NO169043B - Middel for festing av leddproteser - Google Patents
Middel for festing av leddproteser Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO169043B NO169043B NO885325A NO885325A NO169043B NO 169043 B NO169043 B NO 169043B NO 885325 A NO885325 A NO 885325A NO 885325 A NO885325 A NO 885325A NO 169043 B NO169043 B NO 169043B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- grains
- stem
- prosthesis
- cavity
- bone
- Prior art date
Links
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003462 bioceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 23
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000002639 bone cement Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 5
- 210000002414 leg Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005243 fluidization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 210000004394 hip joint Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 calcium phosphate compound Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002271 resection Methods 0.000 description 2
- CBVWMGCJNPPAAR-HJWRWDBZSA-N (nz)-n-(5-methylheptan-3-ylidene)hydroxylamine Chemical compound CCC(C)C\C(CC)=N/O CBVWMGCJNPPAAR-HJWRWDBZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088710 antibiotic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005312 bioglass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008468 bone growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001145 finger joint Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000021 stimulant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013517 stratification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000689 upper leg Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2/4601—Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor for introducing bone substitute, for implanting bone graft implants or for compacting them in the bone cavity
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører et middel for festing av leddproteser.
En vanlig metode for forankring av en leddprotese er
å sementere den til benvev, dvs. fylle igjen en åpning mellom leddprotesen og benveggen med bensement. Problemet med utilfredsstillende langvarig festing av sementerte proteser har resultert i at det nå gjøres mindre hyppig bruk av sement for festing av proteser. I denne sammenheng er det avgjørende at formen til protesestammen, som innføres i hulrommet som er utfreset i benet, passer godt til hulrom-mets form, og at sairtmenbindingsavstanden mellom benveggen og overflaten på protesestammen er så kort som mulig for å gjøre det mulig for benvev å dannes og, i løpet av et rime-lig tidsrom, vokse til protesen fra alle sider for å forankre den til benveggen. Den minimale sammenbindingsavstand er selvfølgelig en virkelig fysisk kontakt mellom proteseoverflaten og benveggen, men med en leddprotese i et ben er det svært usannsynlig at slik kontakt kan etableres bortsett fra på punkter som ikke er tilstrekkelige. Det er vanskelig å kombinere den sementfrie metode som består i å etablere en slik fysisk kontakt og gi god langtidsfesting men dårlig korttidsfesting, med metoden hvor det anvendes bensement som gir god korttidsfesting men dårlig langtidsfesting, ettersom bensementen isolerer proteseoverflaten fra benveggen.
Fra tysk patentsøknad nr. 2 305 441 er det kjent sfæriske kuler for anvendelse i mellomrommet mellom protesestamme og benvev. Disse kulene påvirkes med trykk som utøves ved hjelp av en på stammehodet tiltrukket skrue, og som over-føres til kulene ved hjelp av sylindriske legemer som er plassert i en i stammen anordnet kanal, en tverrstift og en konisk hylse. Kulene er altså ikke selvlåsende og krever spesialkonstruerte proteser. Fra US patentskrift nr. 3 918 100 er det kjent en protese med metållstamme hvorpå det er anbrakt et vedheftende overtrekk gjennom høyfrekvenssputter-
ing. Fra US patentskrift nr. 4 497 075 er det kjent et fyll-middel for hulrom i benpartier, som består av et pulver av en kalsiumfosfatforbindelse hvor pulverstørrelsen er 3 um eller
mindre. Endelig er det fra US patentskrift nr. 4 644 942 kjent en protese med en stamme som er overtrukket med små, påfestede partikler som er adskilt av et nettverk av hulrom som er for-bundet med hverandre.
