RU181171U1 - Cereal strip sowing machine - Google Patents

Abstract

A machine for through-grain sowing of cereals based on a motoblock with screw rollers on the drive shaft contains seed containers and seed meters on the shaft with a chain drive from the drive wheel, connected by seed tubes to the coulters, while the coulters are mounted with the possibility of spacing and fixing by an amount equal to the total width seeded and un seeded strips ranging from 45 cm to 64 cm, and unseeded strips no more than 32 cm wide, with the coulters mounted directly behind the screw rollers with an adjustable gap. arrow-shaped coulters cannot be installed for variable seeding of the design of NGPU (according to RF patent No. 107660). The elementary dismantling of the units of the sowing device turns the machine into a cultivator for surface tillage. Using the machine with a width of the working sowing band of up to 2 m will allow you to get the maximum manifestation of the effect of increasing yields cereals in crops according to the principle of "densely empty" Ovsinsky-Konev. 2 s.p. f-ly; 1 ill.

Description

The utility model relates to tillage equipment for crops and may find application in agriculture and agricultural machinery.

For over 100 years, the method of sowing cereals I.E. Ovsinsky, based on a system of farming with self-regulation of plants during sowing in accordance with the principle of "densely empty": "... plants in order to produce a large crop must grow very densely, and from the sides have free space ..." [1]. In such crops, plants are forced to engage in intraspecific struggle, while having an abundance of light and nutrition at the same time. Sowing of grain was carried out to a depth of about 5 cm with tapes about 30 cm wide on the moist base of the capillary layer of the soil, alternating them with unseeded strips of the same width. At the same time, sowing was carried out in a row-wise manner, with six rows in each ribbon. Unplated strips were treated with horse weeds 2-3 times until the grains on the seeded strips grow and darken in the unplated stripe, which, in turn, makes it possible to suppress weed growth and is equivalent to the harrowing effect. This method then allowed (at the end of the 19th century) the germination of seeds without rain on the 6th day, the accelerated development of grain by 2 weeks and an increase in yield up to 2 times.

However, in modern conditions of agricultural production, the implementation of this method of sowing grain with existing technical means is difficult due to changes in standards. In particular, the width of non-sown strips (30 cm) is already insufficient for mechanized weeding, and the row spacing even with narrow-row sowing is greater than I.E. Ovsinsky (for example, 7.5 cm - instead of 6 cm).

But now a similar sowing scheme is in principle feasible in conditions of school plots (educational farms), personal farmsteads (estates) and small farms (on land shares) for small-scale production (and "family" consumption) of organic (environmentally friendly) grain products based on means of "small" mechanization, including the working bodies of the cultivator (for pre-sowing soil preparation and crop care) and special-seeder with a walk-behind tractor.

In biological farming, surface loosening of the soil to a depth of only 5-6 cm is used, which allows you to expand the processing strip several times (with the same motor power of the walk-behind tractor).

A known cultivator for cross-band grain crops [2], containing a walk-behind tractor with a pair of wheels and several pairs of cutters on the drive shaft, chain transmission from the drive shaft to the pulling wheels. Milling cutters are equipped and combined with cylindrical rollers - depth limiters for tillage. Wheels and milling cutters are mounted with the possibility of spacing and fixing by an amount equal to the total width of the seeded and un seeded strip in the range from 45 cm to 64 cm, and the width of un seeded stripes is not more than 32 cm.In this case, the width of loosening the soil with a mill is less than the width of the un seeded strip.

However, such a machine is not capable (and not intended) to sow seeds of grain crops.

Closest to the claimed model is a machine [3] based on a walk-behind tractor with several pairs of cutters on the drive shaft, equipped with and combined with cylindrical rollers - limiters for the depth of loosening of the soil at the width of the loosening strip, the cutter is less than the width of the sowed strip, chain transmission from the drive shaft to the pair pulling wheels, additionally containing containers for seeds and sowing devices on a shaft driven by wheels, connected by seed tubes to openers, while openers, such as wheels and mills, are mounted with the possibility of azneseniya and fixation by an amount equal to the total width of the inoculated and uninoculated band ranging from 45 cm to 64 cm, and the width of the bands uninoculated not more than 32 cm, wherein the coulters mounted directly behind the milling cutters with adjustable gap.

After the sowing is completed, when dismantling the units of the sowing part, the machine turns into a cultivator [2] for processing (weeding and loosening) of un sown row-spacing in through-strip sowing of grain crops when caring for seedlings.

However, tests of the combined machine on uneven sections of the field revealed the need for special technical solutions to ensure reliable operation of the chain drive, complicating (and increasing the cost of) such a design.

The objective of the utility model is to simplify the design scheme and increase the reliability of the sowing machine based on a walk-behind tractor for through-grain sowing of grain crops in small areas simultaneously with surface tillage (weeding and loosening), in particular, when cultivating grain in accordance with the principle of "densely empty" Ovsinsky-Konev.

The problem is solved due to the fact that instead of several pairs of milling cutters, screw rollers are installed on the drive shaft, and a special drive wheel is used to rotate the seed shaft.

