LV13917B - Single-sectional or multi-sectional radiator with at least two different heating regions - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates at least to a single-sectional radiator, preferably to a two-sectional or a multi-sectional radiator, particularly, a flat radiator comprising: a connection (VL) with the delivery line; a connection (RL) with the return line; the first section (1) through which the flow is moving and which is mainly directed towards the room to be heated; and at least one other section (1') through which the flow is moving and which is mainly situated in the backward region; besides the flow is moving through the first section basically uniformly before the the other sections; and at leat one connection with one other section (1') is provided only in the lower region of the first section (1).

Description

Single-section or multi-section radiator with at least two differently designed sections

The invention relates to a two-section or multi-section radiator, including a flat radiator or heating wall according to the preamble of claim 1, to a single-section radiator with a flat-shaped heater according to claim 19, and to an electric radiator according to the invention. the limiting part of the claim. The invention further relates to a method of making such radiators according to claim 59.

Flat radiators are usually made of profiled, or semi-cups, which are embossed, preferably of sheet steel, welded to one another; in addition, horizontal as well as vertical flow channels can be formed. In order to increase the heating power, profiled planes (convective profiles or plates) are usually attached to the surface of the heater, preferably with rectangular profiles. In terms of their heating power, flat panel radiators are among the most desirable types of radiators and have pleasant decorative and hygienic properties, thanks in particular to their relatively low weight, which, among other things, also takes into account energy efficient heating systems. As an alternative to flat design radiators of this design, flat radiator heating plates may be assembled from individual tubes rather than profiled half-cups. This will not affect power per square meter, nor performance, but only the external appearance and cost of preparation. Therefore, such design radiators are not considered further.

Heating systems, and hence radiators, are usually designed with the minimum possible outdoor temperatures in the heating period (so-called calculation parameters) at which a comfortable room temperature is yet to be achieved. The performance parameters of the radiator are, among other things, the amount of water passing through the radiator, the resistance to flow, and the ratio of the radiator section with mainly convective and radiant heat output. Thus, these parameters are usually chosen for extreme heating conditions, whereas the so-called part-load range with a relatively low required heating power, which is mostly for most of the heating period, requires a different radiator design and other parameters.

To provide the required heating power, so-called single-section flat radiators have only one heating plate with a structure consisting essentially of one part. In contrast, two-section flat radiators, i.e. radiators with the first plate facing the space to be heated and placed behind it, generally have a symmetrical design, with a symmetrical flow, i.e. an equal amount of water, always passing through the front and rear heating plates. The same happens with the three-section or the multi-section flat panel radiator front panels, respectively.

With the growing awareness of the need to save energy for heating, the requirements for thermal insulation of buildings become stricter. Therefore, even on relatively cold days, the radiators only operate in the part-time range, i.e. with a low input temperature.

It is precisely in the part-load range, i.e. at relatively mild outdoor temperatures, that the operation of this one-piece, i.e., symmetrical, structure is negatively affected. In the part-load range, radiators only need to return some 100W of heating power because of the relatively low flow of water through them. Generally, due to the high convection ratio, the single or front facing unitary section of the radiator with convective plates will have relatively low temperatures at full heat output. This negative effect is even greater in multi-section radiators due to their symmetrical design, since not only the front section but also the sections behind it serve the heating. Thus, only part of the full heat is returned through the front heating plate. As a result, at low heat output, the front heater plate remains relatively cold. However, in comparison with body temperature, cold radiator surfaces have a negative effect on the indoor microclimate as it causes a feeling of discomfort.

DE 19614330 C1 discloses a radiator with two heating plates connected to one another by means of a connecting pipe with a valve. Both heating plates are designed in the form of convectors, so in this case there are both mentioned faults and faults which will be shown below.

DE 4041191 C2 relates to a connection to a multi-plate radiator consisting of a T-shaped connecting part disposed between the two heating plates.

In addition, in the part-load range, sudden heat sources such as uneven sunlight, sudden incandescent bulbs, ceiling lights or computers, as well as people in the room, lead to additional power reductions, which, if the radiator is sufficiently convective, also very quickly leads to cold surfaces on the radiator.

In addition, it should be borne in mind that in the case of more efficient thermal insulation of buildings, radiators previously designed for high heat output, even at extreme outdoor temperatures, need to operate almost exclusively in the part-load range.

In view of the above-mentioned problems, the present invention basically aims to modify the initially specified single-section or multi-section radiators, while maintaining the achievable heating power and taking into account special conditions in the part-load range to improve the room comfort and at least the bulkheads in the part-load range. warmer as possible; moreover, the design of the radiator must be such that it can be adapted to full-time and part-time mode, in all respects maintaining or even improving the positive properties of flat radiators.

By the way, the positive features in this case include high heating power at relatively low heating and production costs, as well as good control parameters, i.e., features that directly affect the comfort and microclimate of the space to be heated.

According to the invention, this problem is solved by the use of the first,

Claims 19, 38 and 59, respectively.

For this purpose, according to the invention, a double or multi-layer radiator is desirable with only one connection point with an inlet line connected only to the front, i.e., space-facing heating plate. The warm water flowing through the junction with the inlet line is distributed as evenly as possible over the upper longitudinal edge of the front heating plate and through perpendicular, appropriately designed passageways in the forward, space-facing section. This way, regardless of whether the radiator is in full or part time mode, warmer water is fed into the front section than in the other sections. So at the same heating power, the front section will be warmer and, when touched, will create a greater sense of comfort than in conventional systems. This pleasant effect is further enhanced by the fact that the front section emits relatively more heat than the other sections of the radiator.

At least one connecting pipe is provided for the flow of water from the forward section into one or more sections behind it, preferably in the lower corner area of the radiator. The water flowing into the rear heating plate initially tilts upward in the upper longitudinal direction, then redistributes through the transverse channel therefrom and then reaches the junction with the return line in the lower corner area.

If three or more hotplates are provided, the water may be diverted in the third and all other stages, respectively, which, from a hydrodynamic point of view, correspond to a sequence of three or more radiators. However, the three-section radiator also has the option of a parallel connection of both rear heating plates and a serial connection to the front heating plate itself. For this purpose, it is useful for the connecting pipe between the front and the second heater plate to reach the very last heater plate.

