NO136108B - - Google Patents
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- NO136108B NO136108B NO125/71A NO12571A NO136108B NO 136108 B NO136108 B NO 136108B NO 125/71 A NO125/71 A NO 125/71A NO 12571 A NO12571 A NO 12571A NO 136108 B NO136108 B NO 136108B
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- Norway
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000370 acceptor Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims 1
- -1 -phthalein- Chemical compound 0.000 description 22
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 17
- 231100000489 sensitizer Toxicity 0.000 description 16
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 14
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 13
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 7
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 6
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- LHMRXAIRPKSGDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione Chemical compound C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C2=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C2=O LHMRXAIRPKSGDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- UGNWTBMOAKPKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(=O)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C1=O UGNWTBMOAKPKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WGCTUYBZZQAHFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2,3,4,5,6,7-hexabromonaphthalene-1-carbonyl) 2,3,4,5,6,7-hexabromonaphthalene-1-carboxylate Chemical compound BrC1=C(Br)C=C2C(C(=O)OC(=O)C3=C4C=C(C(=C(Br)C4=C(Br)C(Br)=C3Br)Br)Br)=C(Br)C(Br)=C(Br)C2=C1Br WGCTUYBZZQAHFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XJKSTNDFUHDPQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-diphenylbenzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=C1 XJKSTNDFUHDPQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IANQTJSKSUMEQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzofuran Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=CC2=C1 IANQTJSKSUMEQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LWHDQPLUIFIFFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,5,6-tetrabromocyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione Chemical compound BrC1=C(Br)C(=O)C(Br)=C(Br)C1=O LWHDQPLUIFIFFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VHQGURIJMFPBKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,7-trinitrofluoren-9-one Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C2C3=CC=C([N+](=O)[O-])C=C3C(=O)C2=C1 VHQGURIJMFPBKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NJWGQARXZDRHCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylanthraquinone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(C)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 NJWGQARXZDRHCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GEKJEMDSKURVLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dibromofuran-2,5-dione Chemical compound BrC1=C(Br)C(=O)OC1=O GEKJEMDSKURVLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WZELXJBMMZFDDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Imidazol-2-one Chemical class O=C1N=CC=N1 WZELXJBMMZFDDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- WDECIBYCCFPHNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chrysene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C=CC3=C21 WDECIBYCCFPHNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- HVFSJXUIRWUHRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N oic acid Natural products C1CC2C3CC=C4CC(OC5C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O5)O)CC(O)C4(C)C3CCC2(C)C1C(C)C(O)CC(C)=C(C)C(=O)OC1OC(COC(C)=O)C(O)C(O)C1OC(C(C1O)O)OC(COC(C)=O)C1OC1OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C1O HVFSJXUIRWUHRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C43 BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AUHHYELHRWCWEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachlorophthalic anhydride Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1Cl AUHHYELHRWCWEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M thionine Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N)=CC=C3N=C21 ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KEQHJBNSCLWCAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N thymoquinone Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC(=O)C(C)=CC1=O KEQHJBNSCLWCAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- NCNYEGJDGNOYJX-NSCUHMNNSA-N (e)-2,3-dibromo-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(\Br)=C(/Br)C=O NCNYEGJDGNOYJX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LUMLZKVIXLWTCI-NSCUHMNNSA-N (e)-2,3-dichloro-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(\Cl)=C(/Cl)C=O LUMLZKVIXLWTCI-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DXBHBZVCASKNBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Benz(a)anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=CC2=C1 DXBHBZVCASKNBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OURODNXVJUWPMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diphenylanthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=C2C(C=CC=C2)=C2)C2=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 OURODNXVJUWPMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol Chemical class C1=CC=C2SC(S)=NC2=C1 YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YHMYGUUIMTVXNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydrobenzimidazole-2-thione Chemical class C1=CC=C2NC(S)=NC2=C1 YHMYGUUIMTVXNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WDCYWAQPCXBPJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dinitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1 WDCYWAQPCXBPJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WYEYGPJVIZYKNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-diphenylimidazolidine Chemical compound C1CN(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CN1C1=CC=CC=C1 WYEYGPJVIZYKNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CIHMPXJICUOBOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,5-diethoxynaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(OCC)=CC=CC2=C1OCC CIHMPXJICUOBOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMFBXBSNLQNQKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-2-methylanthracene-9,10-dione Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=C(Cl)C(C)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 NMFBXBSNLQNQKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FLEURRNKVDUGOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-4-nitroanthracene-9,10-dione Chemical compound O=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C(Cl)=CC=C2[N+](=O)[O-] FLEURRNKVDUGOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10H-phenothiazine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBNAYEYTRHHEOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,5-triphenyl-1,3-dihydropyrazole Chemical compound N1N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 FBNAYEYTRHHEOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SVPKNMBRVBMTLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dichloronaphthalene-1,4-dione Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(=O)C2=C1 SVPKNMBRVBMTLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOERSAVCLPYNIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluoren-9-one Chemical compound O=C1C2=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C2C2=C1C=C([N+](=O)[O-])C=C2[N+]([O-])=O JOERSAVCLPYNIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DMIYKWPEFRFTPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1C=O DMIYKWPEFRFTPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-METHOXYETHANOL Chemical compound COCCO XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IOOMXAQUNPWDLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[6-(diethylamino)-3-(diethyliminiumyl)-3h-xanthen-9-yl]-5-sulfobenzene-1-sulfonate Chemical compound C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1S([O-])(=O)=O IOOMXAQUNPWDLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FLFWJIBUZQARMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-mercapto-1,3-benzoxazole Chemical class C1=CC=C2OC(S)=NC2=C1 FLFWJIBUZQARMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VTWDKFNVVLAELH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione Chemical compound CC1=CC(=O)C=CC1=O VTWDKFNVVLAELH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BOJXVYVIGCXZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitrobenzenesulfinic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O BOJXVYVIGCXZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGIJRRREJXSQJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-thiazine Chemical compound N1SC=CC=C1 AGIJRRREJXSQJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRBJSXQPQWSCCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine Chemical compound C1=C(N)C(OC)=CC(C=2C=C(OC)C(N)=CC=2)=C1 JRBJSXQPQWSCCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KKAJSJJFBSOMGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=C(N)C=C2[N+](C)=C(C=C(N)C=C3)C3=CC2=C1 KKAJSJJFBSOMGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBTBFTRPCNLSDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3N=C21 RBTBFTRPCNLSDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IICCLYANAQEHCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-3',6'-dihydroxy-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodospiro[2-benzofuran-3,9'-xanthene]-1-one Chemical compound O1C(=O)C(C(=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2Cl)Cl)=C2C21C1=CC(I)=C(O)C(I)=C1OC1=C(I)C(O)=C(I)C=C21 IICCLYANAQEHCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KTEQHOVTBRZQPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC=C1C1=NNC=N1 KTEQHOVTBRZQPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BWOOIBPZYFTVQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1-[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-n,n-diethylaniline Chemical compound C1=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C1C1=NN(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(CC)CC)C=N1 BWOOIBPZYFTVQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MJZXFMSIHMJQBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[5-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC=C1C1=NN=C(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)O1 MJZXFMSIHMJQBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSERKSXTDXIFBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(C=CC(=O)O)(=O)O.C(I)(I)I Chemical compound C(C=CC(=O)O)(=O)O.C(I)(I)I HSERKSXTDXIFBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OHMWFUNBJIEMFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1=CC=CC=2C=C3C=C4C(C=CC=C4C=C3C(C12)=O)=O.C1(C(C=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C=C3C=C12)=O)=O Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=2C=C3C=C4C(C=CC=C4C=C3C(C12)=O)=O.C1(C(C=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C=C3C=C12)=O)=O OHMWFUNBJIEMFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004801 Chlorinated PVC Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010034972 Photosensitivity reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phthalic anhydride Natural products C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002845 Poly(methacrylic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical class C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trichloroethylene Chemical group ClC=C(Cl)Cl XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UATJOMSPNYCXIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trinitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1 UATJOMSPNYCXIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JSQFXMIMWAKJQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(ethylamino)xanthen-3-ylidene]-diethylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(NCC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O JSQFXMIMWAKJQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical class [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000004018 acid anhydride group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000999 acridine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- DPKHZNPWBDQZCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N acridine orange free base Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC2=NC3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3C=C21 DPKHZNPWBDQZCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NJOHXHAOUDESDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzhydrylbenzene;9h-xanthene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NJOHXHAOUDESDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- AXMCIYLNKNGNOT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;3-[[4-[(4-dimethylazaniumylidenecyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)-[4-[ethyl-[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]amino]phenyl]methyl]-n-ethylanilino]methyl]benzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].C=1C=C(C(=C2C=CC(C=C2)=[N+](C)C)C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(CC)CC=2C=C(C=CC=2)S([O-])(=O)=O)C=CC=1N(CC)CC1=CC=CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)=C1 AXMCIYLNKNGNOT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/348—Structures composed of units comprising at least considerable parts of two sides of a room, e.g. box-like or cell-like units closed or in skeleton form
- E04B1/34807—Elements integrated in a skeleton
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/348—Structures composed of units comprising at least considerable parts of two sides of a room, e.g. box-like or cell-like units closed or in skeleton form
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/348—Structures composed of units comprising at least considerable parts of two sides of a room, e.g. box-like or cell-like units closed or in skeleton form
- E04B2001/34892—Means allowing access to the units, e.g. stairs or cantilevered gangways
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Conveying And Assembling Of Building Elements In Situ (AREA)
- Duct Arrangements (AREA)
- Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
- Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)
Description
Fremgangsmåte til sensibilisering av fotolederlag. Method for sensitizing photoconductor layers.