(Screw rollers provide combing of weeds and crop residues from the top soil layer (5-6 cm), laying them on the field surface, forming a kind of “hydraulic lock”, which provides a sufficiently high absorption of rain or other water into the soil, and moisture evaporation from it complicates the soil, thereby forming favorable conditions for the activity of aerobic bacteria in the soil, that is, a layer of plant debris is created, similar to meadow or forest litter. pushing the finely ground upper layer of the soil, which, when processing crops, makes it possible to more tightly contact the soil with seeds and saturate them with moisture. The upper fluffy finely ground layer (mixed with air) of the soil preserves moisture from evaporation as much as possible) [4].

For a pair of rollers with one screw direction (right or left), the mounting nodes are located at opposite ends. In a pair of rollers with different screw directions, the mounting nodes are placed at both ends.

The essence of the utility model is illustrated by drawings, where in FIG. 1 shows an example of a machine diagram (based on a walk-behind tractor) for through-grain sowing of grain and surface tillage (weeding and loosening).

A machine for through-grain sowing of grain, assembled on the basis of a walk-behind tractor 1, is equipped with screw rollers for surface tillage 2, mounted on a shaft 3 (see Fig. 1). Sowing devices 9 are mounted on the shaft 7, connected to seed containers 10, and using flexible seed tubes 11 connected to the coulters 12 (in particular, NGPU designs (according to RF patent No. 107660) with a shank for compaction of the soil above the seeds and limiting the depth of seed placement ) The coulters are attached to the beam 13 connected to the frame of the motoblock using clamps 14, the sowing devices and containers are attached to the beam 13 with racks (not shown in the diagram). A drive sprocket 4 is mounted on the shaft (not shown in the diagram) of the drive wheel 17, connected by a chain 5 to a driven sprocket 6 on the shaft 7. The tension of the chain 5 is controlled by the roller 8.

At the same time, the coulters are mounted with the possibility of spacing and fixing by an amount equal to the total width of the seeded and un seeded strip in the range from 45 cm to 64 cm, and the width of the un seeded strip is not more than 32 cm, and the coulters are installed directly behind the screw rollers with an adjustable gap.

Sowing grain seeds is as follows. When the drive shaft 3 rotates, the rollers 2 loosen the soil to a depth of 5-6 cm. The drive sprocket 4 transmits the rotation from the drive wheel shaft through chain 5 to the driven sprocket 6 connected to the shaft 7 with the coils of metering devices mounted on it 9. When the coils rotate through seed tubes 11 and coulters 12 sowing seeds to the depth of treatment with rollers 2, the result is sown strip 15, the seeds in which are covered with loosened soil.

The sprocket 6 can be disabled using the clutch 16, after which the rotation of the shaft 7 is stopped, interrupting seeding. The seeding rate is regulated by the coils of the sowing apparatus 9 and the replacement of the sprockets 4 and 6. The depth of seed placement, limited by the adjustable position of the shank of the coulters 12, is additionally changed by changing the angle of attack of the arrow foot of the coulter (when loosening the clamp nuts 14, the coulter 12 can be moved vertically or horizontally relative to the beam 13, and fixed).

Such a machine with screw rollers can operate in two modes:

- in the "passive" mode of the rollers 2, subsurface rolling of loose soil is carried out after pre-sowing cultivation of the field, and the surface layer is additionally crushed and leveled, helping to improve the quality of sowing;

- in the "active" mode of the rollers 2 combing from the top soil layer (5-6) weed plants and crop residues, laying them on the surface of the field. To this is added subsurface rolling of the soil and fluffing of the finely ground topsoil, which preserves moisture from evaporation.

Switching screw rollers from "passive" to "active" mode (and vice versa) is carried out by simple rearrangement.

If necessary, the elementary dismantling of the units of the sowing device turns the machine into a cultivator for surface tillage, in particular, when pre-sowing the fields, or subsurface rolling of the soil immediately after sowing a grain (or other) crop.

Thus, the installation of screw rollers on the drive shaft of the walk-behind tractor (instead of cutters) eliminates the need for pulling wheels, simplifying the drive of the sowing shaft (instead of 2 - one chain, also shortened), plus additional surface preparation of the soil (in particular, leveling) immediately before sowing seeds. As a result, the design is greatly simplified, the reliability and quality of the sowing machine is increased. At the same time, the working strip of the sowing machine (depending on the width of the sowing strips determined by the design of the opener) can be more than 2 m (for the width of the spread of seeds 20 cm and sowing strips 32 cm wide).

Information sources

1. Ovsinsky I.E. New farming system. - Kiev, type. S.V. Kulzhenko, 1899.

2. Patent RU No. 156765 U1 A01 B 39/06 (2006.01), 2015.

3. Patent RU No. 166491 U1 A01 B 49/06 (2006.01), 2016.

4. Patent RU No. 2391804 АВВ 29/04 (2006.01).

Claims (2)

1. A machine for out-of-band sowing of grain based on a motoblock, containing seed containers and sowing devices, seed tubes with openers mounted with the possibility of diversity and fixing by an amount equal to the total width of the sown and non-sown strip, characterized in that a pair of screw screws are installed on the drive shaft rollers, while the coulters are installed directly behind the rollers with an adjustable gap, and the metering devices are mounted on a shaft with a chain transmission from the drive wheel. 2. The machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the coulters are mounted with the possibility of spacing and fixing by an amount equal to the total width of the seeded and un seeded strip in the range from 45 cm to 64 cm, and the width of the un seeded strip is not more than 32 cm.

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