RU2393659C1 - Method increasing productivity of crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes entering manure in a layer into lower part of deep arable horizon in the first year of crop rotation. Then fresh organic fertilisers are added and ploughed to lower manured layer. At the same time each subsequent introduction of fresh organic fertilisers and their ploughing to the depth lower than the previous one, to the value sufficient to cover the whole arable horizon from downwards upwards in a crop rotation. To eight-year crop rotation each subsequent reduction of depth for introduction of fresh organic fertilisers and ploughing makes 3-5 cm. As fresh organic fertilisers, straw is used, or siderites or a layer of perennial herbs.

EFFECT: method makes it possible to accelerate processes of humus production and to increase crop capacity.

3 cl, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of cultivating crops with fertilizers in the soil.

A known method of tillage (USSR AS No. 1648271) by intensifying the processes of formation of humus, in which manure is applied in a layer to the lower part of the arable horizon and provides contact between the layer of manure and straw by plowing the latter to the lower manure layer.

The specified method does not provide a sufficient degree of intensity of humus formation, necessary for a significant increase in crop yields.

The closest to the proposed technical essence and the achieved result is a method of increasing crop yields, which includes embedding manure with a layer in the lower part of the arable horizon, the subsequent introduction of chopped straw mixed with the upper layer of soil, and packing it to the lower manure layer. To stimulate the process of humus formation, the introduction of crushed straw is alternated after a year with the addition of lime at a dose of 3.0-3.5 t / ha, with lime scattered on the surface of the field, mixed with the upper layer of soil and plowed to the lower manure layer, and subsequent tillage carried out above the created layer (RF Patent No. 2158069).

However, the known method is energy-intensive enough and does not provide a significant increase in the intensity of humus formation and crop productivity in a constant deficit of mineral fertilizers.

The technical result of the invention is to increase the productivity of crop rotation with minimal use of mineral fertilizers.

The problem is achieved in that the proposed method established the possibility and determined the conditions for increasing humus formation during rotation of the field crop rotation without additional energy costs.

When layer-by-layer application and plowing of fresh organic fertilizers from bottom to top along the height of the arable horizon, anaerobic and aerobic humification processes occur simultaneously, the combination of which under certain conditions can lead to a sharp increase in the yield of humus from organic fertilizers.

In the proposed method, this is achieved by first introducing a specified amount of manure into the lower part of the arable horizon (to a depth of 28-32 cm) and then layer-by-layer incorporation of fresh organic fertilizers (crushed straw, green manure, a layer of perennial grasses) into the soil along the profile of the arable horizon. The layer-by-layer application of fresh organic fertilizers was carried out from the bottom up with a gradual decrease in the depth of plowing so that by the end of rotation of the crop rotation the entire profile of the arable horizon was saturated with organic matter.

Distinctive features of the claimed method are the introduction and smelling of fresh organic fertilizers with a gradual decrease in depth compared to the previous one by such a value that saturate the entire arable horizon for rotation of the crop rotation.

For an eight-year crop rotation, the depth of application and simultaneous sowing is reduced by 3-5 cm each subsequent year. A decrease in the depth of subsequent application and incorporation of fresh organic fertilizers over 3 cm does not provide contact between organic layers, and exceeding the stated interval of 5 cm is impractical due to mixing of the layers .

The technological process is carried out in the field crop rotation as follows (see table).

Under the first crop, annual grasses (vetch + oats) are applied manure in the total dose for the entire rotation at the rate of 8-10 t / ha for each crop rotation and is covered by a layer in the lower part of the arable horizon to a depth of 28-32 cm.

Under the third crop rotation, crushed straw is plowed to the lower manure layer as fresh organic fertilizers to a depth of 25-28 cm in such a way as to prevent mixing of the lower layer and fresh organic fertilizers. For the following crop rotation crops, the periodic application and plowing of fresh organic fertilizers in the form of chopped straw, green manure or a layer of perennial grasses is carried out every 2 years of rotation of the crop rotation to a depth of 3-5 cm smaller than the previous application. Deep and shallow plowing of organic fertilizers is carried out by a plow for longline plowing (Certificate of the Russian Federation for utility model No. 29436) or modern reversible plows with half-screw dumps.

Complex mineral fertilizers are applied in small doses during the sowing of winter crops and in top dressing during the growing season of plants.

For crop rotation, where organic fertilizers are not provided, the main tillage is not carried out, and grain crops are sowed with a stubble seeder.

Testing of the proposed method for increasing crop yields in the farms of the Republic of Tatarstan (NP Agroconsortium) on average for 2001-2008 showed an increase in field crop rotation productivity by 20-25%, and grain yields on average 5-6 c / ha higher, than in the prototype.

Table The technological scheme of crop cultivation by the proposed method (eight-year crop rotation) Crop rotation Fertilizer application Tillage Application Method Productivity in c / c. 1. Annual herbs (vetch + oats) Manure 80 t / ha 28-32 cm longline plowing Seed Drill (Disc) 33.0 2. Winter wheat N ₃₀ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ Without tillage Erased. seeder (flatbed) 45.0 3. Spring barley with sowing of perennial herbs Chopped straw 2.8-3.2 t / ha 25-28 cm longline plowing Seed Drill (Disc) 36.0 4. 1 year - perennial herbs - - - 40,0 5.2 years - perennial herbs - - - 30,0 6. Spring wheat Siderata from the 3rd mowing of grass 2.8-3.2 t / ha 20-25 cm long plowing Seed Drill (Disc) 39.0 7. Winter triticale N ₃₀ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ Without tillage Erased. seeder (flatbed) 44.0 8. Spring oats Chopped straw 2.8-3.2 t / ha 15-20 cm longline plowing Seed Drill (Disc) 41.0 TOTAL: total productivity 308.0

Energy costs for agricultural activities of the proposed method compared to the prototype are reduced by 15-20%. During the rotation rotation of the crop rotation (8 years), the productivity in the known method (prototype) amounted to 251.8 centners / feed units (c / unit), and in the proposed 308.0 c / unit. The humus content in the soil increased from 6.2% in 2001 to 7.45 in 2008.

The proposed method avoids fixing nitrogen of the soil when applying fresh organic fertilizers (straw, etc.) and, thereby, eliminate the need for additional application of nitrogen fertilizers. The method allows you to activate the process of humus formation in the arable horizon, to obtain an additional amount of humus and without increasing technological costs to maintain a positive balance of humus in the arable layer during the entire rotation of the crop rotation while improving its quality composition.

Claims (3)

1. A method of increasing crop yields, including the incorporation of manure into the lower part of the deep arable horizon in the first year of crop rotation, the subsequent application of fresh organic fertilizers and their plowing to the lower manure layer, characterized in that each subsequent fresh organic fertilizer application and their plowing produce to a depth less than the previous one, by an amount sufficient to cover the entire arable horizon from bottom to top for rotation of the crop rotation. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that for an eight-year crop rotation, each subsequent decrease in the depth of application of fresh organic fertilizers and their plowing is 3-5 cm. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that as fresh organic fertilizers use straw, green manure or a layer of perennial herbs.