The advantage is that, in any case, the warm water is first supplied to the front heater, so it has a higher surface temperature in part-time mode compared to conventional radiators and can give the impression of a more comfortable microclimate in a room.

As the whole surface of the first or the front section of the radiator heats up relatively evenly in the partial load range, even at low heating power, the radiation above the radiator can still be compensated. In conventional radiators this is not possible due to the relatively high convection.

Another advantage is that the radiator according to the invention provides a more uniform temperature profile on its surface. Specifically, since the incoming water first passes only through the front face-to-face heater plate, the water temperature when it passes through the front heater, such as at full load, has not yet reached the return temperature, as in conventional systems, but assumes a value, located approximately midway between the inlet and outlet temperatures. As a result, the temperature distribution on the radiator surface is smoother, which facilitates the performance of the radiator and simplifies its construction. it is particularly desirable to have a more even temperature distribution in the part-time range, as illustrated by the example where the radiator thermostat can set the water flow rate so that the water, after passing through the front heater, drops to near room temperature. at the same heat output, this would occur in a conventional radiator with a symmetrical flow already in the middle of the heater, and most of its surface would create a feeling of cold and discomfort.

It is expedient to equip a two-section radiator with convective profiles, for example only on its rear heating plate, so that such a radiator according to the invention has relatively higher radiation in the whole heating power range, while the rear convective section does not heat more. If such a radiator is sufficient for the above calculation, which sets the maximum output at very low outdoor temperatures, then at relatively mild outdoor temperatures, which tend to be most of the time, the radiator will emit relatively much heat. Conversely, at lower outdoor temperatures, the rear heating plate also heats up, increasing the convection rate.

The advantage is that the heater index of such a radiator is not constant over the entire temperature range, but smaller in the part-time range due to relatively much higher radiation than at higher heating powers where the convection ratio is higher. Thus, a lower input temperature is desirable to achieve a certain heating output in the part-time range. Therefore, according to the invention, the radiator helps to save on heating costs, especially in the part-time range, which accounts for most of the heating work.

Another advantage is that, according to the invention, the heating plate facing the room is warmer, which, although desirable for each radiator, because it needs to be heated not for the rear wall but mainly for the whole room, but not feasible due to symmetrical design of conventional radiators. This way less heat is discharged to the outside through the usually thinner insulation on the back wall of the radiator. According to the invention, the rear side of the radiator is preferably provided with a reflective screen, in particular of a multi-layer aluminum structure, in order to increase the thermal insulation towards the wall. It is also useful to install such a reflective screen between the front and rear heating plates to provide thermal insulation of the front heating plate from the rear heating plate. Another advantage is that it facilitates the digital modeling and hence the construction of the radiator, because it is very difficult to model exactly individual situations, in this case very large local heat losses.

Other benefits occur in special applications, such as kindergartens or central heating systems. In kindergartens it is desirable, that is to say, that the front plate must not, under any circumstances, reach temperatures higher than, for example, around 50 ° C. If in conventional radiators this is only possible by lowering the input temperature and thus the heating power, according to the invention, it is only necessary to rotate the heater so that the hottest heating plate is turned not against the room but against the rear wall. . This arrangement is also recommended for central heating systems, particularly in the countries of the former Eastern Bloc, where temperatures up to 130 ° C in the supply line are partially realized. In conventional, symmetrically designed radiator systems, homeowners will burn regularly, particularly at the connection points to the supply line. In this case too, it is necessary to simply rotate the radiator so that the heating plate facing the room receives relatively acceptable temperatures. If the thermal insulation or central heating system is improved at a later date, at lower temperatures it will only be necessary to rotate the radiator according to the invention so that the above desirable characteristics are fully realized without the need to purchase a new radiator.

Usually both the connection to the supply line and the connection to the return line are on one side of the radiator. However, it is desirable for the longest radiators to have a central arrangement of the joints according to the second embodiment. In addition, it is useful to supply the warm water in the middle to the front heating plate, where it is then branched left and right until, in the case of a two-section or multi-section radiator, it is reintroduced into the water return line. In addition, it is useful to supply warm water to the upper edge of the front heater. However, in one preferred embodiment, both the inlet and outlet are located at the bottom edge of the heater, so the incoming warm water needs to be directed upwards, as will be explained below. It is also needed in the rear heater after the water from the front heater has entered the rear heater.

The advantage of the central location of the junction directly on the long radiators is again a very even temperature distribution, since the warm water flowing through the radiator in part-time mode at a relatively low speed only needs to go half the length of the heater before it leaves the front heater. As a result, the outside of the heater will feel warm when touched. Another advantage of this type of connection is that it is at low outdoor temperatures, when cold glass surfaces above the radiator cause a so-called cold air wave, such a radiator, due to the upward flow of warm air, winds it along the radiator and can lead to overcompensation. Therefore, you may not be afraid of falling cold air at your feet at the front and back of the radiator, as you would when connecting to the same inlet and outlet.

However, these solution principles can be applied not only to multi-layered radiators, but also to simplified radiators. As a result, a relatively uniform design allows for a radiator with an optimum high radiation ratio, which has a pleasantly warm surface directly at low heating power, whereas at high heating power such a radiator has a sufficiently high convection ratio and is sufficient for even the rarest extreme cold days.

According to claim 19 of the present invention, such a single-section radiator has at least two differently executed stages, the first of which, preferably in the direction of the heated space, is positioned downstream of the other stages.

The water in such a radiator first flows through a connection to the inlet line in the first stage, which is preferably located in the upper area of the radiator. If for structural reasons the connection point to the supply line is provided at the bottom edge of the radiator, according to the invention, water is first directed to the upper section, for example by means of a specially designed passageway or support sleeve, respectively, as will be explained below. The water then splits along the entire longitudinal edge of the radiator and deflects in the direction of the return line. It is desirable for the first stage to have no convective profiles, which results in a very high proportion of radiation in the heat output, which is about 50% for this stage. Then, through the second stage, which preferably has convective profiles, the water arrives at the return line, which is usually in the lower area of the radiator. Also for hygienic reasons it is desirable that the convective profiles at this stage are on the radiator side facing the room.