Ifølge oppfinnelsen er det tilveiebrakt et middel for festing av leddproteser hvor stammen er forsynt med en friksjonsoverflate (2), som omfatter en hovedsakelig homogen blanding (3) av et biologisk forenlig, granulært materiale som f.eks. titan/titanoxyd, tantal, niob og legeringer derav, eller et biokeramisk materiale, idet blandingen (3) eventuelt inneholder korn av kroppsendogent materiale, slik som oppmalt ben, eventuelt i kombinasjon med et av de ovenfor angitte materialer, hvor kornene har en hovedsakelig jevn partikkelstørrelsesfordeling. Middelet er kjennetegnet ved at kornene er hovedsakelig uregelmessige og at kornene er fluidiserbare når de utsettes for vibrasjoner med en høy frekvens, og selvlåsende når de utsettes for vibrasjoner med en lavere frekvens, og at partikkelstørrelsen er maksimalt 5, fortrinnsvis mellom 0,5 og 2 mm.
Etter at festingen av en leddprotese er fullført, bør kornene være tett pakket og fastlåst i forhold til hverandre og til benvevet og protesestammen. Ved å anvende korn som forankringsanordning er det tillatelig med større toleranser mellom protesestammen og benveggen sammenlignet med kon-vensjonelle sementfrie operasjoner, idet problemene for-bundet med bruken av bensement samtidig fjernes. Foreliggende oppfinnelse gir følgelig en løsning på problemet med å opp-nå god korttidsfesting samt god langtidsfesting.
I praksis kan festingen av protesen oppnåes på føl-gende måter.
Et hulrom freses ut i benet hvor protesen skal anbringes. Korn av biologisk forenlig materiale plasseres i hulrommet slik at de danner et lag, hvoretter protesen drives ned i kornlaget inntil praktisk talt hele protesestammen er omgitt av kornene. En anordning for å holde kornene på plass er anbragt rundt protesestammen, og protesen festes endelig, eventuelt ved å slå på den med et verktøy.
Nærmere bestemt innføres kornblandingen først i hul-rommét for i det vesentlige å fylle opp hulrommet som et kornlag. Kornlaget bør nå nesten helt opp til reseksjonsoverflaten. Protesestammens distale ende innføres så i laget og kornene utsettes, ved hjelp av en slagkraft utøvd på protesen, for vibrasjoner med en slik frekvens at kornene bringes til å fluidisere. Mens kornene er fluidisert, drives stammen ned i laget, hovedsakelig til dens påtenkte slutt-posisjon. Kornene . i laget utsettes deretter for vibrasjoner med en slik andre frekvens at pakking, dvs. blokkering og komprimering, av kornene i forhold til hverandre, og av kornene i forhold til protesestammen og benvevet, tilveiebringes.
Etter trinnet med blokkering og komprimering kan protesen eventuelt festes endelig ved slag utøvd på protesen i dens lengderetning.
Ifølge et fordelaktig og foretrukket aspekt
har hulrommet som nedre avgrensing en stopplugg som er sendt ned gjennom hulrommet og som kan tjene som en støtte mot spenningene som skriver seg fra de ovenfor nevnte nedadvirkende slag/driv-krefter.
Alternativt kan kornblandingen innføres i hulrommet etter at protesestammen, som her er konisk avsmalnende, er blitt innført i hulrommet. I dette tilfelle innføres således protesestammen først i hulrommet slik at det etter-lates en åpning mellom grenseveggen i hulrommet, som består av benvev, og den ytre friksjonsoverflate på protesestammen. Kornblandingen innføres deretter i åpningen, i det vesentlige opp til nivået for reseksjonsoverflaten. Komprimeringstrinnet utføres deretter ved å slå én eller flere ganger på hodet av stammen. På denne måte vil kornene kiles fast i forhold til hverandre, dvs. pakkes i åpningen, og derved tilveiebringe komprimeringen og blokkeringen.
Som tidligere nevnt, anvendes det sammen med middelet ifølge oppfinnelsen proteser med stammer som har en ytre friksjonsoverflate som er tilpasset, etter at operasjonen er fullført, for å sikre mekanisk låsing mellom protesestammen og kornene. Den ytre friksjonsoverflate er formet med uregelmessigheter eller ujvenheter som kan, men ikke nødvendig-vis behøver, være av i det vesentlige samme størrelse som kornene. Formen til den ytre friksjonsoverflate er ikke av avgjørende betydning så lenge kornene kan oppta ujevnhetene på den. Tilsvarende blokkering mellom kornene og benveggen oppnåes ettersom benveggen vil ha ujevnheter som skriver seg fra utfresingsoperasjonen og hvor kornene kan fylle opp.
