RU2071710C1 - Method of stimulation of growing of cucumbers in heated glazed houses - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method of stimulation of growing of cucumbers in heated glazed houses includes a definite system of plant nutrition. Prior to planting, placed into hole is soldered vessel with walls-membranes containing mineral or organomineral fertilizers in ratio N:P₂O₅:K₂O from 1: 1:1 to 1.5:1:1.5, and in 2-3 days after planting the plant, applied to the surface of soil in zone of location of plant is organomineral fertilizer containing fecal component, aqua ammonia, brown coal, complex chlorine-free fertilizer and ash in a certain ratio of components in the amount of 1400-1600 kg/ha. EFFECT: accelerated growth and bearing of cucumbers with reduced consumption of fertilizers. 3 cl

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods for intensive cultivation of vegetable crops, for example, cucumbers in greenhouses and greenhouses, including in winter glazed greenhouses.

A known method of growing seedlings of vegetable crops of cucumbers, tomatoes, cabbage in greenhouses and greenhouses, including planting plants in nutritious, soil soil containing, by weight. bird droppings 9.5-19.8; phosphorus fertilizers (in terms of 100% P ₂ 0 ₅ ) 0.006-0.5 and the rest is carbonate sapropel. However, this method has insufficiently high yields and requires additional introduction of trace elements in the form of top dressing [1]
A known method of growing a culture of cucumbers in a greenhouse, including planting a plant in the soil, watering and harvesting, in which the seedlings are placed so that the horizontal axis of symmetry of the cotyledon leaves of the seedlings make an angle of 60-120 ^° with the Earth's magnetic lines of force.

The method provides an increase in the yield of cucumbers up to 1500 kg / m ² per year with a number of revolutions of 9, and a duration of revolutions of 38 days, however, the implementation of the method is time-consuming [2]
The aim of the invention is to reduce the complexity and consumption of fertilizers, increase productivity and yield growth of cucumbers.

This is achieved by the fact that before planting the plants, a tightly sealed container is placed in the hole for continuous supply of fertilizers weighing 50-100 g, equipped with mineral or organomineral fertilizers with a ratio of N P ₂ 0 ₅ K ₂ 0 from 1: 1: 1 to 1.5: 1: 1.5, and the wall-membrane of the tank is made of high pressure polyethylene with a longitudinal orientation of a mass of 13-22 g / m ² on a porous substrate made of paper weighing 40-60 g / m ² ; and the membrane and the substrate are bonded by colloidation, and then 2-3 days after planting on the soil surface in the plant placement zone, organic-mineral fertilizer is applied in an amount of 800-1000 kg / ha in the following ratio of fertilizer components, wt. fecal component (bird droppings, pig manure, fecal runoff, cattle manure) 20-45; aqueous ammonia 0.45-3.0; brown coal 5-15; complex chlorine-free fertilizers 5-15; ash the rest, and fertilizing can be carried out fractionally.

 Glazed greenhouses are characterized by their own microclimate, which allows them to grow cucumbers almost all year round. Depending on the condition of the greenhouses, at least two cultivation options are distinguished: an extended turnover or two turns during the year.

 Due to the fact that the removal of products per unit area of glazed greenhouses is 4-6 times higher than in open ground, special attention is paid to creating an optimal diet for plants. Depending on the substrate used, soil, straw bales, artificial substrate, etc.) use different nutritional regimes, which differ only in particulars, in general, the organization of optimal nutrition is reduced to creating a large supply of nutrients in the substrate and subsequent top dressing to provide plants with missing or used up batteries. As a rule, the main part of the dressing is made up of the majority of poorly washed out and poorly soluble batteries. These substances contribute 100% to the main dressing. The proportion of phosphorus reaches 70-80% of nitrogen and potassium up to 50%. In addition, organic fertilizers, disintegrants and soil conditioners are added to the main dressing, which is most typical for soil. These include peat, sawdust, straw, shavings, as well as cattle manure, chicken droppings, etc. sources of organic matter.

 A significant part of readily soluble fertilizers, mainly nitrogen and potassium, is applied as top dressings, the amount of which is determined by the results of agrochemical analyzes of the substrate. Along with watering, microelements and other nutrients are also added. Intensive developing drip irrigation is a type of top dressing, the frequency of which is determined by various methods of analysis.

As the main refueling in the soil (or substrates) make in kg / ha of active substances with the average availability option: N 80; P ₂ 0 ₅ 250; To ₂ 0 175, which in total when converted to real fertilizers is at least 1840 kg / ha, not counting other nutrients: calcium, magnesium, trace elements. Organic fertilizers are not included in the calculation.

 The total mass of fertilizers in the main gas station is 5000-6000 kg / ha. On poorer substrates, the dose increases by 25-30% and with a higher supply decreases by 25-30%. More accurate results are obtained after agrochemical analyzes.

A significant number of nutrients are introduced during the growing season in the form of top dressing. The average value of batteries per feeding is in kg / ha per active substance: N 50; To ₂ 0 100, which in terms of the most commonly used fully soluble fertilizers is 440 kg in total. Such dressings for the entire growing season are carried out from 3 to 6 every 15-20 days according to the results of analyzes. Better results are given more frequent top dressing in smaller quantities, but every 5-7 days. Thus, the total amount of fertilizer supplied in the form of top dressing for a cucumber is 1400-2600 kg / ha. Thus, together with the main dressing, 400 to 8600 kg / ha of fertilizers are consumed.