The advantage is that such a radiator, due to the transverse distribution of the fluid throughout its length or width, in particular due to the high proportion of radiation, causes a sense of warmth when touched, even at partial load. Even if the lower section stays "cold" at low heat output, the extra warm section will look even more comfortable compared to conventional single-section radiators. Therefore, it is desirable to place this section at the level of the knees, in particular radiators located in the office space.

A particularly desirable embodiment may be provided if the radiation section is directly provided with insulation extending at least over most of its posterior side. In this embodiment, the convection part of the radiation stage can be further reduced and, at the expense of convective heat reduction, the surface temperature as well as the radiation ratio can be significantly increased.

In order to enhance this activity, it is also useful to divide the flow ratio in the first and second stages, for example at the expense of the high impedance flow or by extending the flow paths, respectively, by increasing the heat exchange surface in the first stage.

For this purpose, it is desirable that the passageways in the first stage move mainly in the horizontal direction, whereas in the other stages, as usual, in the vertical direction. It is desirable to separate the first section from the other sections by a bulkhead through which at least one connecting duct passes. Due to the fact that the flow in the first stage flows in the form of a meander and that the connecting channel is located mainly on the side diametrically opposite to the inlet connection, the first stage provides a large heat exchanger surface, increasing the proportion of radiated heat.

The advantage is that, due to different convection and radiation ratios, the single-section radiator also has a non-linear heating medium in the part-time and full-load modes, which is desirable to reduce directly to low heating power, which leads to savings in heating costs.

This desired effect can be further enhanced in single-section and multi-section radiators by sliding overlay plates over convective profiles via adjustable mechanics, particularly at low heat output, thus preventing air convection and thus increasing the proportion of radiated heat over the amount of heat released by convection.

Therefore, according to the invention, the radiator is preferably equipped with a temperature sensor at the stage where less heat is supplied in part-time mode. Usually this section is located at the lower end of the radiator. The temperature sensor should preferably be connected to an expansion tank which, depending on the set temperature, shifts the blinds to be closed as indicated above. In addition, this motion is adjusted precisely so that the convective heat output at high heat output and thus at higher temperatures in the sensor area increases.

The advantage is that in this case the heater figure can be predicted to be more variable. Therefore, even if the convective profiles are spread over the entire surface of the heater, the radiator can be realized with optimum heating power at full load mode with optimally high proportion of radiated heat at part time mode.

The other advantage of a single-section radiator is that its side sections are folded back, i.e. against the wall, so that when double and essentially rectangular are folded, they are parallel to the rear and away from the front plate. This embodiment is very close to the two-section radiator. In such a radiator, it is useful to leave the middle section free of convective profiles in order to maximize the proportion of radiation in this space-facing section. In contrast, it is desirable to place convective profiles on the folded side sections which extend over the entire radiator surface.

If the rear surfaces of the radiator extend along almost the entire width of the front surface, it is useful to equip the middle section facing the room with a connection point with an inlet line, whereas in the latter case two existing connection points with the return line meet. In addition to the even heating of the front surface in part-time mode, this embodiment has the additional advantage of essentially approaching a two-section radiator without the need to connect two heating coils with connecting tubes, which usually results in higher production costs. In contrast, the simple folding of the heater is relatively simple.

Particularly for mild winters, a second embodiment of a single-section radiator according to the invention, in which the return line is formed as a tube extending beyond the radiator almost throughout its length, is particularly recommended. It is useful to equip this return line with many, preferably circular or rectangular convective plates, which in the case of low outdoor temperatures significantly increase the proportion of heat supplied by convection, which, however, hardly warms during warm days and by part time cools to room temperature already on the first surface of the hotplate. In this embodiment, it is preferable not to equip the radiator front surface with convective plates at all.

The advantage is that in this embodiment, a radiator with sufficient heating power and excellent control parameters can be produced at a relatively low cost. For this purpose, a tube is used, which can be purchased on the market as a cheap item sold in meters, preferably prefabricated with convective bodies. The diameter of this tube as well as the total area of convective bodies can be matched to the radiator design. The front surface of such a radiator heater should preferably be equipped with convective profiles, which can be further covered with the aforementioned adjustable blinds.

In order to provide the aforementioned flow from the lower corner area upwards, the invention utilizes so-called support struts, i.e., spigots with an overflow pipe and a transverse opening. In a suitable embodiment, the transverse opening is located at the extension of the connecting section, i.e. at the connection with the supply or return line, or even at the extension of the connecting pipe of the front and rear heating plates. In addition, the overflow pipe is located in one of the vertical passageways of the heating plate, so that the overflow can mainly be concentrated in a particular throughflow channel.

The advantage is that, according to the invention, by means of a support insert or a cuff, the inlet connection may be located in the lower area of the radiator, and there is no need to use a valve device outside the radiator with a riser. This helps to further reduce production costs.

In the transverse openings of the support inserts, i.e. the lugs, it is desirable to insert the fittings, by means of which it is possible to purposefully influence the flow of gaseous or liquid substances between the radiator plates.

In addition, different functions may be implemented depending on the embodiment. According to one particular embodiment of the invention, the fascia completely closes the apertures provided in the support, thereby preventing the flow of gaseous and liquid fluids between the radiator plates.

According to a second specific embodiment of the invention, the fascia has an opening that corresponds as closely as possible to the apertures in the support portion, thereby allowing the movement of gaseous and liquid fluids in one of the radiator plates.

According to a second specific embodiment of the invention, the opening in the fascia provides an opening for the exchange of gaseous fluids between the radiator plates but impedes the movement of the liquid fluids between the radiator plates.

it is particularly desirable that the fittings be inserted into the openings of the support members with geometric and / or force-tight connections for easy assembly.

Fittings consist mainly of low-cost materials such as metal, plastic or ceramic.

it is particularly desirable to provide for the fittings to conform to the outline of the holes in the outriggers and to provide a geometric connection at the points of contact.