Oppfyllingen mellom den ytre overflate på stammen og kornene, mellom de forskjellige kornene og mellom kornene og benvevet forbedres dersom stammen etter vibrasjonstrinnet utsettes for det eller de eventuelle slag for endelig festing. På denne måte vil kornene i nærheten av benvevet trenge dypt inn i benveggen og komme i inngrep med den ytre overflate på stammen dersom de ikke tidligere har gjort det under blokkerings- og komprimeringstrinnet.
For å gjøre det lettere å drive protesen ned i kornlaget, er den distale ende på protesestammen passende til-spisset og protesestammen smalner konisk mot sin distale ende.
Kornene som utgjør middelet ifølge oppfinnelsen, må tilfredsstille visse krav for å gi et tilfredsstillende resultat av den kirurgiske operasjon. Kornene må som nevnt bestå av biologisk forenlig materiale. Et eksempel på slike materialer er først og fremst titan (som etter oxydasjon i luft har et ytre lag av titandioxyd). Andre egnéde materialer er tantal, niob og legeringer derav, slik som titan-legeringer. Såkalte biokeramer, slik som Al20^, bioglass og hydroapatitt, kan også anvendes. Videre kan kornmassen bestå fullstendig eller delvis av korn av kroppsendogent materiale, slik som oppmalt benvev.
Som nevnt ovenfor, er kornblandingen som anbringes i hulrommet en i det vesentlige "homogen blanding. Kornene bør ha en hovedsakelig jevn partikkelstørrelsefordeling slik at, når det kommer til blokkering og komprimering ved vibrasjon, det ikke bør oppstå noen lagdeling i forskjellige partikkel-størrelser i hulrommet med en medfølgende risiko for ujevn og forstyrret ben-påvekst. Uttrykket "hovedsakelig jevn partikkelstørrelsefordeling" betyr slik det her er brukt at "partikkeldiameteren" kan variere med ± 50%, fortrinnsvis ±25% eller mindre. Den absolutte kornstørrelse kan variere innenfor forholdsvis vide områder, idet en partikkelstørrelse på under 5 mm er påkrevet. Den nedre grense kan være vanskelig å fastsette. Svært små kornpartikler kan være anvendbare i kombinasjon med en biologisk forenlig væske som binder de små kornpartiklene (underkornene). Normalt gjøres det imidlertid bruk av kornpartikler med størr-elser over 0,1 mm. Fortrinnsvis kan den øvre grense være ved 2 mm og den nedre grense ved 0,5 mm. Generelt velges partikkelstørrelsen under hensyntagen til rommet som, etter at operasjonen er fullført, skulle være pakket med korn, dvs. grovere partikler velges derfor normalt, f.eks. for hofteleddoperasjoner, mens mindre partikkelstørrelser anvendes f.eks. for fingerleddoperasjoner.
For å tilveiebringe total blokkering, dvs. låsing av benvegg til korn, korn til korn, korn til protesestamme,
bør kornene videre være uregelmessige og/eller plastiske, dvs. være i stand til å endre sin form når de utsettes for en ekstern kraft, og å opprettholde den nye formen når den eksterne kraft slutter å virke. Det er foretrukket med korn som har en høy porøsitet. Porøse korn erholdes på en kjent måte ved å blåse gass eller væske gjennom en smelte av granulært materiale. Eventuelt kan kornene lades eller belegges med antibiotika og/eller vekststimulerende midler.
