RU166231U1 - FRICTION ASSEMBLY FOR SHOCK ABSORBERS - Google Patents

Abstract

1. Friction unit for shock-absorbing devices, comprising wedges located in the housing, as well as movable plates and guide plates located on the internal protrusions of the housing, the bevels being made on the internal protrusions of the housing, on which the guide plates are arranged by the response bevels of their ends, characterized in that plates and guide plates formed packages in which the guide plates are made of several parts, resting on each other with the bevels of their ends, and the angles at which e bevelled ends of the guide plates are made by different velichine.2. The assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that said packets comprise a movable plate and a guide plate mating with one of the wedges. 3. The assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that said packets comprise a movable plate and two guide plates between which it is located, the remaining guide plates being located between the wedges and the body. The node according to any one of paragraphs. 1-3, characterized in that the ceramic plates are mounted on the guide plates. 5. The node according to any one of paragraphs. 1-3, characterized in that the said bevels are lubricated.

Description

The utility model relates to the field of transport engineering and relates to friction assemblies for shock absorbing devices of vehicles, mainly for absorbing devices installed between railcars.

Known friction unit for shock absorbing devices [1, Patent US 2701063 IPC B61G 9/10, priority 11/28/1951, publication 02/01/1955], containing wedges placed in the casing, with which plate packs are pinched onto the casing, consisting of a movable plate and guide plates, between which it is located, one of the guide plates in the plate packages being located between the housing and the movable plate, and the other between the movable plate and one of the wedges. The housing is also provided with internal protrusions, which are the supporting surfaces for the guide plates

Such a friction unit is not very energy-intensive, which is due to the low force of the wedges being formed on the side of its pressure cone against the movable plates and guide plates. The friction forces arising from this are insufficient to achieve high energy absorption. Therefore, when designing such a device, the most common and effective way to solve this problem is used - an increase in energy intensity is achieved by more tightly pressing together the details of the friction unit by increasing the angle between the pressure cone and each of the wedges. However, such a change in the angle, on the one hand, leads to an increase in the spacer force in the friction unit, and, on the other hand, leads to a high probability of jamming of the friction unit in the forward or reverse stroke of its pressure cone. This is fraught with damage or breakage of parts of the friction unit (cracks, wrinkles, chips, etc.). In this case, local welding of parts to each other is observed due to the occurring concentrations of specific pressures on surfaces, accompanied by high temperature and mutual diffusion of particles of the surface layers.

More reliable in comparison with the analogue [1] is the friction unit for shock absorbing devices [2, Patent US 7540387, IPC B61G 9/04, priority 11.1.2003, publication 2.06.2009] containing the same elements as the friction unit according to the analogue [one]. To limit the movement of the guide plates, the housing may be provided with internal protrusions, which are the supporting surfaces for the guide plates. At the same time, the innovation is that in the guide plates, as well as in the wedges, samples are made with inserts made of solid lubricant, which contain 2% graphite.

These inserts are made to prevent harmful sticking of parts of the friction unit, preventing them from returning to their original position. However, the coefficient of friction of graphite is very small - about 0.02-0.05, and it strongly depends on the nature of the rubbing surfaces, their smoothness, pressure and the presence of adsorbed substances. With increasing temperature, the friction coefficient increases. At a certain critical load normal to the rubbing surfaces, it increases sharply, which is caused by the destruction of the adsorption layer on the graphite surfaces of the inserts. In the complete absence of the adsorption layer, the friction coefficient is very large, and graphite completely loses antifriction properties. It is known that graphite has a complex structure and in the process of shock friction serves as a solid lubricant, preventing the molecular setting of rubbing surfaces. However, the content of graphite in the cermet material is less than 3.5%, with a slight increase in wear resistance, a significant decrease in the stability of the friction coefficient. With an increase in the amount of graphite by more than 4.5%, the wear resistance decreases significantly with increasing stability.

That is, the use of the said inserts in the details of the friction unit according to the prototype [2] of solid lubricant, which contains 2% graphite, does not sufficiently improve the reliability and efficiency of such a friction unit, as well as shock absorbing devices, in which he applies.