The following is a detailed description of the subject matter of the invention, with reference to the accompanying drawings, which schematically illustrate optimum embodiments. In addition, additional advantages and features of the invention are disclosed. According to the invention, certain features may be combined in any other way. The pictures show:

Fig. 1 a two-section flat radiator according to the invention in an isometric front view;

Fig. 2 - a two-section radiator according to the invention with the central locations of the connection points at the inlet and return lines;

Fig. 3 - cross section of two section radiator, where convective plates can be covered by expansion vessel and blinds;

Fig. 4 - a single-section radiator circuit according to the invention;

Fig. 5 - a single-section radiator according to the invention with the fold-back side sections and the central location of the connecting sections;

Fig. 6 a second single-section radiator according to the invention with a rear tube section provided with convective bodies;

Fig. 7 - a cuff (support insert) according to the invention for deflecting the heating fluid flowing through the radiator, in particular in the working position;

Fig. 8 - a wiring diagram of an electric flat radiator according to the invention;

Fig. 9 - a cross-section of a radiator according to the invention mounted in the front wall mounting room;

Fig. 10 - an embodiment in which the convective phase is positioned adjacent to the radiation phase;

11-13 fig. - Various embodiments of the fittings in the cuffs, respectively, in the supporting inserts in the cross-section;

Fig. 14 - a three-section radiator with isometric projection of the fittings and connectors on the connecting sections and support sleeves;

Fig. 15 - double vertical vertical heating wall in diffused isometric projection;

Fig. 16 - partial horizontal section of the fluid passageway in the upper area of the vertical heating wall;

Fig. 17 - heating walls according to fig. horizontal section of the lower area;

Fig. 18 - Another embodiment of the double vertical heating wall in diffused isometric projection;

Fig. 19 - partial horizontal section of the fluid passageway in the vertical heating wall according to Fig. 18; upper area;

Fig. 20 - heating walls according to fig. horizontal section of the lower area;

Fig. 21 - double horizontal wall in diffused isometric projection;

Fig. 22 - vertical section of the horizontal part of the heating wall in the area of the left bulkhead;

Fig. 23 - vertical section of the horizontal part of the heating wall from the right side in the area of the guide plates;

Fig. 24 - second embodiment of the double horizontal heating wall in diffused isometric projection;

Fig. 25 - partial horizontal section of the fluid passageway according to Fig. 24; upper area;

Fig. 26 - heating walls according to fig. horizontal section of the lower area;

Fig. 27 - heating walls according to fig. vertical cut in right side zone;

Fig. 28 - another variant of the double horizontal heating wall design in diffused isometric projection;

Fig. 29 - a partial horizontal section of the fluid passageway of the horizontal heating wall according to Fig. 28; upper area;

Fig. 30 - heating walls according to fig. horizontal section of the lower area;

Fig. 31 - heating walls according to fig. vertical cut on the right side.

Fig. 1 shows a two-section radiator according to the invention with a so-called one-way connection having a connection point VL with a feed line in the upper corner area (a) of the front plate 1 and a return area RL in the lower corner area (d '). The warm water flowing through the inlet connection is appropriately partitioned in the front heating plate before it is introduced through the connecting section (c-c '), mainly of metal or plastic, into the rear heating plate Γ. Preferably, the heating plate is made of two half-cups, that is to say, profiled plates, mainly of steel sheet or plastic, welded or otherwise connected to each other so as not to allow water to pass through. In order to achieve an even distribution of permeable material, mainly water, each profile is formed with a plurality of vertical flow channels (a-d) facing the heating plate and a corresponding transverse flow channel on the upper and lower longitudinal edges (a-b, respectively, d-c). In order to distribute the flow evenly, the respective transverse flow channels may have longitudinal funnel channels.

Water flowing into the lower corner area (c ') must first be directed to the upper corner area (b'). The natural tendency for warm water to rise up is purposefully maintained by the special design of the rear heating plate T in this corner area. For this purpose, a pipe connected to the connecting section (c-c ') may be provided in one of the vertical flow channels, so that the incoming water is directed upwards. This pipe may be dispensed with when this passage is separated from the lower transverse channel. However, according to the invention, a support insert may be used for this purpose, as will be explained below.

In the upper corner area (b '), the water redirects horizontally in a longitudinal direction as indicated by dashed arrows before it again flows through the vertical flow channels in the direction of the return line in the lower corner area (d'). For simplicity of manufacture, the front and rear heating plates may have the same shape, so that the connection point VL with the feed line may be located in the lower corner area (d) of the front heating plate. For this purpose, it may be necessary to first direct the hot water flowing through the connection point VL via the inlet line to the upper corner area (a), mainly by the methods described above.

In order to increase the amount of heat transferred by convection, convective profiles may be placed on the heating plates, i.e. plates 2, which may have a rectangular or wavy profile from above. In one preferred embodiment, both the front and rear heating plates are fitted with corresponding convective profiles. However, it is also possible that one or two convective profiles are only fitted on the rear heating plate. To further increase the heating power, the radiator may also have a third heating plate which is located behind and connected to the second heating plate in parallel or in series.

The use of a plug-in connection pipe (c-c '), for example a screw-on one, eliminates the need for a durable connection of the heating plates to each other, but can be modularly adapted to the actual conditions.

It is only in part-time mode, i.e., at low heating capacities, that is, at low heating flow rates, only the front heating plate 1 is heated, not the rear plate, which contributes to the comfort of the indoor climate. If there is no convective profile on the front plate, about 50% of the heat is usually radiated. In this case, the radiator has a relatively low heater figure, so, unlike a large convection radiator, it can be adjusted to lower flow rates for better control.

Just for long radiators, which are needed for large spaces, including office space, the radiator in the inlet connection area (a) can create a feeling of warmth, but long before the junction (c) will cause a feeling of cold. This can lead to a situation where the convection caused by the radiator is no longer available long before the coupling boom to swirl and direct upward falling cold air coming from the window above the radiator. Therefore, someone near, for example, the radiator inlet connection will feel the heat near the legs, while the second person who will be standing in the connecting area will feel the cold near the legs.