Elektrofotografisk material består Electrophotographic material consists
vanligvis av en bærer hvorpå det befin-ner seg et lag av et fotolederstoff. Dette lag utstyres i mørke med en elektrostatisk ladning. Deretter belyses materialet en-ten gjennom et forbilde eller på episko-pisk måte, idet det dannes et elektrostatisk bilde som tilsvarer forbildet. Man usually of a carrier on which there is a layer of a photoconductive material. This layer is equipped in the dark with an electrostatic charge. The material is then illuminated either through a model or episcopically, creating an electrostatic image that corresponds to the model. Mon
fremkaller dette bilde ved at man bringer det i berøring med et harpikspulver for kortere tid hvorved et synlig bilde oppstår som ved oppvarmning eller ved innvirk-ning av oppløsningsmidler fikseres. På denne måte fås en utstrykningsfast kopi av forbildet på elektrofotografisk måte. develops this image by bringing it into contact with a resin powder for a short time, whereby a visible image is created which is fixed by heating or by the action of solvents. In this way, a smear-resistant copy of the prototype is obtained in an electrophotographic manner.
Man har allerede ved denne elektrofotografiske fremgangsmåte, forsøkt å øke fotolederlagets ømfindtlighet ved at man til fotolederne setter organiske fargestoffer eks.vis. trifenylmetan-xanten, -ftalein-, tiazin, -acridin-fargestoffer og andre. With this electrophotographic method, attempts have already been made to increase the sensitivity of the photoconductor layer by adding organic dyes to the photoconductors, e.g. triphenylmethane-xanthene, -phthalein-, thiazine, -acridine dyes and others.
De organiske fortolederes absorbsjons-maksima ligger for det meste i spekterets ultrafiolette område. Ved tilsetning av disse fargesensibilisatorer oppnår man at fotolederne også blir ømfindtlige for det synlige lys. Fargesensibilisåtor bevirker hovedsakelig en forskyvning av den tilste-deværende ømfindtlighet fra lysets ultrafiolette område til området for det synlige lys. Med økende tilsetning av fargesensibilisåtor øker lysømfindtligheten for synlig lys først sterkt, men ytterligere tilsetning bringer en ømfindtlighetsøkning som er meget mindre enn man kunne vente, og endelig bevirker en ytterligere tilsetning ingen merkbar økning av ømfindtligheten mer. Fargesensibilisatorene har den ulempe at de sterkt innfarger lagene. Man kan sjelden utnytte i praksis den maksimalt oppnåelige ømfindtlighetsøkning som fåes med dem da fotolederlagene da er intenst farget på uønsket måte. Man tilstreber imidlertid å oppnå fargeløse eller praktisk talt fargeløse fotolag da det fargede material bare kan finne anvendelse i spesiell tilfelle. Når man tilsetter fargesensibilisatorene bare i den grad at lagets farge ikke forstyrrer i praksis så tilsvarer den sensibiliserende virkning ofte ikke de praktiske krav. Videre har fargesensibilisatorene den ulempe at de relativt fort blekner således at deres sensibiliserende virkning avtar ved lagring av det elektrofotografiske material. The absorption maxima of the organic preconductors lie mostly in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. By adding these color sensitisers, it is achieved that the photoconductors also become sensitive to visible light. Color sensitizer mainly causes a shift of the existing sensitivity from the ultraviolet range of light to the range of visible light. With increasing addition of color sensitizer, the photosensitivity to visible light first increases greatly, but further addition brings a sensitivity increase that is much less than one would expect, and finally a further addition causes no further noticeable increase in sensitivity. The color sensitizers have the disadvantage that they strongly color the layers. In practice, the maximum attainable increase in sensitivity that can be achieved with them can rarely be used, as the photoconductor layers are intensely colored in an undesirable way. However, one strives to achieve colorless or practically colorless photographic layers, as the colored material can only find application in special cases. When the color sensitizers are added only to the extent that the color of the layer does not interfere in practice, the sensitizing effect often does not correspond to the practical requirements. Furthermore, the color sensitizers have the disadvantage that they fade relatively quickly so that their sensitizing effect diminishes when the electrophotographic material is stored.
Det er. nå funnet en fremgangsmåte til sensibilisering av fotolederlag som er karakterisert ved at man til fotolederlagene setter organiske stoffer som har polariserende rester og som kan tjene som elektron-akseptorer i et molekylkompleks, har en lav molekylvekt, er fargeløse eller svakt fargede og hvis smeltepunkt ligger over værelsestemperatur. It is. now found a method for sensitizing photoconductor layers which is characterized by adding to the photoconductor layers organic substances which have polarizing residues and which can serve as electron acceptors in a molecular complex, have a low molecular weight, are colorless or slightly colored and whose melting point lies above room temperature.
Som fotolederlag ifølge foreliggende fremgangsmåte kommer det i betraktning hovedsakelig organiske stoffer som kan tjene som elektron-donatorer i molekyl - komplekser av donor-akseptor-typen (såkalte «jt-kompleks») og som minst har en aromatisk eller hetrocyklisk ring som kan være substituert. Slike fotoledere er aromatiske hydrokarboner som naftalin, antracen, benzantren, krysen, p-difenyl-benzol, difenylantracen, p-terfenyl, p-kva-terfenyl, seksifenyl, videre heterocykler som N-alkylkarbazol, tiodifenylamin, oks-diazoler eks.vis 2,5 bis (p-aminofenyl)-1,3,4-oksdiazol og dets N-alkyl- og N-acylderiva-ter, triazoler som 2,5 bis (p-aminofenyl-1,3, 4-triazol) og dets N-alkyl- og N-acylderiva-ter, videre imidazoloner og imidazoltioner, eks.vis l,3,4,5-tetrafenyl-imidazolon-2 og l,3,4,5-tetrafenyl-imidazoltion-2, N-aryl-pyrazoliner, eks.vis 1,3,5-trifenyl-pyrazolin, hydrerte imidazoler som 1,3-difenyl-tetra-hydroimidazol og oksazolderivater som 2,5-difenyl-oksazol-2-p-dimetylamino-4,5-di-fenyloksazol, tiazolderivater, som 2-p-di-alkylaminofenyl-metyl-benztiazol. As a photoconductor layer according to the present method, mainly organic substances that can serve as electron donors in molecule - complexes of the donor-acceptor type (so-called "jt-complex") and which have at least one aromatic or heterocyclic ring that can be substituted come into consideration . Such photoconductors are aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene, anthracene, benzanthrene, chrysene, p-diphenyl-benzene, diphenylanthracene, p-terphenyl, p-quaterphenyl, sexiphenyl, further heterocycles such as N-alkylcarbazole, thiodiphenylamine, ox-diazoles e.g. 2 ,5 bis (p-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxdiazole and its N-alkyl and N-acyl derivatives, triazoles such as 2,5 bis (p-aminophenyl-1,3,4-triazole) and its N-alkyl and N-acyl derivatives, further imidazolones and imidazolones, e.g. 1,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-imidazolone-2 and 1,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-imidazolone-2, N-aryl -pyrazolines, e.g. 1,3,5-triphenyl-pyrazoline, hydrogenated imidazoles such as 1,3-diphenyl-tetrahydroimidazole and oxazole derivatives such as 2,5-diphenyl-oxazole-2-p-dimethylamino-4,5-di -phenyloxazole, thiazole derivatives, such as 2-p-di-alkylaminophenyl-methyl-benzthiazole.