Therefore, the objective of the utility model is to achieve a technical result aimed at improving the reliability and efficiency of the friction unit for shock absorbing devices, which will increase their reliability and operating efficiency by changing the shape of the internal protrusions of the housing, which can be dispensed with, unlike the prototype [2] unreliable and ineffective in the work of graphite solid lubricant in the inserts of the guide plates and the wedges of the friction unit.

The problem is solved in that the friction unit for shock absorbing devices, containing wedges located in the housing, as well as movable plates and guide plates located on the internal protrusions of the housing, has distinctive features: bevels are made on the internal protrusions of the housing, on which guides are arranged by reciprocal bevels of their ends plates.

This implementation of bevels will make it possible to more evenly distribute support reactions between the rubbing elements of the friction unit from the external force acting on its wedges, which will prevent the formation of a harmful concentration of local specific pressures on small contact areas of such rubbing elements, leading to the formation of chips, scoring, and shells. This is aimed at not using, unlike the prototype [2], unreliable and ineffective graphite solid lubricant in the inserts of guide plates and wedges of the friction unit, which will increase the reliability and efficiency of its work, as well as the operation of shock absorbing devices in which it will be installed .

Additional distinguishing features:

- movable plates and guide plates formed packages consisting of a movable plate and two guide plates between which it is located;

- movable plates and guide plates formed packages consisting of a movable plate and a guide plate, paired with one of the wedges;

- movable plates and some guide plates formed packages consisting of a movable plate and two guide plates, between which it is located, and the remaining guide plates are located between the wedges and the body;

- the guide plates of the packages at their locations on the inner supporting surfaces of the housing are beveled in the direction of the movable plate located between the guide plates at the angles at which these surfaces are also beveled;

- in packages, the guide plates are made of several parts, leaning on each other with bevels of their ends;

- the angles at which the guide plates are beveled are made different in magnitude;

- solid lubricating inserts are installed on the guide plates;

- metal-ceramic pads are installed on the guide plates.

- lubrication is applied to said bevels.

The essence of the utility model is illustrated by illustrations, where in FIG. 1 shows a top view A of FIG. 2-4 to a friction assembly installed in a shock absorber, the friction assembly having packages consisting of a movable plate and two guide plates between which it is located; in FIG. 2-4 show frontal aligned sections in FIG. 1 of the two positions of the friction unit in various embodiments of its elements, where the left side of the figures is such a node in the initial state, the right side when external force F is applied to it from the impact load; FIG. 5 shows a section BB of FIG. 2-4; in FIG. 6-19 show enlarged fragments of the image of the left side of figure 2 with different designs of elements of the friction unit; in FIG. 20 shows a top view C of FIG. 21 to the friction assembly installed in the shock absorber, while the friction assembly uses packages consisting of a movable plate and a guide plate mated to one of the wedges, with the friction assembly secured in the housing using a nut screwed onto the rod; in FIG. 21 shows a front section of the friction assembly of FIG. twenty; in FIG. 22 the same as in FIG. 20, but with fixation of the friction assembly in the housing by means of hooks in the housing and on the pressure member; in FIG. 23 shows a fixation view of a top view D of FIG. 24 to the friction assembly installed in the shock absorber, while the friction assembly employs packages consisting of a movable plate and two guide plates, between which it is located, the remaining guide plates being located between the wedges and the body; in FIG. 24 shows a front section of the friction assembly of FIG. 23.

The friction assembly for shock absorbers of FIG. 1-19, contains wedges 2 located in the housing 1, with which packages 3 are pinched onto the housing 1, consisting of a movable plate 4 and guide plates 5, 6 between which it is located. Moreover, the guide plate 5 has an end face 7 and is located between the housing 1 and the movable plate 4. The housing 1 has an internal protrusion made in the form of an adjacent supporting platform 8. The guide plate 6 has an end face 9 and is located between the movable plate 4 and one of the wedges 2 The housing 1 also has another inner protrusion made in the form of an adjacent supporting platform 10.

The guide plate 5, with its end face 7, is located on the supporting platform 8, and the guide plate 6 with its end face 9 is located on the supporting platform 10. The supporting platforms 8 and 10 can adjoin the housing 1 or due to one execution (as shown), for example, when casting, or by bonding with it (not shown) as a separate part.