In order to avoid this undesirable effect, one embodiment of the optimum embodiment of the invention shown in Fig. 2 provides a central location of the connection points with the inlet and return lines and preferably a symmetrical branching of the incoming warm water in the left and right flows. For this purpose, it is desirable to provide a transverse rib below the joint VL with the feed line as shown in Fig. 2 in the form of a stroke. In order to direct the flow to the rear heating plate, two connecting pipes (d-d 'and c-c') are provided in the lower corner zones (d and c), the ends of which are provided with a corresponding pipe, support sleeve according to the invention or other suitable device. in the rear heating plate. After the permeable heater hits the corner zones (a 'and b') of the rear heater plate, the flow is shifted to the middle (m). In the middle of the upper transverse flow passage, a partition for left and right flow may be provided, as shown by a vertical bar. The substance flowing through the vertical passageways as well as the transverse passageway finally arrives at the junction RL with the return line.

While the surface temperature of the radiator with one-sided connection points with the supply and return lines drops throughout the radiator width, the central location of the connection point with the supply line is symmetrical and improves the comfort of the user.

As the flow passes through the front heating plate in front of the rear heating plate, the amount of heat released by the two heating plates is different between each other even in part time mode. It depends on the individual performance of the heating plates. Specifically, in order to reduce the cost of preparation, the same calculation is usually used for both hot plates. However, for the radiator to be warm even at low heat output, it is desirable for the front plate to have a higher radiated heat ratio, whereas the rear plate is capable of providing a high degree of convection during cold days. Therefore, the front plate does not usually have a convective profile.

In another embodiment of the invention, as a compromise between the two extreme cases, adjustable blinds are provided which, by the way, regulate the flow of room air at convective profiles depending on the required heating power. Fig. 3 shows a cross-sectional two-section radiator according to the invention with adjustable blinds for two convective profiles 2.

To this end, the face-to-face front heating plate 1 is provided with a temperature sensor 6 as well as an expansion vessel 3 used, for example, to move windows in greenhouses. For the heating plates 1, Γ, a transverse movable valve slider is connected, on the one hand, to an expansion vessel 3, and, on the other, to one of the overlapping plates 7 to cause the overlapping plate to shift as the temperature changes. In order to transfer the shifting movement to the second overlapping plate, a scissor guide bar 5 is provided with a rigid, respectively pivotable center point and two guide bars, one corresponding end being connected rigidly and the corresponding second end connected with the ability to slide with the overlapping plate. Several spring elements (4) may be provided to provide the return force, so that the overlapping plates 7, on the one hand, exert pressure on the scissor-type guide rods 5 and, on the other hand, stop against the spring elements 4, which in turn frame. If only one convective profile is provided, it is sufficient to connect the valve slider directly to the cover plate. This eliminates the need for guiding drawbars.

The expansion tank is a thermostatic capsule with a liquid tank that expands when heated and decreases when cooled. Substances such as wax or paraffin are commonly used. The expansion vessel is designed in such a way that the thermal expansion of the vessel is transformed by the shear movement of the valve slider. This shear motion can be linear or temperature dependent or approach the jump function at the set jump temperature. The shear movement of the valve pusher is converted by transverse movement into the transverse movement of the cover plates. They are designed so that at relatively high temperatures in the lower part of the front heating plate, i.e. when the radiator has to return high heating power, the overlapping plates 7 open the convective profiles KB, so that the convective profiles can be easily accessed by air. In this case, the radiator returns its heat mainly at the expense of convection. The relevant heater rating for a convective radiator is relatively high, such as 1.5. As the temperature in the lower end of the front heating plate drops, the overlapping plates 7 shift and cover the convective profiles, thus increasing the radiated heat and increasing the total heating power. At the expense of the increased amount of radiated heat, the corresponding figure for the heater becomes smaller, for example, 1.25, which positively affects the control parameters in part-time mode. In a particular embodiment of the invention, memory alloys or bimetallic springs may be provided to provide a switching operation.

In addition, such control parameters can be achieved by controlling the thermostatic valve which can regulate the flow in the radiation stage and the convection stage independently or even by making the regulation of the radiation stage and the convection stage independent from each other so that mainly the radiation stage, but at higher loads the convection stage would be overloaded.

The solution according to the invention can be used not only in multi-section but also in single-section radiators. For this purpose, Fig. 4. a single-section radiator according to the invention is shown with the first stage 8, which may be located mainly in the upper area of the radiator, and the second stage 9. The entrance is in the first stage 8 so that the warm water flow passes thereafter. For a more even distribution of warm water, it is desirable to have a transverse flow channel at the upper longitudinal edge (ab) which is meandered by other transverse flow channels or even several vertical flow channels (not shown) that may continue in the lower flow channels. lines). However, it is useful to place a baffle 10 between the first and second stages so that the incoming warm water first concentrates in the upper stage and returns heat to it before passing through one or more connecting channels 11 in the lower stage.

It is desirable for the upper section to have no convective profiles and be a flat heater with a high proportion of radiated heat and a low heater index. The lower section usually has a convective profile 2, so most of the heat in it is generated at the expense of convection. If a partition is formed between the first and second stages, the radiator heater and the convective heater are connected in series.

The warm water, flowing at low heating capacities and therefore with a low flow rate in the upper stage, before coming to the second stage, cools down in the upper stage, therefore a considerable part of the radiator surface creates a feeling of warmth and hence comfort. In order to distribute the temperature more evenly, on the surface of it, inter alia, if the radiators are very long, a connection point with a central position of the supply lines can be provided, as indicated above.

For very long radiators or high heat output, it may be useful to reverse the heater side sections (a, b) so that in extreme cases, as shown in Fig. 5, a nearly two-section radiator is obtained with side sections mainly parallel to most of the heater front surface. . In addition, it is desirable to select the central location of the above connection with the supply and return lines. Unlike the two-section radiator shown above, this embodiment no longer requires the connection of a front and a rear heating plate by means of a connecting pipe, which results in a significant reduction in cooking costs. The required folding of the heater can be accomplished both before and after the joint by welding both half-cups 29a, 20b, respectively, thereafter.

It is useful to place the convective plates 2 only on the rear heating plate T or in the front section where they cover only a relatively small part of the height of the heater. Therefore, this radiator again forms the radiation phase and the convection phase.