Videre beskrevet i følgende patenter: Oksazoler og imidazoler belgisk patent nr. 581 862, acylhydrazoner belgisk patent nr. 585 419, 2,2,4-triaziner fransk patent nr. 1 244 705, metallforbindelser av merkapto-benztiazoler, merkapto-benzok-sazoler og merkapto-benzimidazoler fransk patent nr. 1 254 349, imidazoler belgisk patent nr. 589 417, trifenylaminer fransk patent nr. 1 253 676, furan, tiofen og pyrrol fransk patent nr. 1 253 608, aminoforbin-delser med flerkjernet heterocyklisk og flerkjernet ringsystem fransk patent nr. 1 253 744, azometiner tysk patent nr. 1 060 712. Further described in the following patents: Oxazoles and imidazoles Belgian Patent No. 581 862, acylhydrazones Belgian Patent No. 585 419, 2,2,4-triazines French Patent No. 1 244 705, metal compounds of mercapto-benzthiazoles, mercapto-benzoxazoles and mercapto-benzimidazoles French Patent No. 1,254,349, imidazoles Belgian Patent No. 589,417, triphenylamines French Patent No. 1,253,676, furan, thiophene and pyrrole French Patent No. 1,253,608, polynuclear heterocyclic and polynuclear amino compounds ring system French Patent No. 1,253,744, azomethines German Patent No. 1,060,712.
Med molekyl-komplekser skal det forstås slike som er beskrevet i H. A. Staab «Einfiihrung in die theoretische organische Chemie» Verlag Chemie, 1959, side 694—707 og i L. I. Andrews, Chemical Review, Band 54, 1954 side 713—777. Særlig forstås her-med donor-akseptor-komplekser («ji-komplekser» og « charge transfer» komplekser som dannes av en elektronakseptor og en elektron-donor, i det i foreliggende tilfelle fotolederne er elektron-donorer, og idet — i motsetning til fargesensibilisatorene — de stoffer, som i det følgende be-tegnes som aktivatorer, er elektron-akseptorer. Elektron-donorene har en lav ioni-seringsenergi og har tendens til å avgi elektroner. De er baser ifølge syre-base-defmisjonen av G. N. Lewis (H. A. Staab i den ovennevnte bok side 600). De elektron-donorer som i foreliggende tilfelle hovedsakelig er aktuelle, er de ytterligere ovenfor beskrevne fotoledere. Fotolederne ut-gjør aromatiske resp. heterocykliske sy-stemer som inneholder flere kondenserte ringer resp. enkeltringer som har substituenter som gjør den videre elektrofile sub-stitusjon av den aromatiske ring lettere, såkalte elektronavstøtende substituenter som det er angitt av L. F. og M. Fieser «Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie» Verlag Chemie, 1954, side 651, tabell I. Slike er særlig mettede grupper, eks.vis alkyl-grupper som metyl, etyl, propyl, alkoksy, som metoksy, etoksy, propoksy, karbal-koksy, som karbmetoksy, karbetoksy, karb-propoksy, hydroksylgrupper, aminogrup-per, dialkylaminogrupper som dimetylami-no, dietylamino, dipropylamino. Molecular complexes are to be understood as those described in H. A. Staab "Einfiihrung in die theoretische organische Chemie" Verlag Chemie, 1959, pages 694-707 and in L. I. Andrews, Chemical Review, Band 54, 1954 pages 713-777. Here, in particular, donor-acceptor complexes ('ji-complexes' and 'charge transfer') are understood to mean complexes which are formed by an electron acceptor and an electron donor, in the present case the photoconductors are electron donors, and since — in contrast to the color sensitizers — the substances, hereafter referred to as activators, are electron acceptors. The electron donors have a low ionization energy and tend to give up electrons. They are bases according to the acid-base definition of G. N. Lewis ( H. A. Staab in the above-mentioned book page 600). The electron donors that are mainly relevant in the present case are the additional photoconductors described above. The photoconductors comprise aromatic or heterocyclic systems that contain several condensed rings or single rings that have substituents that make the further electrophilic substitution of the aromatic ring easier, so-called electron-withdrawing substituents as indicated by L. F. and M. Fieser "Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie" Ver lag Chemie, 1954, page 651, table I. Such are particularly saturated groups, e.g. alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, alkoxy, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, carbal-oxy, such as carbmethoxy, carbethoxy, carb- propoxy, hydroxyl groups, amino groups, dialkylamino groups such as dimethylamino, diethylamino, dipropylamino.
Aktivatorene ifølge oppfinnelsen som er elektronakseptorer, er forbindelser med en høy elektron-affinitet og har tendens til opptak av elektroner. De er syrer ifølge definisjon av Lewis. Slike egenskaper har stoffer som bærer sterkt polariserende rester, resp. grupperinger som cyangrupper, nitrogrupper, halogen som fluor, klor, brom, jod, ketongrupper, estergrupper, sy-reanhydridgrupper, syregrupper som kar-boksylgrupper eller chinongrupperingen. Slike sterkt polariserende elektrontiltrek-kende grupper er beskrevet av L. F. og M. Fieser «Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie» forlag Chemie, 1954, side 651, tabell I. Herved foretrekkes slike stoffer hvis smeltepunkt ligger over værelsestemperatur, altså fastere stoffer fordi disse til fotolederlagene på grunn av deres lille damp-trykk gir en særlig lang lagringsevne. Rik-tignok kan det også anvendes stoffer som er svakt farget, som kinoner, imidlertid foretrekkes slike stoffer som er ufarget eller bare svakt farget. Deres absorbsjons-maksimum skal foretrukket ligge i det ultrafiolette område av lyset, dvs. under 4500 Å. Dessuten skal aktivatorstoffene ifølge oppfinnelsens fremgangsmåte være lavmo-lekylære, dvs. utpregede høymolekylære harpiksliknende stoffer som ikke medom-fattes. Molekylvekten skal altså ligge mellom ca. 50 og 5000, foretrukket mellom ca. 100 og ca. 1000 da det med de lavmoleky-lære aktivatorer kan fåes reproduserbare resultater med hensyn til ømfindtlighet. Dessuten forblir ømfindligheten også kon-stant over lengre tidsrom da de lavmole-kylære stoffer i motsetning til de høymole-kylære, praktisk talt heller ikke forandrer seg ved lagring. Slike stoffer er eks.vis. The activators according to the invention, which are electron acceptors, are compounds with a high electron affinity and tend to absorb electrons. They are acids according to the Lewis definition. Such properties have substances that carry strongly polarizing residues, resp. groupings such as cyano groups, nitro groups, halogen such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, ketone groups, ester groups, acid anhydride groups, acid groups such as carboxyl groups or the quinone grouping. Such strongly polarizing electron-attracting groups are described by L. F. and M. Fieser "Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie" forlag Chemie, 1954, page 651, table I. Hereby such substances whose melting point is above room temperature are preferred, i.e. solid substances because these to the photoconductor layers on due to their low vapor pressure gives a particularly long shelf life. It is quite possible to also use substances that are weakly coloured, such as quinones, however such substances are preferred which are uncoloured or only weakly coloured. Their absorption maximum should preferably lie in the ultraviolet range of the light, i.e. below 4500 Å. Moreover, the activator substances according to the method of the invention should be low-molecular, i.e. pronounced high-molecular resin-like substances which are not included. The molecular weight must therefore be between approx. 50 and 5000, preferably between approx. 100 and approx. 1000 as reproducible results can be obtained with regard to sensitivity with the low-molecular-weight activators. Moreover, the sensitivity also remains constant over a longer period of time as the low-molecular substances, in contrast to the high-molecular substances, practically do not change during storage either. Such substances are e.g.