To increase the efficiency of the friction unit by uniformly distributing the support reactions in it from the action of an external force F (Figs. 3, 4), to prevent a harmful concentration of local specific pressures in small contact areas of its elements, which leads to the formation of chips, burrs, and shells, in The design of the friction unit device provides an option for a more complete fit of all surfaces of each of its elements. This is solved constructively by the execution of bevels on the inner supporting surfaces of the body (bearing platforms 8 and 10), on which guide plates 5, 6 are located by reciprocal bevels.

The device acquires maximum efficiency, where all the guide plates 5, 6 of the packages 3 are completely supported by beveled surfaces, and the corresponding surface of the guide plates 5 and 6 mated to these surfaces also has a bevel, or, alternatively, rounding.

To this end, the ends 7 of the guide plates 5 and the ends 9 of the guide plates 6 can be beveled in the direction of the movable plate 4 located between the guide plates 5 and 6, at the angles α and β (Fig. 6-11), under which the corresponding supporting platforms 8 and 10. This direction of the mentioned bevels will ensure the distribution of support reactions of the guide plates 5 and 6 to the side to the movable plates 4 (Fig. 3). This will ensure their desire to move down and towards the movable plates 4 under the action of the components of the spacer force arising from the action of the external compression force F (Fig. 3) of the device through the wedge system of the friction unit. Such angles α and β can be made with each other different in magnitude.

In packages 3, the other ends 11 and 12 of the guide plates 5 and 6 (Fig. 4, 12-17) are also beveled in the direction of the movable plate 4 at the angles φ and θ (Fig. 12-17). This is done for the case when the said guide plates can be made of several parts, for example, as shown, from two - one part are the guide plates 5 and 6 themselves, and the second part is additional guide plates 13 and 14. At the same angles φ and θ, the ends of the additional guide plates 13 and 14, which are located on the other beveled ends 11 and 12 of the corresponding guide plates 5 and 6, which are not indicated but shown lower, are beveled, and the angles α and β can be made different in size, as well as between by myself gly φ and θ, and between themselves the angles α and φ, β and θ.

The values of the mentioned angles α, β φ and θ lie in the range from 2 ° to 45 °. Their specific value depends on the requirements for the characteristics of shock absorbing devices in which the friction unit can be used, the presence of lubricating inserts in it and the material from which they are made, as well as other criteria. In each case, the embodiment of the angles α, β φ and θ is selected based on the need to achieve the greatest efficiency of the shock-absorbing device.

All of the mentioned bevels provide the opportunity to adapt the position of the guide plates 5, 6 and additional guide plates 13, 14 as part of the friction unit 3 and their tight fit, the distribution of forces over the entire surface, compensation for inaccuracies in manufacturing and installation during assembly of the device. The mentioned introduction of additional guide plates 13 and 14 into the friction assembly design, and the nature of the arrangement there, is useful for even more fully pressing them together with the guide plates 5, 6 to the movable plates 4, moreover, in this case, it is not necessary to accurately process the surface shape both of the movable plates 4, and the guide plates 5, 6 and the additional guide plates 13, 14. Therefore, they will be able to adapt and get used specifically in places of their mutual contact.

The mentioned introduction of bevels makes it possible to install solid lubricating inserts 15 on the guide plates 5, 6 and on the additional guide plates 13, 14, as well as the wedges 2 (Figs. 2-7, 10-13, 16-18), but without application, as in prototype [2] insufficiently effective graphite components. In the friction unit according to the utility model, inserts that are simpler in composition and more efficient in operation can be used, for example, made of bronze, and / or ceramic-metal linings 16 can be installed there (Figs. 6-8, 12-14). The recommended chemical composition of such a material should be in the following ratio: (%): tin - 4.5 ... 6.5; graphite - 3.5 ... 4.5; molybdenum disulfide - 1.5 ... 3; lead - 4 ... 6; silicon dioxide - 1.5 ... 2.5; iron is the rest. With ceramic-metal pads 16, the wear of the friction unit parts is significantly reduced, the polishing effect is observed, there are no tears and scuffs, the energy absorption of thermal energy converted by increasing the coefficient and, accordingly, the friction force is increased. The negative behavior of graphite in the composition of cermets, on the one hand, is minimal at such a percentage, and on the other hand, the presence of other components makes it possible to use its useful qualities.

Other combinations are possible (not shown), other materials for solid lubricating inserts 15 and ceramic-metal linings 16 in the friction unit. For example, for solid lubricating inserts 15, bronze or a composition of cermet powder material or other solid lubricating alloy that can provide minimal adhesion to friction surfaces and does not have a large temperature dependence can be used.