 The best yield results are obtained using drip irrigation systems, which allow you to feed plants almost every predetermined period of time, which requires significant costs for control, preparation of solutions, pumping fertilizers, and, in addition, significant initial costs for creating a drip irrigation system.

 The proposed technical solution allows to reduce the total amount of fertilizers introduced with the main dressing, to use organic fertilizers with an organic content of at least 35 wt. and top dressing to be carried out with local dosing of fertilizers with the help of continuous controlled fertilizer supply devices.

 The possibility of implementing the method is illustrated by the following example.

Example. Ground preparation is as follows. Up to 70 t / ha of straw (wheat, barley or rice) is added to the ridges. After the formation of straw ridges, the soil is steamed together with straw according to the conventional steaming technology. After the steaming is completed, 245 kg / ha of ammonium nitrate and 352 kg / ha of calcium carbonate are added to the straw. Ammonium nitrate allows you to light straw and before planting to carry out its fermentation. After reducing the temperature of the straw to 25-28 ^o C in the soil make a hole, the amount of which is determined by the density of planting: for long-fruited cucumbers 16-18 thousand / ha, and for short-fruited 20-24 thousand / ha. The depth of the holes is 12-15 cm. The device described above is laid in the form of a sealed container for continuous feeding of fertilizers weighing 50-100 g, equipped with mineral and / or organomineral fertilizers with a ratio of N P ₂ 0 ₅ K ₂ 0 1: 1: 1 to 1.5: 1: 1.5. The device should provide a dosage rate of batteries of at least 0.015 g / h at an average temperature of 20-22 ^o C. After installing the devices, the soil is washed abundantly with water, and then seedlings are placed in the wells. 2-3 days after transplanting seedlings to a permanent place, 800 kg / ha 1000 kg / ha of organic fertilizers containing, wt. fecal components 20; thirty; 45, aqueous ammonia 0.45; 1.5; 3.0, brown coal 5; ten; 15, complex chlorine-free fertilizer 5; ten; 15 and the rest is up to 100. Moreover, 800 kg / ha are introduced for long-fruited cucumbers and 1000 kg / ha for short-fruited. Fractional application, i.e. 400-500 kg / ha of fertilizers are applied for the first period, then, after 30% of sunny days after 3 months, another 200-250 kg / ha of fertilizers are added to the zone of the root system and after 2 months the rest. If the number of sunny days at the initial stage is 35-40%, then the second portion of fertilizers is applied after 2-2.5 months. Top dressing should not be done, because the installed device provides the plant with all the necessary complex of batteries before the completion of the turnover. Fractional application is recommended for glazed greenhouses, where subsoil heating does not function well or the temperature difference between day and night exceeds 10 ^o C.

The supply of nutrients introduced with organic mineral fertilizers is guaranteed in combination with a continuous fertilizer supply device of 25-35 kg / m ² , provided that an optimal irrigation regime and temperature are created, as well as a successful pest control.

 Thus, the proposed method of stimulation allows to obtain high stable yields of cucumbers while reducing the consumption of fertilizers to 2600-3200 kg / ha or 2.5-3 times in comparison with the known methods. Harvest starts 7-10 days earlier, increases the resistance of plants to diseases. Irrevocable losses of fertilizers are minimized. Due to the presence of organic matter and other additives, the introduced organic fertilizers have positive consequences, improve the soil structure and maintain an optimal pH value.

 In the case of drip irrigation, the need for the preparation of nutrient solutions is eliminated. Only water is supplied to the plants. There is no need to pump highly corrosive solutions, clogging and, therefore, cleaning of capillaries are excluded.

Claims (1)

1. A method of stimulating the cultivation of cucumbers in winter glazed greenhouses, including planting a plant in the soil, applying fertilizers to the soil, watering the soil and harvesting, characterized in that fertilizing is carried out first before planting by placing a tightly sealed container in the hole for continuous feeding of fertilizers, equipped with mineral or organic fertilizers in an amount of 50-100 g with a ratio of NP ₂ O ₅ K ₂ O 1: 1: 1 1,5: 1: 1,5, moreover, the membrane walls of the tank are made of high-pressure polyethylene with a longitudinal orientation of m assoy 13-22 g / m ² on a porous substrate made of paper weighing 40 to 60 g / m ² , and the membrane and substrate are bonded by colloidation, then 2 3 days after planting on the soil surface in the plant placement zone, organic fertilizer is applied in the amount of 800 1000 kg / ha in the following ratio of components, wt. Fecal component (bird droppings, cattle manure, pig manure, fecal runoff) 20 545
Aqueous ammonia 0.45 3.0
Brown coal 5 15
Chlorine-free complex fertilizer 5 15
Ash rest
2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the application of fertilizer after planting is carried out fractionally, depending on the number of sunny days
3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the continuous supply of fertilizer from a sealed container is carried out at a speed of at least 0.015 g / h at 20-22 ^o C.