2-brom-5-nitro-benzosyre 2 - brombenzosyre 2- klor-toluol-4-sulfosyre klormaleinsyreanhydrid 9-kloracridin 3- klor-6-nitro-l-anilin 5— klornitrobenzol-5-sulfoklorid 4- klor-3-nitro-l-benzosyre 4-klor-2-oksy-benzosyre 4-klor-l-fenol-3-sulfosyre 2-klor-3-nitro-l-toluol- -5-sulfosyre 4-klor-3-nitro-benzolfosfonsyre dibromravsyre 2,4-diklorbenzosyre dibrommaleinsyreanhydrid 9,10-dibromantracen 1,5 -diklornaf talin 1,8-diklornaftalin 2,4-dinitro-1 -klornaf talin 3,4-diklor-nitrobenzol 2.4- diklor-benzisatin 2,6-diklor-benzaldehyd heksabromnaftylsyreanhydrid ftalsyreanhydrid benz-l-cyan-benzantron cyaneddiksyre 2- cyankanelsyre 1.5- dicyannaf talin 3,5-dinitrobenzoesyre 3.5- dinitrosalisylsyre 2,4-dinitro-1 -benzosyre 2,4-dinitro-l-toluol-6-sulfosyre 2.6- dinitro-l-fenol-4-sulfosyre 1,3-dinitro-benzol 4,4'-dinitro-befenyl 3- nitro-4-metoksy-benzosyre 4- nitro-l-metyl-benzosyre 6- nitro-4-metyl-1 -f enol- 2-sulf osyre 2- nitrobenzolsulfinsyre 3- nitro-2-oksy-l-benzosyre 2- nitro-l-fenol-4-sulf osyre 4- nitro-l-fenol-2-sulf osyre 3- nitro-N-butyl-karbazol 4- nitrobifenyl tetranitrofluorenon 2,4,6-trinitro-anisol antrakinon antrakinon-2-karbonsyre antrakinon-2-aldehyd antrakinon-2-sulfosyreanhydrid antrakinon-2,7-disulf osyre antrakinon-2,7-disulfo-syre-bis-anilid antrakinon-2-sulf osyre dimetylamid acenaftenkinon antrakinon-2-sulfosyre metylamid acenaftenkinondiklorid benzokinon-1,4 1,2-benzantrakinon bromanil 1 -klor-4-nitro-antrakinon kloranil 1-klor-antrakinon krysenkinon tymokinon 2-bromo-5-nitro-benzoic acid 2 - bromobenzoic acid 2- chloro-toluene-4-sulfonic acid chloromaleic anhydride 9-chloroacridine 3- chloro-6-nitro-l-aniline 5- chloronitrobenzene-5-sulfochloride 4- chloro-3-nitro -l-benzoic acid 4-chloro-2-oxy-benzoic acid 4-chloro-1-phenol-3-sulfonic acid 2-chloro-3-nitro-l-toluene- -5-sulfonic acid 4-chloro-3-nitro-benzenephosphonic acid dibromosuccinic acid 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid dibromomaleic anhydride 9,10-dibromoanthracene 1,5-dichloronaphthalene 1,8-dichloronaphthalene 2,4-dinitro-1-chloronaphthalene 3,4-dichloro-nitrobenzene 2.4- dichloro-benzisatin 2,6-dichloro- benzaldehyde hexabromonaphthyl anhydride phthalic anhydride benz-l-cyano-benzanthrone cyanoacetic acid 2- cyanocinnamic acid 1.5- dicyanonaphthalene 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid 3.5- dinitrosalicylic acid 2,4-dinitro-1-benzoic acid 2,4-dinitro-l-toluene-6-sulfonic acid 2.6- dinitro-l-phenol-4-sulfonic acid 1,3-dinitro-benzene 4,4'-dinitro-bephenyl 3- nitro-4-methoxy-benzoic acid 4- nitro-1-methyl-benzoic acid 6- nitro-4-methyl- 1 -phenol-2-sulfonic acid 2-nitrobenzenesulfinic acid 3-nitro-2-oxy-l-benzoic acid 2-nitro-l-phenol-4-sul ph oic acid 4- nitro-l-phenol-2-sulf oic acid 3- nitro-N-butyl-carbazole 4- nitrobiphenyl tetranitrofluorenone 2,4,6-trinitro-anisole anthraquinone anthraquinone-2-carbonic acid anthraquinone-2-aldehyde anthraquinone-2 -sulfonic anhydride anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid-bis-anilide anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid dimethylamide acenaphthenquinone anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid methylamide acenaphthenquinone dichloride benzoquinone-1,4 1,2-benzanthraquinone bromanil 1 -chloro-4-nitro-anthraquinone chloranil 1-chloro-anthraquinone chrysenequinone thymoquinone
0- klornitrobenzol kloracetofenon 2-klorkanelsyre 2-klor-4-nitro-l-benzosyre 2- klor-5-nitro-l-benzosyre 3- klor-6-nitro-l-benzosyre mukoklorsyre mukobromsyre styroldibromid tetrabromxylol p-triklormelkesyrenitril Trifenylklormetan tetraklorftalsyre tetrabromftalsyre tetrajodftalsyre tetraklorf talsyre -anhydrid tetrabromftalsyreanhydrid tetraj odf talsyreanhydrid tetraklorf talsyre-monoetylester tetrabromftalsyre-monoetylester tetraj odf talsyre-monoetylester jodoform fumarsyredinitril tetracyanetylen s-tricyan-benzol 2,4-dinitro-l-klornaf talin 1.4- dinitro--naf talin 1.5- dinitro-naftalin 1,8-dinitro-naf talin 2- nitrobenzosyre 3 -nitrobenzosyre 0-chloronitrobenzene chloroacetophenone 2-chlorocinnamic acid 2-chloro-4-nitro-l-benzoic acid 2-chloro-5-nitro-l-benzoic acid 3-chloro-6-nitro-l-benzoic acid mucochloric acid mucobromic acid styrene dibromide tetrabromoxylol p-trichlorolactic acid nitrile Triphenylchloromethane tetrachlorophthalic acid tetrabromophthalic acid tetraiodophthalic acid tetrachlorophthalic anhydride tetrabromophthalic anhydride tetrabromophthalic anhydride tetrachlorophthalic acid monoethyl ester tetrabromophthalic acid monoethyl ester tetrabromophthalic acid monoethyl ester iodoform fumaric acid dinitrile tetracyanethylene s-tricyano-benzene 2,4-dinitro-l-chloronaphthalene 1.4- dinitro- -naphthalene 1.5- dinitro- naphthalene 1,8-dinitro-naphthalene 2-nitrobenzoic acid 3-nitrobenzoic acid
4- nitrobenzosyre 3- nitro-4-etoksy-benzosyre 3- nitro-2-kresol-5-sulf osyre 5- nitrobarbitursyre 4- nitro-acenaften 4-nitro-benzaldehyd 4-nitro-fenol pikrinsyre pikrylklorid 2,4,7-trinitro-fluorenon s-trinitro-benzol 1- -klor-2-metyl-antrakinon durokinon 2.6- diklor-kinon 1,5-difenoksy-antrakinon 2.7- dinitro-antrakinon 1,5-diklor-antrakinon 1.4- -dimetyl-antrakinon 2.5- diklor-benzokinon 2,3 -diklor-naf tokinon-1,4 1,5-diklor-antrakinon 1 -metyl-4-klor-antrakinon 4- nitrobenzoic acid 3- nitro-4-ethoxy-benzoic acid 3- nitro-2-cresol-5-sulfonic acid 5- nitrobarbituric acid 4- nitro-acenaphthene 4-nitro-benzaldehyde 4-nitro-phenol picric acid picryl chloride 2,4,7- trinitro-fluorenone s-trinitro-benzene 1- -chloro-2-methyl-anthraquinone duroquinone 2.6- dichloro-quinone 1,5-diphenoxy-anthraquinone 2.7- dinitro-anthraquinone 1,5-dichloro-anthraquinone 1.4- -dimethyl-anthraquinone 2.5 - dichloro-benzoquinone 2,3 -dichloro-naphthoquinone-1,4 1,5-dichloro-anthraquinone 1 -methyl-4-chloro-anthraquinone
2- metylantrakinon naf tokinon-1,2 naftakinon-1,4 pentacenkinon tetracen-7,12-kinon 1,4-tolukinon 2,5,7,10-tetraklor-pyrenkinon 2- methylanthraquinone naphthoquinone-1,2 naphthaquinone-1,4 pentacenequinone tetracene-7,12-quinone 1,4-toluquinone 2,5,7,10-tetrachloro-pyrenequinone
Aktivatormengden som man hensiktsmessig setter til fotolederne er lett å fast-slå ved hjelp av enkle forsøk. Den varierer alt etter det anvendte stoff og utgjør vanligvis ca. 0,1 — ca. 100 mol, fortrinsvis ca. 1—50 mol, beregnet på 1000 mol fotolederstoff. Det kan også anvendes blandinger av flere aktivatorstoffer. Videre kan det også foruten disse stoffer dessuten tilsettes sensibilisatorfargestoffer. The amount of activator that is appropriately added to the photoconductors is easy to determine with the help of simple experiments. It varies depending on the material used and usually amounts to approx. 0.1 — approx. 100 mol, preferably approx. 1-50 mol, calculated for 1000 mol of photoconductor material. Mixtures of several activator substances can also be used. Furthermore, in addition to these substances, sensitizer dyes can also be added.
