NO332412B1 - Anvendelse av austenittisk rustfritt stal som konstruksjonsmateriale i en innretning eller konstruksjonsdeler som er utsatt for et miljo som omfatter flussyre og oksygen og/eller hydrogen - Google Patents
Anvendelse av austenittisk rustfritt stal som konstruksjonsmateriale i en innretning eller konstruksjonsdeler som er utsatt for et miljo som omfatter flussyre og oksygen og/eller hydrogen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO332412B1 NO332412B1 NO20063008A NO20063008A NO332412B1 NO 332412 B1 NO332412 B1 NO 332412B1 NO 20063008 A NO20063008 A NO 20063008A NO 20063008 A NO20063008 A NO 20063008A NO 332412 B1 NO332412 B1 NO 332412B1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- stainless steel
- austenitic stainless
- weight
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 37
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title abstract description 29
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 18
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 18
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 13
- QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2,4-dichloro-5-propan-2-yloxyphenyl)acetamide Chemical compound CC(C)OC1=CC(NC(C)=O)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CEGIKIXYDFDYDN-RXDXJJGDSA-N 7-[(2s,3s,4r,5s)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanylmethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl]-1,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CSC)N[C@H]1C1=CNC2=C1NC=NC2=O CEGIKIXYDFDYDN-RXDXJJGDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000792 Monel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QUQFTIVBFKLPCL-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;2-amino-3-[(2-amino-2-carboxylatoethyl)disulfanyl]propanoate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]C(=O)C(N)CSSCC(N)C([O-])=O QUQFTIVBFKLPCL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000383 hazardous chemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004846 x-ray emission Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/056—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 10% but less than 20%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
- C22C30/02—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent containing copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/247—Arrangements for tightening a stack, for accommodation of a stack in a tank or for assembling different tanks
- H01M8/2475—Enclosures, casings or containers of fuel cell stacks
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Prevention Of Electric Corrosion (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NO20063008A NO332412B1 (no) | 2006-06-28 | 2006-06-28 | Anvendelse av austenittisk rustfritt stal som konstruksjonsmateriale i en innretning eller konstruksjonsdeler som er utsatt for et miljo som omfatter flussyre og oksygen og/eller hydrogen |
EP07793900A EP2044232A1 (fr) | 2006-06-28 | 2007-06-27 | Utilisation d'un acier inoxydable austénitique et électrolyseur réalisé à partir d'un tel acier |
PCT/NO2007/000235 WO2008002150A1 (fr) | 2006-06-28 | 2007-06-27 | Utilisation d'un acier inoxydable austénitique et électrolyseur réalisé à partir d'un tel acier |
KR1020097001722A KR20090031926A (ko) | 2006-06-28 | 2007-06-27 | 오스테나이트계 스테인리스 스틸의 용도 및 이러한 스틸로 만든 전해조 |
CNA2007800237706A CN101490299A (zh) | 2006-06-28 | 2007-06-27 | 奥氏体不锈钢的用途及用这种钢制成的电解槽 |
CA002661664A CA2661664A1 (fr) | 2006-06-28 | 2007-06-27 | Utilisation d'un acier inoxydable austenitique et electrolyseur realise a partir d'un tel acier |
JP2009518023A JP2009542907A (ja) | 2006-06-28 | 2007-06-27 | オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の使用及びこのような鋼から製造される電解槽 |
RU2009102644/02A RU2457271C2 (ru) | 2006-06-28 | 2007-06-27 | Применение конструкционного материала и электролизера, изготовленного из такого материала |
US12/308,895 US20100133096A1 (en) | 2006-06-28 | 2007-06-27 | Use of Austenitic Stainless Steel as Construction Material in a Device or Structural Component Which is Exposed to an Oxygen and/or Hydrogen and/or Hydrofluoric Acid Environment |
ZA200900599A ZA200900599B (en) | 2006-06-28 | 2007-07-27 | Use of an austenitic stainless steel and an electrolyser made of such steel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NO20063008A NO332412B1 (no) | 2006-06-28 | 2006-06-28 | Anvendelse av austenittisk rustfritt stal som konstruksjonsmateriale i en innretning eller konstruksjonsdeler som er utsatt for et miljo som omfatter flussyre og oksygen og/eller hydrogen |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO20063008L NO20063008L (no) | 2008-01-02 |