Fig. 6 a second embodiment of single-section and two-section radiators is shown with a front radiating section 8 and a rear convective section 9. For this purpose, the single section radiator according to the invention or the second flat radiator is connected using a generally flexible connecting pipe 13 made of plastic, metal and the like. with a rear section of pipe 14. To increase the degree of convection, at least the rear section of the pipe is provided with a plurality of circular or rectangular convective bodies or plates 15, the surface of which is selected depending on the total heating power required. Since such pipes will be offered in the future as very cheap goods sold in meters, it is possible to realize a radiator which, on the one hand, is very cheap and, on the other, provides the advantage of a two-section radiator according to the invention.

By the way, such a radiator can be used in southern countries with relatively mild winters, where most of the radiated heat is usually required, but a very high degree of convection is also required for a very small number of days. Thanks to the sequential connection of the radiation phase and the convection phase, both conditions can be met equally. To further increase the convection part, convective plates can also be fitted with a front heating plate as shown by a dashed wavy line.

Fig. 9 an exemplary embodiment shows, in cross section, the installation of a radiator according to the invention in a mounting space in front of a wall. The installation space in front of the wall is often created in the form of a load-bearing plinth 26, for bathroom remediation. The load-bearing stand serves for attaching equipment such as sinks 28, etc. After completion of the remediation work, the load-bearing column is covered with a plate that serves as a practical auxiliary surface 25.

This mounting space in front of the wall can be used for compact radiator installation. For this purpose, it is advisable to install a single-section or multi-section radiator according to the invention so that the radiation section 1 is on the side of the room, whereas the convective section 1 'in the air chamber 27. and exit grids (29, 30). Radiation stage 1 most often closes with the upper front surface. The convective section may be in the form of convective plates or tubes with convective bodies according to Fig. 6. In this way, a compact wall heating surface is created, which, due to the presence of one or more radiator components directly at low temperatures in the supply line, mainly produces a feeling of warmth and comfort.

Fig. 10 another embodiment of the embodiment consisting of a plurality of radiators according to the invention is shown, in which the radiation stage 1 and one or more convective stages are adjacent to one another. The radiation section 1 is located mainly below the window 31 and has dimensions such that its surface, on the one hand, can compensate for the cold radiation surface of the window 31 above it and, on the other, due to its convection heat offset downstream cold air. The convective section Γ is located laterally above or below the radiation section with a sequential connection in the flow direction and extends mainly along the floor bar. For this purpose, it is desirable to form the convective section in the form of a tube with convective bodies, as described with respect to Fig. 6, and, for reasons of hygiene and appearance, may in turn be overlaid.

All of the above-mentioned multi-section radiators have the warmest front panel, preferably facing the space, while the wall panels may be relatively cold. As a result, less heat is unnecessarily lost through the wall of the house. In order to further prevent such heat loss, all radiators may, in accordance with the invention, be provided with a reflective screen (12), which is mainly made of laminated aluminum and serves as both radiation insulation and wall insulation. Such a reflective screen can also serve as insulation between the front panel itself and the panel behind it.

As indicated above, the heating medium flowing through the connecting pipe section (c-c 'and d-d' respectively) into the lower connection zone (c 'and d') of the heating plate T must flow upwards (b 'and, respectively). , a '). While this may be usefully achieved by an appropriately designed vertical passage, it is desirable to use a cantilever or support insert for this purpose, as explained below with reference to Figures 7 and 11 to 14. fig.

Fig. 7 the upper part shows a portion of the half-cup, that is to say, a plate, from the front, in particular, before the connection of this half-cup to the appropriately formed second half-cup. As stated above, this half-cup is profiled, i.e., provided with recesses 21, 22a, 22b, so that the heating plates according to the invention have a plurality of, mainly vertical, passageways 21 as well as lower and respectively upper longitudinal sides (not shown). essentially a perpendicular transverse flow passage 23. FIG. the lower left side shows a sectional view of the radiator according to the invention in a top section respectively. In addition, in this embodiment, the junction 18 with the feed line is located in the middle of the radiator and on the lower longitudinal edge as provided for the long radiators of the invention.

In order to separate the water flowing through the connection point VL, 18 with the inlet line, the vertical throughflow channel adjacent to the inlet connection point may be separated from the rest of the lower transversal throughput channel, for example by a partition. However, before joining the two half-cups, it is desirable to insert a specially designed support insert or cuff into one of the half-cups. Fig. 7 in the embodiment shown, the support insert has a transverse opening 19a in its lower section, which is formed mainly as a through-hole, as well as a perpendicular opening 19b. In its working position, the perpendicular opening 19b is located in one of the vertical throughflow channels 21, while the transverse opening 19a is at the top and the junctions 18 with the feed line continue. This position ensures the desired upward flow of flow. If the flow deflection occurs mainly through only one flow passage, the support insert may also be designed such that the flow passes through multiple flow passages.

In order for the support insert to assume its intended working position, its shape must be primarily asymmetrical. Fig. 7 In the exemplary embodiment shown, the outer contour of the support insert corresponds to a half-cup indentation or profiling so that the vertical opening 19b is located in the passageway 21. If the support insert is substantially ring-shaped, it may have a platen 19c at one circumference adjacent the lower longitudinal position. The asymmetrical design facilitates the automated installation of the support inserts, for example, by means of a robot or by shaking one half-cup gently.

In order to make a heating plate, first two plates are formed of dents 22a, 22b made of a plastically deformable material, mainly steel sheet or plastic. Thus, the profiled plate forms one half-cup 20a, 20b. Each half-cup has one or more openings for the valve sections and the connecting sections VL, RL, respectively, for connecting sections (c-c '). In these locations, it is desirable to place support inserts between the two half-cups, which will absorb the very high forces exerted at the joint of the two half-cups, i.e. the weld, and prevent undesirable deformation of the half-cups. In locations where additional flow deflection is possible, a support insert according to the invention with a directional flow outlet is used.

Fig. 14 a three-section flat radiator with a connection point VL with a feed line and a connection point RL with a return line is shown. This flat radiator comprises a first heating plate 1 through which the heating medium flows and preferably facing the heated space and two further heating plates 1 ', 1' through which the flow passes and is located at the rear. The heating plates 1, Γ, 1 are hydraulically connected together by means of the connecting parts 1a-1d. The heating plates 1, Γ, V consist of interconnected sheet covers, between which are provided the support portions 19 provided with openings 19a for mounting the connecting parts 1a-d. According to the invention, the support part 19 has openings 19a in which the fittings 19.1 to 19.3 are located, by means of which they can purposefully influence the flow of gaseous and liquid heaters between the heating plates.