Man kan ved hjelp av fremgangsmå-ten ifølge oppfinnelsen fremstille fotolederlag som har en høy lysømfindtlighet, særlig i det ultrafiolette område og som praktisk talt er fargeløse. Det består dessuten den mulighet ved deres hjelp å ak-tivere fotolederlagene sterkt i ultrafiolett område og deretter ved hjelp av en liten tilsetning av fargesensibilisatorer også å få en høy ømfindtlighet i synlig lys uten at det må tilsettes så meget fargesensibilisator at laget er sterkt farget. Videre er med aktivatorene mulig for fotoledere, hvis utgangsømfindtlighet er meget liten, som naftalin, således å øke deres ømfindtlighet at man kan oppnå brukbare bilder ved elektrofotografiens fremgangsmåter. By means of the method according to the invention, photoconductor layers can be produced which have a high sensitivity to light, particularly in the ultraviolet range and which are practically colourless. There is also the possibility with their help to activate the photoconductor layers strongly in the ultraviolet range and then with the help of a small addition of color sensitizers also to obtain a high sensitivity in visible light without having to add so much color sensitizer that the layer is strongly colored. Furthermore, with the activators it is possible for photoconductors, whose output sensitivity is very small, such as naphthalene, to increase their sensitivity in such a way that usable images can be obtained by the methods of electrophotography.
Lagene forabeides forøvrig etter de kjente fremgangsmåter for elektrofoto-grafi, dvs. man anvender fotolederstoffene som tynne, sammenhengende jevne lag på et bærematerial. Herunder er det som bærere aktuelt særlig folier av metaller som aluminium, sink, kopper, celluloseproduk-ter som papir, cellulosehydrat og kunst-stoffer som f. eks. polyvinylalkohol, polyamider og polyuretaner, andre kunststof-fer som f. eks. celluloseacetat og cellulose-butyrat, særlig i en delvis forsåpet form, polyestere, polykarbonater og polyolefiner når de er dekket med elektroledende lag eller når de er omdannet i materialer som har en spesifikk ledningsevne på minst 10-i2Ohm-i . cm—i. f. eks. ved hjelp av kjemisk behandling eller ved hjelp av inn-føring av materialer som gjør dem elektroledende. Glassplater kan likeledes be-nyttes. The layers are otherwise processed according to the known methods for electrophotography, i.e. the photoconductive substances are used as thin, continuous even layers on a carrier material. Among these, foils of metals such as aluminium, zinc, copper, cellulose products such as paper, cellulose hydrate and plastics such as e.g. polyvinyl alcohol, polyamides and polyurethanes, other plastics such as e.g. cellulose acetate and cellulose butyrate, especially in a partially saponified form, polyesters, polycarbonates and polyolefins when covered with electroconductive layers or when converted into materials having a specific conductivity of at least 10-i2Ohm-i . cm—in. e.g. by means of chemical treatment or by means of the introduction of materials that make them electroconductive. Glass plates can also be used.
Anvender man papir som bærematerial, så lønner det seg å forbehandle disse mot inntrengning av belegningsoppløsninger, f. eks. idet man behandler det med en opp-løsning av metylcellulose eller polyvinylalkohol i vann eller i oppløsningen av et blandingspolymerisat av akrylsyremetyl-ester og akrylnitril under anvendelse av en blanding av aceton og metyletylketon som oppløsningsmiddel eller med oppløs-ninger av polyamider i vandige alkoholer eller med dispersjoner av slike stoffer If paper is used as a carrier material, it pays to pre-treat these against penetration of coating solutions, e.g. by treating it with a solution of methyl cellulose or polyvinyl alcohol in water or in the solution of a mixed polymer of acrylic acid methyl ester and acrylonitrile using a mixture of acetone and methyl ethyl ketone as solvent or with solutions of polyamides in aqueous alcohols or with dispersions of such substances
Til fremstilling av det elektrofotografiske material, oppløser man fordelaktig de fotoledende forbindelser i organiske opp-løsningsmidler som benzol, aceton, mety-lenklorid, etylenglykolmonometyleter eller andre organiske oppløsningsmidler eller i blandinger av slike oppløsningsmidler og tilsetter hensiktsmessig dessuten harpikser og aktivatorene og eventuelt fargesensibilisatorene. Med disse oppløsninger belegger man bærematerialet på vanlig måte ved hjelp av neddypning, påstryk-ning, påføring ved hjelp av valser eller ved hjelp av påsprøytning. Deretter oppvar-mer man materialet for å fjerne oppløs-ningsmidlet. For the production of the electrophotographic material, the photoconductive compounds are advantageously dissolved in organic solvents such as benzene, acetone, methylene chloride, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or other organic solvents or in mixtures of such solvents, and resins and the activators and possibly the color sensitizers are also suitably added. With these solutions, the carrier material is coated in the usual way by means of immersion, application, application by means of rollers or by means of spraying. The material is then heated to remove the solvent.
Man kan også på bærematerialet på-føre flere av de ytterligere ovenfor beskrevne fotolederstoffer eller også slike i blanding med andre fotolederstoffer. Videre kan det være fordelaktig å påføre fotolederstoffene i blanding med ett eller flere bindemidler, eks.vis harpikser på bærematerialet. Som slike harpikser som set-tes til fotolederlagene er det aktuelt med kunstige harpikser som cumaronharpikser, indenharpikser, modifiserte naturstoffer som celluloseeter, polymerisater, som vi-nylpolymerisater, eks.vis polyvinylklorid, polyvinylidenklorid, polyvinylacetat, poly-vinylacetaler, polyvinyleter, polyacryl- og polymetacrylsyreester, polyisobutylen og klorert kautsjuk. One can also apply to the carrier material several of the additional photoconductive substances described above or also such in a mixture with other photoconductive substances. Furthermore, it can be advantageous to apply the photoconductor substances in a mixture with one or more binders, eg resins, to the carrier material. As such resins that are added to the photoconductor layers, it is appropriate to use artificial resins such as coumarone resins, indene resins, modified natural substances such as cellulose ether, polymers, such as vinyl polymers, e.g. polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetals, polyvinyl ether, polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acid ester, polyisobutylene and chlorinated rubber.