Ved den foretrukne utførelsesform som er beskrevet ovenfor, fluidiseres kornene i kornlaget for å gjøre det mulig for protesestammen å bli drevet ned i kornlaget i det utfreste hulrom. Fluidisering utføres i to trinn, det første ved en høy frekvens som lar protesestammen bli drevet ned i kornlaget ved at kornene "i laget som er plassert i hulrommet, oppfører seg som en væske. Dette første fluidi-seringstrinn etterfølges av fluidisering ved en lavere frekvens, som gir rom for kornene i laget mellom hverandre slik at de kiles fast i forhold til hverandre, hvorved det tilveiebringes komprimering og blokkering. Egnede frekvenser for vibrasjonene som er påkrevet for fluidisering, komprimering og blokkering, kan lett uttestes i hvert spesielle tilfelle av enhver med vanlig erfaring innen teknikken, og av-henger av slike faktorer som korntype og protesetype. Gode resultater er blitt oppnådd når det anvendes en pneumatisk drevet, oscillerende bensag av konvensjonell type, og som her er forsynt med fastholdingsanordning, i tilfellet med porøst titanpulver med partikkelstørrelse på mellom 1 og 1,5 mm.
Kornmassen festes i hulrommet ved rundt protesestammen å anbringe en krave eller ring av bensement eller plast over det resulterende komprimerte, blokkerende lag av korn. Alternativt kan det helles bensement eller en lignende hurtig-herdende væske over kornene.
Protesen (protesestammen) kan være av en i og for seg kjent type, bare den har en ytre, f.eks. ru eller ujevn friksjonsoverflate, passende består stammen av et biologisk forenlig, vekststimulerende materiale eller har et overflate-lag av et slikt materiale, som derved danner den ytre friksjonsoverflate.
I den vedlagte tegning er det vist en hofteleddprotese som er blitt festet ved hjelp av middelet ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse.
Rommet mellom en benvegg 1 og den ytre vegg 2 på den koniske stamme av en hofteleddprotese fylles med uregelmessige korn 3 av rent titan med en størrelse på ca. 1 mm. Kornene 3 er porøse og er blitt erholdt ved å blåse gass gjennom en smelte av det granulære materiale. Kornene pakkes og kiles fast til hverandre. Mekanisk blokkering tilveiebringes mellom stammeytterveggen 2 og kornene nært inntil benet, samt mellom benveggen 1 og kornene nært inntil denne. En "bunnplugg" 4, som det er fordelaktig består av et stykke av pasientens egen hofteleddkule som tidligere er blitt fjernet ved kirurgisk operasjon, danner en nedre avgrensning for hulrommet, og er i inngrep med den omgivende benvegg ved hjelp av en flens. Et lokk 5 av bensement danner en øvre avgrensning for hulrommet. I tegningen er tykkelsen til kornlaget sterkt fremhevet for større klarhet.
Den ovenfor nevnte komprimering, blokkering og fast-kiling, og følgelig protesefesting, tilveiebringes på følg-ende måte.
Etter at kirurgen på vanlig måte har utfrest delen av lårbenet hvor protesestammen skal implanteres, og anbragt bunnpluggen 4, fylles det resulterende hulrom med kornene 3, sterilisert f.eks. ved autoklavering, opp til et nivå
litt under det utfreste bens åpning. Protesestammen inn-føres deretter i det således erholdte kornlag og drives inn i det så langt at bare noen få millimeter blir tilbake mellom kraven 7 og benets åpning. For å drive protesestammen inn i kornlaget, gjøres det bruk av et vibrerende verktøy med regulerbar frekvens, som virker på hodet 6 til protesestammen, og som er tilpasset, ved en passende vibrasjonsfrekvens, for å løse opp kornlaget og derved gjøre det mulig for stammen å trenge inn i laget. Dersom inntrengningen av stammen i laget blir for sen på grunn av lagets kompakthet, øker kirurgen vibrasjonsfrekvensen. Når først en posisjon for protesestammen er blitt oppnådd som definert ovenfor, utsettes kornene for en slik behandling at de vil sette seg fast på en slik måte at de komprimeres og låses til hverandre. Dette gjøres fortrinnsvis ved å utsette protesestammen for
en progressivt avtagende vibrasjonsfrekvens ved hjelp av vibrasjonsverktøyet, ved slag på protesestammen eller på annen måte.
Bensement anbringes nå i en ring rundt stammen under kraven 7, hvoretter stammen drives fullstendig ned i kornlaget ved å slå med en hammer. Denne foranstaltning for-sterker de tidligere nevnte blokkerings-, fastkilings- og anbringelse/inntrengningsvirkninger. Bensementen i ringen kan så herdes for å danne lokket 5.