NO332412B1 true NO332412B1 (no) | 2012-09-17 |
Family
ID=38845828
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO20063008A NO332412B1 (no) | 2006-06-28 | 2006-06-28 | Anvendelse av austenittisk rustfritt stal som konstruksjonsmateriale i en innretning eller konstruksjonsdeler som er utsatt for et miljo som omfatter flussyre og oksygen og/eller hydrogen |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20100133096A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2044232A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2009542907A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20090031926A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN101490299A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2661664A1 (fr) |
NO (1) | NO332412B1 (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2457271C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2008002150A1 (fr) |
ZA (1) | ZA200900599B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102009035440A1 (de) * | 2009-07-31 | 2011-02-03 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff |
UA111115C2 (uk) | 2012-04-02 | 2016-03-25 | Ейкей Стіл Пропертіс, Інк. | Рентабельна феритна нержавіюча сталь |
KR101888300B1 (ko) * | 2016-03-21 | 2018-08-16 | 포항공과대학교 산학협력단 | Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni-V계 고 엔트로피 합금 |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4342188C2 (de) * | 1993-12-10 | 1998-06-04 | Bayer Ag | Austenitische Legierungen und deren Verwendung |
RU2095458C1 (ru) * | 1994-11-30 | 1997-11-10 | Байдуганов Александр Меркурьевич | Жаропрочный сплав |
RU94041550A (ru) * | 1994-11-30 | 1996-10-20 | Товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью "НЕФТЕМАШ" | Жаропрочный сплав |
DE10045683C2 (de) * | 2000-09-15 | 2002-09-05 | Draegerwerk Ag | Elektrochemischer Sauerstoffkonzentrator |
SE525252C2 (sv) * | 2001-11-22 | 2005-01-11 | Sandvik Ab | Superaustenitiskt rostfritt stål samt användning av detta stål |
CA2528743C (fr) * | 2003-06-10 | 2010-11-23 | Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. | Acier inoxydable austenitique pour de l'hydrogene gazeux et une methode pour sa production |
JP2005023353A (ja) * | 2003-06-30 | 2005-01-27 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | 高温水環境用オーステナイトステンレス鋼 |
JP2005298939A (ja) * | 2004-04-15 | 2005-10-27 | Jfe Steel Kk | 耐食性および電気伝導性に優れるステンレス鋼板 |
JP4450701B2 (ja) * | 2004-09-01 | 2010-04-14 | 日新製鋼株式会社 | 耐遅れ破壊性に優れる高強度ステンレス鋼帯及びその製造方法 |
KR101015899B1 (ko) * | 2004-12-22 | 2011-02-23 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 연료전지용 금속제 분리판 |
-
2006
- 2006-06-28 NO NO20063008A patent/NO332412B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2007
- 2007-06-27 CA CA002661664A patent/CA2661664A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2007-06-27 KR KR1020097001722A patent/KR20090031926A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-06-27 WO PCT/NO2007/000235 patent/WO2008002150A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2007-06-27 US US12/308,895 patent/US20100133096A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-06-27 RU RU2009102644/02A patent/RU2457271C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-06-27 CN CNA2007800237706A patent/CN101490299A/zh active Pending
- 2007-06-27 EP EP07793900A patent/EP2044232A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-06-27 JP JP2009518023A patent/JP2009542907A/ja active Pending
- 2007-07-27 ZA ZA200900599A patent/ZA200900599B/xx unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2044232A1 (fr) | 2009-04-08 |
RU2009102644A (ru) | 2010-08-10 |
CN101490299A (zh) | 2009-07-22 |
KR20090031926A (ko) | 2009-03-30 |
RU2457271C2 (ru) | 2012-07-27 |
JP2009542907A (ja) | 2009-12-03 |
CA2661664A1 (fr) | 2008-01-03 |
ZA200900599B (en) | 2010-07-28 |
WO2008002150A1 (fr) | 2008-01-03 |
NO20063008L (no) | 2008-01-02 |
US20100133096A1 (en) | 2010-06-03 |
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Legal Events
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CHAD | Change of the owner's name or address (par. 44 patent law, par. patentforskriften) |
Owner name: NEL HYDROGEN AS, NO |
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MM1K | Lapsed by not paying the annual fees |