Anvender man de fotoledende forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen i blanding med de ovenfor beskrevne harpikser så kan mengdeforholdene mellom harpiks og fotolederstoff variere innen vide grenser. Det er å foretrekke blandinger av to deler harpiks og 1 del fotolederstoff inntil blandinger som inneholder 2 deler fotolederstoff og 1 del harpiks. Særlig gunstig er blandinger av begge stoffer i vektsforhold på ca. 1:1. If the photoconductive compounds according to the invention are used in admixture with the above-described resins, the quantity ratio between resin and photoconductive substance can vary within wide limits. Mixtures of two parts resin and 1 part photoconductive material are preferable to mixtures containing 2 parts photoconductive material and 1 part resin. Mixtures of both substances in a weight ratio of approx. 1:1.
For forskyvning av ømfindtligheten fra ultrafiolett område til synlig lys, kan man i tillegg til aktivatorene dessuten anvende fargesensibilisator. Herunder gir allerede meget små tilsetninger gode effek-ter, eks.vis mengder på mindre enn 0,001 pst. sensibilisator. Vanligvis setter man til fotolederlagene imidlertid 0,001—5 pst., fortrinsvis 0,01—1 pst. fargesensibilisator. Tilsetningen av større mengder er mulig, dermed oppnås imidlertid vanligvis ingen påtagelig økning av ømfindtligheten. To shift the sensitivity from the ultraviolet range to visible light, in addition to the activators, a color sensitizer can also be used. Here, even very small additions produce good effects, for example amounts of less than 0.001 percent sensitizer. Usually, however, 0.001-5 per cent, preferably 0.01-1 per cent, of color sensitizer is added to the photoconductor layers. The addition of larger amounts is possible, but usually no appreciable increase in sensitivity is achieved.
Som gode delvis meget gode brukbare fargesensibilisatorer skal i det følgende anføres noen eks.vis og de er tatt fra «Farbstofftabellen» av Schultz, 7. opplag 1931, bind I: Triarylmetanfargestoffer, som brilli-antgrønn (nr. 760, side 314), viktoriablå B (nr. 822, side 347), metylfiolett (nr. 783, side 327), krystallfiolett (nr. 785, side 329). syrefiolett 6B (nr. 831, side 351), xanten-fargestoffer, nemlig rodaminer som rodamin B (nr. 864, side 365), rodamin 6G (nr. 866, side 366), rodamin G ekstra (nr. 865, side 366), sulforodamin B (nr. 863, side 364) og ektsyreeosin G (nr. 870, side 368) såvel som ftaleiner som eosin S (nr. 883, side 375), eosin A (nr. 881, side 374), ery-trosin (nr. 886, side 376), floksin (nr. 890, side 378), rose bengal (nr. 889, side 378), og fluorescein (nr. 880, side 373), tiazin-fargestoffer, som metylenblå (nr. 1038, side 449), som akridinorange (nr. 908, side 387) og akridingul (nr. 901, side 383), og trypaflavin (nr. 906, side 386), kinolin-fargestoffer som pinacyanol (nr. 924, side 396) og kryptocyanin (nr. 927, side 397), cyaninfargestoffer f. eks. cyanin (nr. 921, side 394) og klorofyll. As good partly very good usable color sensitizers, a few examples will be given in the following and they are taken from the "Farbstofftabellen" by Schultz, 7th edition 1931, volume I: Triarylmethane dyes, such as brilliant green (no. 760, page 314), victoria blue B (No. 822, page 347), methyl violet (No. 783, page 327), crystal violet (No. 785, page 329). acid violet 6B (No. 831, page 351), xanthene dyes, namely rhodamines such as rhodamine B (No. 864, page 365), rhodamine 6G (No. 866, page 366), rhodamine G extra (No. 865, page 366 ), sulforhodamine B (No. 863, page 364) and ectsyreeosin G (No. 870, page 368) as well as phthaleins such as eosin S (No. 883, page 375), eosin A (No. 881, page 374), ery -trosine (No. 886, page 376), phloxine (No. 890, page 378), rose bengal (No. 889, page 378), and fluorescein (No. 880, page 373), thiazine dyes, such as methylene blue (No. 1038, page 449), such as acridine orange (No. 908, page 387 ) and acriding yellow (No. 901, page 383), and trypaflavin (No. 906, page 386), quinoline dyes such as pinacyanol (No. 924, page 396) and cryptocyanine (No. 927, page 397), cyanine dyes f. e.g. cyanine (No. 921, page 394) and chlorophyll.
For fremstilling av kopiene med elek-trokopieringsmaterial ifølge oppfinnelsen opplades fotolederlag eks.vis ved hjelp av en koronautladning som man tar fra en oppladningsinnretning som holdes på ca. 6000—7000 volt. Deretter belyses elektro-kopieringsmaterialet i kontakt med et forbilde eller ved hjelp av episkopiske eller diaskopisk projeksjon av et forbilde. Derved oppstår det på materialet et elektrostatisk bilde som tilsvarer forbildet. Dette usynlige bilde fremkaller man, idet man bringer det i kontakt med et harpikspulver som består av bærer og toner, som bærer er det særlig aktuelt med fine glasskuler, jernpulver eller også fine kuler av kunst-stoff. Toneren består av en blanding av harpiks og sot eller en farget harpiks. Man anvender toneren vanligvis i en kornstør-relse på omtrent 1—100 [i. Fremkalleren kan også bestå av en-ikke-ledende væske hvor eventuelt harpikser er oppløst, sus-pendert harpiks eller pigment. Det ved fremkallingen sylinggjorte bilde, fikseres eks.vis. ved hjelp av oppvarmning med infrarøde-stråler ved 100—170° C, fortrinsvis ved 120—150° C eller ved hjelp av behandling med oppløsningsmidler som trikloretylen, tetraklorkarbon eller etyl-alkohol, eller vanndamp. Man får således bilder som tilsvarer forbildene og som ut-merker seg ved god kontrastvirkning. For making the copies with electrocopying material according to the invention, photoconductor layers are charged, for example, by means of a corona discharge which is taken from a charging device which is kept at approx. 6000-7000 volts. The electrocopy material is then illuminated in contact with a model or by means of episcopic or diascopic projection of a model. This creates an electrostatic image on the material that corresponds to the prototype. This invisible image is produced by bringing it into contact with a resin powder that consists of a carrier and toner, as a carrier it is particularly appropriate to use fine glass balls, iron powder or also fine balls of plastic. The toner consists of a mixture of resin and carbon black or a colored resin. The toner is usually used in a grain size of approximately 1-100 [i. The developer can also consist of a non-conductive liquid in which resins are dissolved, suspended resin or pigment. The image that has been processed during development is fixed, e.g. by means of heating with infrared rays at 100-170° C, preferably at 120-150° C or by means of treatment with solvents such as trichlorethylene, carbon tetrachloride or ethyl alcohol, or steam. You thus get images that correspond to the prototypes and that are distinguished by a good contrast effect.
Ved anvendelse av tranparent bærematerial lar de elektrofotografiske bilder By using transparent carrier material, they allow electrophotographic images
seg også anvende som forbilder til videre-kopiering på vilkårlige lag. can also be used as models for further copying on arbitrary layers.
Likeså kan det på refleksmåten ved bruk av et lysgjennomtrengelig bærematerial for fotolederlagene ifølge oppfinnelsen fremstilles bilder. Likewise, images can be produced in the reflex manner by using a light-permeable carrier material for the photoconductor layers according to the invention.
Aktivatorene ifølge oppfinnelsen kan ikke bare finne anvendelse ved elektrofotografiske lag, men også ved andre fotole-derholdige innretninger, som fotoceller, fotomotstander, opptag eller kamerarør eller i elektroluminiserende innretninger. The activators according to the invention can not only find use in electrophotographic layers, but also in other devices containing photoconductors, such as photocells, photoresistors, recording or camera tubes or in electroluminescent devices.
Eksempel 1. Example 1.