You can use different materials in the same design of the friction unit at the same time. The use of such inserts will reduce the wear of the friction unit parts, increase its service life, and eliminate welding of friction surfaces.

Figures 9 and 15 show variants of the friction unit without the use of solid lubricating inserts 15 and ceramic-metal linings 16. This option is possible when using steels for the manufacture of parts of the friction unit and their processing methods, which are able to perform their functions and guarantee the reliability and durability of the device, prevent jamming and the occurrence of self-oscillations.

In the friction unit, the wedges 2 are joined by their wedge surfaces 17 at an angle λ with their mating surfaces 18 of the guide plates 6 (Figs. 2, 3, 6-11, 18) and, together with them, the mating surfaces 19 of the additional guide plates 14 (Fig. 4, 12-17).

In the housing 1, the friction unit can be located (Fig. 1-19) together with other parts of the shock-absorbing device, for example, a pressing element 20, directly perceiving the external force F and resting its surface 21 at an angle γ on the surfaces 22 of the wedges 2, and also, for example, a base plate 23, on the surface 24 of which, at an angle Δ, the corresponding surfaces 25 of the wedges 2 are located.

To facilitate the withdrawal of parts of the friction unit to its original position, after removing the external force F, it is useful when assembling the friction unit to install a spring 26 (Fig. 18, 19) through the protrusion 27 in the lower part of the pressing element 20, which is simultaneously located between the wedges 2, between the pressure member 20 and the support plate 23. The spring 26 may be, for example, metal. When removing the load, it will primarily repel the pressure element 20 from the wedges 2, and allow them to freely return to their original position, without supporting the guides 6 and the movable plates 4. In this case, the back-retaining device 28 (conditionally shown by diagonal lines) of the shock-absorbing device, leaning on the bottom 29 of the housing 1 it will be easier to derive all the components of the friction unit from the compressed state to the original.

To prevent the extension of the guide plates 5 and 6, as well as the additional guide plates 13 and 14 from the housing 1 (Fig. 1-18) during the reverse stroke of the friction unit, and especially if it includes both types of these plates, it is useful to provide hooks 30 located in the housing 1.

The friction assembly for shock absorbers of FIG. 20-22 contains wedges 2 located in the housing 1, with which plate packs 3 are pinched onto the housing 1, consisting of a movable plate 4 and a guide plate 6, conjugated with one of the wedges 2. The guide plate 6 has an internal bevel 31 at an angle near its end 9 α, which is located on the reciprocal bevel of the support platform 10 of the housing 1.

To increase the stability of characteristics, reduce self-oscillations of the friction unit and reduce wear of its friction surfaces with an increase in the friction coefficient and, accordingly, the friction force and energy absorption, ceramic-metal plates 16 can be installed on the surface of the guide plates 6.

In the housing 1 of such a shock-absorbing device, the friction unit can be located together with other parts of the shock-absorbing device, for example, a pressure element 20, directly accepting the load and resting its surface 21 at an angle γ on the response surfaces 22 of the wedges 2, as well as, for example, a supporting the plate 23, on the surface 24 of which at an angle Δ there are mating surfaces 25 of the wedges 2.

The return-retaining device 28 can be made in the form of compression springs 32 and 33 inserted into each other, located between the bottom 29 of the housing 1 and the base plate 23. The compression springs 32 and 33 are pre-pressed through the base plate 23, the wedges 2 and the pressure element 20 s by tightening the nut 34 on the threaded end of the rod 35 (Fig. 20, 21). Reciprocating device can also be made in the form of a package of elastic polymer elements.

A variant of such a design of the friction assembly is possible, in which the hooks 30 of the housing 1 serve to fix it in the shock-absorbing device and are located near the pressure element 20, which is made with its hooks 36 and is fixed by them for the hooks 30 in the housing 1 from falling out (Fig. 22).

The friction assembly for shock absorbers of FIG. 23 and 24 contains wedges 2 located in the housing 1, with which plate packets 3 are pinched onto the housing 1, consisting of a movable plate 4 and two guide plates 5 and 6, between which it is located. Between the wedges 2 and the housing 1 there are two more guide plates 37 located between the wedges 2 and the housing 1.