Fig. 12 illustrates a fitting portion 19.1 which completely covers the opening 19a formed in the support portion 19 and thus resists the flow of gaseous and liquid substances between the heating plates.

Fig. 13 illustrates a fitting part 19.2 having an opening 19.2a that corresponds as closely as possible to the openings 19a formed on the support portion 19 and which provides for the guiding of gaseous and liquid substances in one of the heating plates.

Fig. 11 illustrates a fitting part 19.3 having an opening 19.3a that provides gaseous material exchange between the heating plates but resists the flow of liquid substances between the heating plates. It is particularly desirable to insert the fittings into the opening 19a of the support portion 19 with a geometric and / or force contact. The fittings consist mainly of metal, plastic or ceramic and, by their external dimensions, conform to the contours of the openings 19a of the support members 19, thus ensuring the tightness of the joints.

From the connection between the back plate 1 and the middle plate Γ, the heating medium passes through the middle plate Γ to the front plate 1. Thanks to this, the front plate 1 first heats up. Reverse RL occurs from the front plate 1 down to the middle plate 1 'and the rear plate 1.

However, the above principle, according to which, in a first stage, a high proportion of radiation, by the way, at low power output, more heat is delivered than the other parts of the radiator, applies not only to radiators passing through the heating stream, but also to electric radiators, as shown in Fig. 8. Thus, according to the said single-section or multi-section radiators, the radiation section 8 can be located, for example, above or even in front of the convective section 9.

For this purpose, according to the invention, the respective sections are provided with a plurality of electric heating elements (Ri ... R _n , ri ... r _n ) which are inserted into the metal inserts directly into the radiator or in the corresponding passageways as indicated above. Such an electric radiator can be equipped with a sealed water, paraffin, etc. flow, and the convection of the flow is caused by the heating elements themselves or even by means of an additional drive. The heating elements of the respective sections are usually connected in parallel.

Fig. 8 In the electric radiator shown, according to the invention, the parallel resistance of the first stage 8 is less than that of the second or other stages 9, so that more heat is supplied to the first stage. It is purposefully designed to control the individual heating elements of the sections individually or in cascades by means of an adjustable device, thus it is possible to harmonize the total heating power as well as the part of heat that is given separately at the expense of radiation and convection. Specifically, in a two-section radiator, disconnect the panel heating elements at the desired low heat output on the wall side, leaving the heater with a high radiation ratio on the room side. For this purpose, a relay 16 is provided between the two radiator sections 8, 9.

In another optimum embodiment, the first, i.e., the front heating section 8 is provided either exclusively or additionally with a self-regulating or self-limiting resistor, which is also used in so-called self-limiting pipe heaters. The self-limiting resistance consists mainly of ferrites embedded in a carrier material such as an elastomer. This results in a temperature-dependent resistance which increases with temperature. In addition, an almost leap-in temperature change can be achieved, which automatically limits electrical resistance, for example at low temperatures.

If, according to the invention, the first or the front section 8 of the electric radiator is provided with a self-limiting heating element, it can be ensured, without complicated adjustment, that the resistance of the first or the first section 8 at low temperatures is lower than that of the other sections. Thus, in part-time mode, when the surface of the radiator is relatively cold, the radiant radiation of the radiator becomes warmer and thus improves the comfort level of the room. At average radiator temperatures, the resistances of the two sections of the radiator are the same, whereas at high heating capacities, i.e. high temperatures of the heating plate, the surface temperature of the first stage remains at the intended temperature due to the self-limiting resistance of the element. Therefore, there is no need to fear that the front, or the front, of the radiator may burn.

Thanks to the above distribution of the radiator according to the invention, first in the flow section passing through the flow and then in the downstream convective section, optimum non-linear control parameters can be provided: in the case of minor heating the heat is returned mainly as radiation. heating is large, much of the heat is returned by convection.

It is precisely in rooms with good thermal insulation and in the part-load range that the required heating power can change significantly, for example, when the required heating power is only 400 W, unexpectedly switches on or off the ceiling halogen lighting with 300 W. Therefore, in order to further improve the control parameters, the radiator according to the invention operates mainly with a non-linear thermostatic valve, such as an advanced or regressive control characteristic. Furthermore, the control valve is mainly designed so that the flow through the convective phase can be stopped or regulated, in whole or in part and independently of the regulation of the radiation phase.

Although the invention has been previously described for a radiator through which a flow of warm flow medium passes through, the principle of varying load in a space-distributed radiator can also be applied to cooling bodies, such as ceiling coolers, through which a cold flow passes. In this way, in a two-section cooling body, the first section is oriented in the direction of the room, whereas the rear section is located on the wall side or connected to another heat exchanger. Specifically, in a single-section cooling body, it may be useful that the first passage portion be located in the middle or at the side of the cooling body, but the remaining sections are provided as an adjunct.

In some very special applications, particularly in kindergartens or district heating systems in the former Eastern Bloc, multi-section radiators can also be used with the reverse circuit according to the invention, so that the heating plate facing the generally heated space is colder than the plate behind it. Thus, it is not possible to burn fingers on the front plate, which is prohibited by law in kindergartens in some countries. If the building conditions, such as thermal insulation or purpose of use, subsequently change, the multi-section radiators according to the invention can simply be rotated so that the warmest heating plate faces the room, thereby providing the above advantages. In this way, harmonization can be achieved without changing or inventing a new radiator.

15-31 fig. optimal applications of the invention for so-called heating walls consisting of vertical and horizontal flat heating pipes connected to each other with the possibility of the fluid moving through horizontal or vertical manifold pipes or ducts are shown.