En oppløsning som på 800 volumdeler toluol som inneholder 26 vektsdeler polyvinylacetat (f. eks. «Mowilith 50»), 25,6 vektsdeler naftalin og 0,0415 vektsdeler 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenon, påføres ved hjelp av en belegningsinnretning på en aluminiumfolie. Etterat laget er tørket, frembringes det på en elektrofotografisk måte di-rekte bilder på følgende måte: Den belagte folie opplades elektrisk negativt ved hjelp av en koronautladning, belyses deretter gjennom et forbilde ved hjelp av en kvikk-sølvhøytrykkslampe (125 watt, 30 cm av-stand) i ca. 10 sekunder og innstøves med en fremkaller. A solution of 800 parts by volume of toluene containing 26 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate (e.g. "Mowilith 50"), 25.6 parts by weight of naphthalene and 0.0415 parts by weight of 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone is applied by means of a coating device to an aluminum foil . After the layer is dried, direct images are produced in an electrophotographic manner as follows: The coated foil is electrically negatively charged by means of a corona discharge, then illuminated through a model by means of a mercury-silver high-pressure lamp (125 watts, 30 cm of -stand) for approx. 10 seconds and dusted with a developer.
Fremkalleren består av små glasskuler og en sammensmeltet harpiks-sotblan-ding som foreligger i meget fin oppdeling. Således består f. eks. en slik fremkaller av 100 vektsdeler små glasskuler (korn-størrelse ca. 100—400 \ i) og en toner (kornstørrelse ca. 20—50 jx). Toneren fås ved sammensmeltning av 30 vektsdeler «Polystyrol LG», 30 vektsdeler modifisert maleinsyreharpiks («Beckacite» K 105) og 3 vektsdeler «Pearless Black» sot 552). Smeiten males og siktes deretter. Den fin-fordelte harpiks forblir klebende på de steder av laget som under belysningen ikke ble truffet av lys og et positivt bilde av forbilde blir synlig som oppvarmes svakt og derved fikseres. The developer consists of small glass balls and a fused resin-soot mixture that is very finely divided. Thus, e.g. such a developer produces from 100 parts by weight small glass spheres (grain size approx. 100-400 µl) and a toner (grain size approx. 20-50 µl). The toner is obtained by fusing 30 parts by weight of "Polystyrene LG", 30 parts by weight of modified maleic acid resin ("Beckacite" K 105) and 3 parts by weight of "Pearless Black" soot 552). The forge is then ground and sieved. The finely divided resin remains adhesive in the places of the layer which during the illumination were not struck by light and a positive image of the model becomes visible which is heated slightly and thereby fixed.
Tilsetter man til de beskrevne lag ikke noe 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenon, så får man etter en belysning på 2 min. ennå intet elektrofotografisk bilde. If you do not add any 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone to the described layers, you get after an illumination of 2 min. no electrophotographic image yet.
Eksempel 2. Example 2.
Man oppløser 26 vektsdeler polyvinylacetat, 16,6 vektsdeler fluoren og 0,3602 vektsdeler tetranitrofluroenon i 800 volumdeler toluol, påfører denne oppløsning på en aluminiumfolie og går videre frem som beskrevet i eksempel 1. Belysningstiden utgjør 10 sekunder med en 125-watts kvikksølvhøy trykkslampe. One dissolves 26 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate, 16.6 parts by weight of fluorine and 0.3602 parts by weight of tetranitrofluroenone in 800 parts by volume of toluene, applies this solution to an aluminum foil and proceeds as described in example 1. The illumination time is 10 seconds with a 125-watt mercury high-pressure lamp.
Uten tilsetningen av tetranitrofluorenon fås det etter en belysningstid på 2 min. ennå intet bakgrunnsfritt bilde, dvs. de be-lyste steder er ennå ikke helt utladet og fastholder derfor ennå fremkalleren. Without the addition of tetranitrofluorenone, after an illumination time of 2 min. no background-free image yet, i.e. the illuminated areas are not yet completely discharged and therefore still retain the developer.
Eksempel 3. Example 3.
■ En oppløsning på 26 vektsdeler polyvinylacetat, 17,8 vektsdeler antracen og 0,3357 vektsdeler heksabromnaftalsyrean-hydrid i 800 volumdeler toluol ble påført på aluminium og videre ble det gått frem som beskrevet i eksempel 1. Belysningstiden med en 125-watts kvikksølvhøytrykkslam-pe utgjør 4 sekunder. ■ A solution of 26 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate, 17.8 parts by weight of anthracene and 0.3357 parts by weight of hexabromonaphthalic anhydride in 800 parts by volume of toluene was applied to aluminum and further the procedure was as described in example 1. The illumination time with a 125-watt mercury high-pressure lamp amounts to 4 seconds.
Uten tilsetning av heksabromnaftalsy-reanhydrid fikk man etter en lysinnvirk-ning på 30 sekunder et ennå bakgrunns-holdig bilde. Without the addition of hexabromonaphthalic anhydride, an image still containing a background was obtained after exposure to light for 30 seconds.
Eksempel 4. Example 4.
På en aluminiumfolie påfører man en oppløsning som på 500 volumdeler toluol inneholder 18 vektsdeler polyvinylacetat, 18,2 vektsdeler 2,4-bis-(4'-dietylaminofe-nyl)-l,3,4-triazol og 0,130 vektsdeler te-■ traklorftalsyreanhydrid og går frem videre som beskrevet i eksempel 1. Belysningstiden ved anvendelse av en 100-watts glødepære, utgjør 2 sekunder. A solution containing 18 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate, 18.2 parts by weight of 2,4-bis-(4'-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-triazole and 0.130 parts by weight of tetrachlorophthalic anhydride is applied to an aluminum foil and proceeds further as described in example 1. The illumination time using a 100-watt incandescent bulb amounts to 2 seconds.
Uten tilsetning av tetraklorftalsyrean-hydridet er det fremkomne bilde etter en belysningstid på 1 min. ennå ikke bakgrunnsfritt. Without the addition of the tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, the resulting image is after an exposure time of 1 min. not yet background free.
Eksempel 5. Example 5.
En oppløsning av 26 vektsdeler polyvinylacetat, 21,6 vektsdeler 1,5-dietoksynaf-talin og 0,258 vektsdeler 1,2- benzantrakinon i 800 volumdeler toluol påføres på papir og deretter behandles videre som i eksempel 1. Belysningstiden (125 watts kvikksølvhøy trykkslampe) utgjør 20 sekunder. A solution of 26 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate, 21.6 parts by weight of 1,5-diethoxynaphthalene and 0.258 parts by weight of 1,2-benzanthraquinone in 800 parts by volume of toluene is applied to paper and then further processed as in example 1. The illumination time (125 watt mercury high pressure lamp) amounts to 20 seconds.
Uten tilsetning av 1,2-benzantrakinon er kopiene etter 80 sekunders belysning ennå alltid sterkt bakgrunnsholdige. Without the addition of 1,2-benzanthraquinone, the copies after 80 seconds of illumination still always have a strong background.
Eksempel 6. Example 6.
26 vektsdeler polyvinylacetat, 17,6 vektsdeler fenantren og 0,245 vektsdeler kloranil ble sammen oppløst i 800 volumdeler toluol. Oppløsningen påføres på en overflate anruet aluminiumfolie og deretter behandles videre som angitt i eksempel 1. Ved belysning med en 125 watts kvikksølvhøytrykkslampe får man etter 10 sekunder et bakgrunnsfritt kontrastrikt bilde, mens det uten tilsetning av kloranil etter 1 min. ennå er tilstede et sterkt billedbakgrunn. 26 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate, 17.6 parts by weight of phenanthrene and 0.245 parts by weight of chloranil were together dissolved in 800 parts by volume of toluene. The solution is applied to a surface of roughened aluminum foil and then further processed as indicated in example 1. When illuminated with a 125 watt mercury high-pressure lamp, a background-free high-contrast image is obtained after 10 seconds, while without the addition of chloranil after 1 min. a strong visual background is still present.
Eksempel 7. Example 7.
På en aluminiumfolie påfører man en oppløsning som på 800 volumdeler toluol inneholder 26 vektsdeler polyvinylacetat, 24,4 vektsdeler o-dianisidin og 0,0256 vektsdeler dibrommaleinsyreanhydrid og går videre frem som beskrevet i eksempel 1. Belysningstiden (125 watts kvikksølvhøy-trykkslampe) utgjør 2 sekunder, uten tilsetninger av dibrommaleinsyreanhydrid 10 sekunder. A solution containing 26 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate, 24.4 parts by weight of o-dianisidine and 0.0256 parts by weight of dibromomaleic anhydride is applied to an aluminum foil and the process continues as described in example 1. The illumination time (125 watt mercury high-pressure lamp) amounts to 2 seconds, without additions of dibromomaleic anhydride 10 seconds.