Det er funnet at den innledende vibrasjon av stammen mest passende er en bevegelse som går frem og tilbake langs en omtrentlig horisontal sirkelbue. Denne vibrasjon får kornene 3 i stammehulrommet til å sveve og gjør det mulig hurtig å drive stammen inn i laget.
Claims (1)
- Middel for festing av leddproteser hvor stammen er forsynt med en f riks jonsoverf late (2), som omfatter en hovedsakelig homogen blanding (3) av et biologisk forenlig, granulært materiale som f.eks. titan/titanoxyd, tantal, niob og legeringer derav, eller et biokeramisk materiale, idet blandingen (3) eventuelt inneholder korn av kroppsendogent materiale, slik som oppmalt ben, eventuelt i kombinasjon med et av de ovenfor angitte materialer, hvor kornene har en hovedsakelig jevn partikkelstørrelsesfordeling,karakterisert ved at kornene er hovedsakelig uregelmessige og at kornene er fluidiserbare når de utsettes for vibrasjoner med en høy frekvens, og selvlåsende når de utsettes for vibrasjoner med en lavere frekvens, og at par-tikkelstørrelsen er maksimalt 5, fortrinnsvis mellom 0,5 og 2 mm.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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SE8701313A SE462638B (sv) | 1987-03-30 | 1987-03-30 | Anordning foer fixering av en laangstraeckt protesdel |
PCT/SE1988/000157 WO1988007355A1 (en) | 1987-03-30 | 1988-03-30 | Method and means for fixing a joint prosthesis |
Publications (4)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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NO885325D0 NO885325D0 (no) | 1988-11-29 |
NO885325L NO885325L (no) | 1988-11-29 |
NO169043B true NO169043B (no) | 1992-01-27 |
NO169043C NO169043C (no) | 1992-05-06 |
Family
ID=20368037
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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NO885325A NO169043C (no) | 1987-03-30 | 1988-11-29 | Middel for festing av leddproteser |
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US (1) | US5015256A (no) |
EP (2) | EP0501595B1 (no) |
JP (1) | JP2561337B2 (no) |
KR (1) | KR970007085B1 (no) |
CN (1) | CN1024751C (no) |
AT (2) | ATE84407T1 (no) |
AU (1) | AU611900B2 (no) |
BR (1) | BR8807441A (no) |
CA (1) | CA1327099C (no) |
DE (2) | DE3888214T2 (no) |
DK (1) | DK165727C (no) |
ES (1) | ES2006874A6 (no) |
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MX (1) | MX171297B (no) |
NO (1) | NO169043C (no) |
SE (1) | SE462638B (no) |
WO (1) | WO1988007355A1 (no) |
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-
1987
- 1987-03-30 SE SE8701313A patent/SE462638B/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1988
- 1988-03-29 ES ES8800963A patent/ES2006874A6/es not_active Expired
- 1988-03-30 BR BR888807441A patent/BR8807441A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-03-30 AU AU15712/88A patent/AU611900B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-03-30 KR KR1019880701595A patent/KR970007085B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-03-30 CN CN88102795A patent/CN1024751C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-03-30 EP EP92201551A patent/EP0501595B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-03-30 EP EP88903431A patent/EP0353241B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-03-30 DE DE3888214T patent/DE3888214T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-03-30 US US07/411,511 patent/US5015256A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-03-30 CA CA000562905A patent/CA1327099C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-03-30 JP JP63503109A patent/JP2561337B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-03-30 DE DE8888903431T patent/DE3877570T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-03-30 WO PCT/SE1988/000157 patent/WO1988007355A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1988-03-30 MX MX010956A patent/MX171297B/es unknown
- 1988-03-30 AT AT88903431T patent/ATE84407T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-20 DK DK585588A patent/DK165727C/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-11-29 NO NO885325A patent/NO169043C/no unknown
-
1989
- 1989-09-29 FI FI894623A patent/FI93168C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1992
- 1992-06-01 AT AT92201551T patent/ATE101998T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
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