal insulation and reducing mass. The shape of the holes 24 is arbitrary, and their dimensions in the transverse direction are relative small, e.g. 5 mm, so that a wall anchor can be taken up effectively. In Fig. 1, circular holes 24 are formed. in the A groove or elongated depression extends over the area of the holes 41 from 1 to 3 mm deep, which is used to accommodate the MauerankcrabsehnjuLu serves, which runs in the area of the storage area.

The tooth profiles of the stones 10, 11 shown in Fig. 1 form a kind of labyrinth seal, so that the thermal resistance in the joint area the stones 10, 11 deviates not insignificantly from the other areas of the stones.

Fig. 2 shows an apparatus 30 for applying a binder to the Bearing surfaces 15, 16 of the stones according to FIG. 1. It consists of a plate-like block 31 made of foam, for example PU foam or polystyrene, on which a handle section 32 is integrally formed on the upper side with an undercut 33 through which the Handle 32 can be better grasped by hand.

The device 34 also has a foam sheet 35 that.

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the top is provided with a continuous recess 3 6, through grooves 37 are formed in the side wall thereof. A plate 3C of a plaster board is received by the grooves, which in known: «. · r Woiso mi L a handle 39 is to be provided. The formachlüssicje The connection between the plaster board and plate 35 is expediently slightly clamping in order to prevent the plaster board from slipping out of the plate 35 to prevent during handling.

The use of the devices 30 and 34 is such that they are on the handle or 39 are detected and immersed in a binder supply. Due to the structure of the material used for the plates 31 and 35, respectively A certain amount of binding agent remains when the device is lifted up again. The device is then 30 or 34 more or less from above against the bearing surfaces 15 or 16 and brought into contact with this. Subsequent lifting leaves a certain Amount of binding agent on the webs of the bearing surfaces 15, 16 in order to ensure a continuous secure connection with the bearing surfaces to ensure a stone placed on top.

The bricks ^50/51 partially shown in Fig. 4 have a tooth profile at the abutting surfaces, which is similar to the stones 1 according to Fig.. In contrast to the bricks shown there, the bricks 50, 51 have a dovetail groove 52 and 53 on the abutment surfaces, which are aligned with one another when the bricks are placed against one another. The pair of grooves receives a correspondingly shaped insert 54, which can be made, for example, of plastic or of corrosion-resistant sheet steel, in order to lock the bricks 5C, 51 against one another.

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From Fig. 4 it can be seen, moreover, that oval in cross-section Holes 55 formed in the area of the teeth of the tooth profile can be.

Fig. 5 shows schematically a profile of abutting end faces of the bricks described above, the grooves 60 and Teeth 61 have a dovetail profile in cross section. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the grooves 65 are circular. The same applies to the teeth 66.

8 shows the end face profiles of two abutting bricks 70 and 71 with trapezoidal teeth 72. One can also see - exaggeratedly shown - several teeth 73 or a type of corrugation on the tooth flanks, which are also formed via extrusion molding. The teeth l '<are canceled or sheared, at least in the tip portion (the pored Ziegelma-Lerial is known to be relatively soft). Therefore, the form fit of the tooth profiles is not impaired. On the other hand, the sealing effect is considerably increased in this way.

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Claims (31)