Forklaringer: Explanations:
Spalte A angir vektsdeler og type av det angitte bindemiddel. I alle tilfelle ble den angitte mengde oppløst i 200 volumdeler toluol. Column A indicates parts by weight and type of the indicated binder. In all cases, the indicated amount was dissolved in 200 parts by volume of toluene.
Spalte B angir mengden av fotoleder. I alle tilfeller ble pyren benyttet. Spalte C angir vektsdeler aktivator. Spalte D angir vektsdeler sensibilisator (rodamin B ekstra). Column B indicates the amount of photoconductor. Pyrene was used in all cases. Column C indicates weight share activator. Column D indicates parts by weight sensitizer (rhodamine B extra).
Spalte E angir belysningstiden ved anvendelse av a) en 250 watts fotolampe «Photo-crecenta» fra firma Philips) b) en normal 100 watts glødelampe. Column E indicates the lighting time using a) a 250 watt "Photo-crecenta" photo lamp from the company Philips) b) a normal 100 watt incandescent lamp.
Forsøkene ble med unntagelser av de The experiments were with exceptions of those
i tabellen angitte varianter gjennomført under like betingelser. variants indicated in the table carried out under the same conditions.
1. som polyvinylacetat ble det anvendt 1. as polyvinyl acetate was used
handelsproduktet «Mowilith» 50. the commercial product "Mowilith" 50.
2. Som cyklokautsjuk ble det anvendt 2. It was used as a cyclocaustic agent
handelsproduktet «Pliolit» S-50. the commercial product "Pliolit" S-50.
3. Som etterklorert polyvinylklorid ble det 3. As post-chlorinated polyvinyl chloride it became
anvendt handelsproduktet «Renoflex». used the commercial product "Renoflex".
4. som maleinatharpiks ble handelsproduktet «Alresat» anvendt. 5. Som klorkautsjuk ble det benyttet handelsproduktet «Parlon» S-5cps. 6. Som klorkautsjuk ble det anvendt handelsproduktet «Pergut» S-40. 4. As maleate resin, the commercial product "Alresat" was used. 5. The commercial product "Parlon" S-5cps was used as chlorinated rubber. 6. The commercial product "Pergut" S-40 was used as chlorinated rubber.
Forklaringer til tabell B: Explanations for table B:
I tabellen beskrives forsøk for å øke fotolederevnen av organiske stoffer ved hjelp av aktivatorer. The table describes attempts to increase the photoconductivity of organic substances using activators.
I spalte A angis vektsdelene og det anvendte stoff. Ved de stoffer som er av- Column A indicates the parts by weight and the material used. In the case of substances that are
merket ved stjerne kunne det selv etter en belysningstid på flere minutter ikke frembringes noe elektrofotografisk bilde. marked by an asterisk, even after an exposure time of several minutes no electrophotographic image could be produced.
Spalte B angir vektsdeler bindemiddel. Column B indicates parts by weight binder.
Det ble alltid anvendt polyvinylacetat med en K-verdi = 50. Bindemiddel, fotoleder og aktiverende stoff ble oppløst i toluol og en aluminiumsfolie ble belagt med dette og tørket. Polyvinyl acetate with a K-value = 50 was always used. Binder, photoconductor and activating substance were dissolved in toluene and an aluminum foil was coated with this and dried.
Spalte C angir det stoff som er tilsatt for aktivering. I alle tilfelle ble det på 100 mol av stoffet i spalte A anvendt 1 mol av aktivatoren ifølge spalte C. Column C indicates the substance added for activation. In all cases, 1 mol of the activator according to column C was used on 100 mol of the substance in column A.
I spalte D angis til hvilken brøkdel belysningstiden minst kan nedsettes for å frembringe bilder som tilsvarer de bilder som kunne frembringes uten aktiverende tilsetning. Column D indicates the fraction to which the exposure time can at least be reduced to produce images that correspond to the images that could be produced without an activating additive.
I de tilfeller hvor fotolederen heller ikke etter lengre belysningstid selv ikke kunne frembringe svake bilder (merket med stjerne) ble ved beregningen av den forkortede belysningstid den lengste belysningstid av den ikke aktiverte fotoleder lagt til grunn. In cases where the photoconductor could not produce weak images even after a longer exposure time (marked with an asterisk), the longest exposure time of the non-activated photoconductor was taken into account when calculating the shortened exposure time.
Ømfindtlighetsøkningen som kan frembringes ved hjelp av aktivatortilset-ningen lar seg også gjennomføre med svertningsmålinger med handelsvanlige trinnkiler (f. eks. «Kodak» nr. 2 density strip with colour patches). The increase in sensitivity that can be produced with the help of the activator addition can also be carried out with blackening measurements with commercially available step wedges (e.g. "Kodak" no. 2 density strip with color patches).
Claims (3)
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| US11274464B2 (en) * | 2018-09-13 | 2022-03-15 | Baker Engineering & Risk Consultants, Inc. | Fragment-, overpressure-, radiation-, and toxic-resistant emergency safety shelter |
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| DE4028914A1 (en) * | 1990-09-12 | 1992-03-19 | Nuedling Franz C Basaltwerk | Building constructed from prefab elements - has air conditioning equipment embodied in some elements |
| NO341254B1 (en) * | 2015-11-02 | 2017-09-25 | Orient Holding As | Heating and cooling system of a modular residential building |
| RU2616306C1 (en) * | 2016-04-13 | 2017-04-14 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет" (ФГБОУ ВПО "СПбГАСУ") | Method for construction of multistore buildings of three-dimensional blocks |
| WO2020227798A1 (en) * | 2018-06-12 | 2020-11-19 | Intelligent City Inc. | Panel system for modular building construction |
| CN109339231A (en) * | 2018-11-29 | 2019-02-15 | 徐志强 | For the connecting node of assembled architecture, construction method and assembled architecture |
| GB2576964B (en) * | 2019-04-17 | 2020-09-09 | Peter Dann Ltd | Modular structure and connection method |
| CN112523545A (en) * | 2020-12-11 | 2021-03-19 | 筑友智造科技产业集团有限公司 | Basic module for building and low and multi-storey modular building structure system |
| CN114908882B (en) * | 2022-05-23 | 2023-11-10 | 广东中集建筑制造有限公司 | Connection positioning system of box building module and modularized building with same |
| CN115450327A (en) * | 2022-09-01 | 2022-12-09 | 深圳市臻道建筑科技有限公司 | Method for constructing box-type building and box-type building constructed by same |
| CN117027498B (en) * | 2023-10-10 | 2023-12-08 | 福建建工装配式建筑研究院有限公司 | Residential building structure with floor system free of supporting and construction method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11274464B2 (en) * | 2018-09-13 | 2022-03-15 | Baker Engineering & Risk Consultants, Inc. | Fragment-, overpressure-, radiation-, and toxic-resistant emergency safety shelter |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2077206A1 (en) | 1971-10-22 |
| DE2166304A1 (en) | 1973-08-09 |
| DE2166304B2 (en) | 1976-02-26 |
| DK140071B (en) | 1979-06-11 |
| SE386221B (en) | 1976-08-02 |
| GB1343290A (en) | 1974-01-10 |
| NO136108C (en) | 1977-07-20 |
| BR7100223D0 (en) | 1973-09-20 |
| DE2102380C3 (en) | 1974-04-04 |
| DK140071C (en) | 1979-11-12 |
| NL7019086A (en) | 1971-07-21 |
| JPS5320774B1 (en) | 1978-06-28 |
| DE2102380A1 (en) | 1971-07-29 |
| CA1147523A (en) | 1983-06-07 |
| IL35971A (en) | 1975-04-25 |
| SU619114A3 (en) | 1978-08-05 |
| ZA71283B (en) | 1971-10-27 |
| FR2077206B1 (en) | 1973-06-08 |
| IL35971A0 (en) | 1971-03-24 |
| DE2102380B2 (en) | 1973-09-13 |
| CH535336A (en) | 1973-03-31 |
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