The ends 7 of the guide plates 37 are beveled at an angle α in the direction of the movable plate 4, and the ends 9 of the guide plates 5 and 6 are beveled in the direction of the movable plate 4 at an angle β. Supporting plates 8 and 10 corresponding to the guide plates 37 and guide plates 5, 6 are also beveled at the same angles α. Such a direction of the said bevels ensures, when the load is applied, that the support reactions of the guide plates 37, 5 and 6 are distributed sideways to the movable plates. This will create their desire to move down and to the side of the movable plates 4 under the action of components of the spacer force arising from the action of the external compression force of the friction unit of the device through its wedge system. The angles α and β can be made with each other different in magnitude.

In the housing 1 of such a shock-absorbing device, the friction unit can be located together with other parts of the shock-absorbing device, for example, two pressure elements 20, directly absorbing the load and resting their surface 21 at an angle γ on the response surfaces 22 of the wedges 2, as well as, for example, a base plate 23, on the surface 24 of which at an angle Δ there are reciprocal surfaces 25 of the wedges 2.

The return-retaining device 28 can be made in the form of compression springs 32 and 33 (conventionally shown by diagonal lines) inserted into each other, located on the bottom 29 of the housing 1. Moreover, the compression spring 32 is located between the bottom 29 and the base plate 23, and the compression spring 33 located between the bottom 29 and the support disk 38. The reciprocating device can also be made in the form of a package of elastic polymer elements.

Works friction unit in a shock-absorbing device as follows.

When a load (dynamic impact) is applied in the form of an external force F (the right part of the image in Fig. 2-4) to the pressing element 20 (Fig. 2-4), from the car coupler (not shown), the force is transmitted to the wedges 2, guide plates 6 (Fig. 2, 3), or on them and additional guide plates 14 (Fig. 4), as well as on movable plates 4, guide plates 5 (Fig. 2, 3), or on them and additional guides plate 13 (Fig. 4), and on the walls of the housing 1 (Fig. 1-4). Then, through the support plate 23, a reaction from compression of the reciprocating device 28 is added. All parts of the friction unit are pressed against each other with great force, and their surfaces begin to rub together. In this case, the shock energy is quenched and absorbed in the form of heat.

When removing the load, the reciprocating device 28 relaxes and pushes the friction unit, bringing it to its original position (the left part of the image in Fig. 2-4).

The presence of beveled surfaces in the elements of the friction unit can significantly increase the energy consumption of the shock absorbing device in which it is installed, and to achieve improved performance, for example, an absorbing device with a reciprocating device based on metal twisted compression springs or in the form of a package of elastic polymer elements. That is, an increase in the spacer force necessary for the high-quality pressing of the guide plates 5, 6 (additional guide plates 13, 14) and the movable plates 4 to each other and to the housing 1 can be achieved not only by a known structural change in the angle y between the pressure element 20 and wedges 2, but also due to the creation of a tendency to “slide off” the guide plates 5, 6 (additional guide plates 13, 14) along their beveled supporting surfaces.

The friction unit also works similarly in the shock absorbing devices shown in FIG. 20-24.

Information sources:

1. Patent US 2701063 IPC B61G 9/10, priority 11/28/1951, publication 02/01/1955

2. Patent US 7540387, IPC B61G 9/04, priority 11.1.2003, publication 2.06.2009 / prototype /.

LIST of reference designations and names of elements to which these designations relate

Claims (5)

1. Friction unit for shock-absorbing devices, comprising wedges located in the housing, as well as movable plates and guide plates located on the internal protrusions of the housing, the bevels being made on the internal protrusions of the housing, on which the guide plates are arranged by the response bevels of their ends, characterized in that plates and guide plates formed packages in which the guide plates are made of several parts, resting on each other with the bevels of their ends, and the angles at which e bevelled ends of the guide plates are made different in magnitude. 2. The node under item 1, characterized in that the said packages contain a movable plate and a guide plate, paired with one of the wedges. 3. The node according to p. 1, characterized in that the said packages contain a movable plate and two guide plates, between which it is located, and the remaining guide plates are located between the wedges and the body. 4. The node according to any one of paragraphs. 1-3, characterized in that on the guide plates installed ceramic-metal pads. 5. The node according to any one of paragraphs. 1-3, characterized in that the said bevels are lubricated.

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