1. Bricks made of porous ceramic material, thereby characterized in that the end faces are molded by extrusion Have tooth profile with several wedge-shaped teeth (17/18) and gaps (19, 20) between the teeth and the tooth profile on one end face mirror-symmetrically complementary to the The tooth profile of the opposite face is shaped so that it does not depend on the orientation of the adjoining stones (10, 11) the tooth profiles interlock positively. 2. Brick according to claim I _x, characterized in that the teeth (17, 18) and the gaps (19, 20) are "trapezoidal in cross section. 3. Brick -. according to claim 1 or 2 _r, characterized in that flat abutment surfaces (22, 23) are provided at the ends of the end face. 4. Brick according to claim 3, characterized in that the an end abutment surface (23) approximately at the level of the teeth (17) and the opposite end abutment surface (22) approximately at the level of the Gaps (3.9) ends. ,; 5. Brick according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the end tooth abutment surfaces (23) opposite the abutment surfaces the remaining teeth (17) protrude somewhat, preferably around ./18 1 to 3 mm. 6. Brick according to one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that that the pitch of the tooth profile is chosen so that the width of the end abutment surfaces (22, 23) approximately the width of the Tooth tips or the gaps is. 7. Brick according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that that the distance between the tooth centers is between 50 and 70 mm. 8. Brick according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that that the ratio of width to height of the teeth is between 2.5 to 1.5: 1, preferably about 2: 1. 9. Brick according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that that the plank angle of the teeth (17) is between 60 and 70 °. 10. Brick according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that that the width of the web between the tooth gaps (19) ι
and the perforation {12) of the brick across the width of the web (40) is approximately constant. 11. Brick according to claim 10, characterized in that the width of the web (40) is approximately the height of the teeth (17). ... / 19th ι ι * ι ι ι "'' * 12. Brick according to claim 1 to 11, characterized in that - That holes (24) are provided in the teeth (17). 13. Brick according to claim 12, characterized in that the Dimension of the holes (24) transversely to the brick longitudinal axis (21) is relatively small, preferably between 5 and 10 mm. 14. Brick according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that from the bearing surface in the webs (40) one to the Holes (24) aligned groove or groove (41) for receiving the wall anchor is formed. 15. Brick according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that that the bearing surfaces (15, 16) ground plane-parallel are. 16. Brick according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that that one bearing surface has at least one projection and the other has at least one recess such that projection and recess interlock in a form-fitting manner when bricks are placed on top of each other. 17. Brick according to one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that that the brick bulk density is 0.6 to 0.8. 18. Brick according to one of claims 1 to 17, characterized shows that the degree of porosity is at least 50 pores per 5 cm. ... / 20 19. Brick according to one of claims 1 to 18 / characterized in, that the hole cross-section is not larger than 40-50 / preferably not larger than 46 vol .-%. 20. Brick according to one of claims 1 to 19 _f , characterized in that the teeth (61, 66) or tooth gaps (60, 65) are provided with undercuts. 21. Brick according to claim 20, characterized in that the teeth (61) or gaps (60) have a dovetail profile. 22. Brick according to one of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that that in the case of bricks (50, 51) butting against one another, two gaps (52, 53) having an undercut opposite one another and a locking insert (54) can be inserted into both gaps (52, 53) at the same time. 23. Wall system for bricks according to one of claims 1 to 22, characterized in that the bricks without a binder butt against each other in a form-fitting manner and only the bearing surfaces are connected to one another with the aid of a thin-bed mortar. 24. Wall system according to claim 23, characterized in that the Thin-bed mortar layer is approximately 1 mm. 25. A method for erecting a wall system according to claim or 24, in which the binding agent is applied to the respective upper one Storage surface of the brick is applied, characterized in that the .binder applied by contact application will. 26. Device for applying the binding agent for carrying out the method according to claim 10, with an application surface and a handle, in particular for bricks according to one of the claims 1 to 22, characterized in that the application surface from There is foam, preferably rigid foam. 27. Apparatus according to claim 26, characterized by a one-piece Block (31) made of foam with a one-piece molded handle (32). 28. Apparatus according to claim 26 or 27, characterized in that in a plate (35) made of foam, a channel (36, 37) with an undercut is formed for the form-fitting reception of the plate (38) cinoB Puty.bcttcG. 29. Device according to one of claims 26 to .29, characterized in that that the application surface is convex. 30. Brick according to one of claims 1 to 22, characterized in that a corrugation or a series of small teeth are formed on the tooth flanks. 31. Brick according to claim 30, characterized in that the teeth of the corrugation can be broken off or sheared off.