Fig. 15 shows a two-section vertical heating wall with a so-called one-way connection, where the connection point VL with the feed line is in the upper corner area of the front heating plate 1 and the connection point RL with the return line in the lower corner area of the rear heating plate. The warm water flowing through the inlet splits in an appropriate manner across the front heating plate before passing through the connecting section, mainly a metal or plastic pipe to the rear heating plate T. The water path in the upper zone is shown in Fig. 16 and in the lower zone. The connecting tubes are designed so that the heater can only enter the rear heater plate in the upper right area. For this purpose, means are employed in accordance with the embodiments of the invention described above, which can be readily used by those skilled in the art for heating walls.

Fig. 18 shows a vertical heating wall in which the heating plates are connected to each other using T-sections in the upper and lower corner areas. The fluid flow control is performed as shown in Figs. 19 and 20, through the T-shaped elements, which are either closed or passage through the fluid. Therefore, the front heater plate always receives the heater flow before the rear heater plate.

21st-31st fig. different embodiments of the horizontal heating walls are shown, i.e. the heating pipes are arranged horizontally and connected to one another from the side by means of compact construction manifolds. The heater flow is controlled as shown in Figures 22 and 23 by using guide plates in the side zones, which are designed so that the front heater plate always receives flow before the rear heater plate.

24-31 fig. other embodiments of the horizontal heating walls are shown, in which case the flow control of the heating medium is performed analogously to the above embodiments of the vertical heating walls, i.e., by means of appropriately formed connecting pipes, the description of which is not repeated but merely a reference to the embodiments above.

Claims (46)

Claims At least one unit, preferably two-section or multi-section, radiator, in particular a flat radiator or heating wall, comprising: a connection point (VL) with an inlet line; connection point (RL) with return line; a first section (1) through which the flow passes and which is mainly directed in the direction of the heated space; at least one further section (1 ') through which the flow passes and which is located mainly at the rear, characterized in that the flow through the first stage is substantially uniformly directed before the other stages; furthermore, only at the end region of the first stage (1) is provided at least one connection with at least one further stage (1 '). Radiator according to Claim 1, characterized in that the first stage (1) is designed in such a way that at least at low heating power it can be supplied with more heat than the other sections of the radiator. A radiator according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the sections are formed in the form of plates and are formed mainly of profiled plates or flat pipes connected to one another by means of manifolds and, inter alia, of steel sheet, wherein the plates are profiled such that sections (1, T) have a plurality of passageways, and the total length of the passageways in the first passageway (1) is larger than in the other passageways, than the other sections, but the sections are connected by means of one or more connecting pipe sections, mainly of metal or plastic. A radiator according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the connection point (VL) with the feed line and the connection point (RL) with the return line are each located on one vertical longitudinal edge of the radiator or each in the middle of the length. Radiator according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the first section (1) is placed above or below the second section (T), wherein the two sections are mainly formed in one heating body or one heating plate. A radiator according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the surfaces of the sections (1, Γ) are provided with convective profiles (2) having a generally rectangular or wavy profile. 7th Radiator according to claim 6, characterized in that the first section (1) is free of convective profiles. A radiator according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that adjustable blinds (7) are provided for changing the cross-section of the convective profile (2), wherein the blinds (7) are formed with the possibility of shifting. depending on the temperature such that, at a low input temperature, the blinds (7) in the first stage (1) essentially cover the convective profiles (2). A radiator according to claim 8, characterized in that a heat sensor (6) is provided which is located on the first stage (1). Radiator according to Claim 8 or 9, characterized in that a temperature-dependent compensator tank (3) or a memory or bimetallic metal is provided for displacing the blinds (7). A radiator according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that an insulating layer consisting mainly of plain or multi-layer aluminum is provided between the first stage and at least behind the first stage. Radiator according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that it is provided on the wall side with a reflective screen consisting mainly of multi-layer aluminum. 13. Single sections, in particular a flat radiator or heating wall containing; the connection point (VL) with the input line; connection point (RL) with return line; a heater body formed in the form of a plate which passes through a flow of a heating medium, characterized in that at least two different calculated stages (8, 9) are provided, the first stage (8) being upstream of the other stages and at low heat output, more heat than the other stages. Radiator according to Claim 13, characterized in that at least on the surface of the heater there are convective profiles (2) which have a planar rectangular or wavy profile. Radiator according to Claim 14, characterized in that the total surface of the convective profiles of the first section (8) is smaller than the surface of the other sections. Radiator according to claim 14, characterized in that the first section (8) is free of convective profiles. A radiator according to any one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that the heater is formed of a profiled sheet material, mainly a sheet of steel, by forming a plurality of passageways or flat pipes which are connected together by means of a manifold. the flow resistance of the passageways of the section (8) is less than that of the other sections. A radiator according to any one of claims 13 to 17, characterized in that the heater is profiled such that at least the first section (8) comprises a plurality of passageways arranged horizontally and upwardly or downwardly in the form of a meander, and / or at least the second section (9) is profiled to form a plurality of vertical passageways, the first section (8) being separated from the other sections by at least a partition (10). Radiator according to Claim 18, characterized in that only one connecting channel (11) passes through the partition (10). Radiator according to claim 19, characterized in that the connecting duct (11) is located on one of the vertical side edges of the heater. Radiator according to claim 18, characterized in that a plurality of connecting channels (11) pass through the partition (10). Radiator according to one of claims 13 to 21, characterized in that the connection point (VL) with the feed line is located on one of the vertical lateral sides of the heater or in the middle of the horizontal length of the heater. Radiator according to any one of claims 13 to 22, characterized in that at least one longitudinal edge of the heater is folded back to form a rear, mainly wall facing, heater surface which extends substantially parallel to the front surface of the heater; placed on the front surface of the heater, generally facing the space to be heated. 2 6 Radiator according to any one of claims 13 to 23, characterized in that the return line (RL) is in the form of a tube and extends over most of the length of the heater. Radiator according to claim 24, characterized in that the tubular return line (14) is provided with a plurality of circular or rectangular convective bodies (15). A radiator according to any one of claims 13 to 23, characterized in that it is formed by two stages, the first stage (8) being located in the middle between the other stages (9). A radiator according to any one of claims 13 to 26, characterized in that it is provided with a reflective screen (12) on the wall side, mainly of multi-layer aluminum. 28. Single or multi section electric radiator, mainly flat radiator or heating wall, comprising at least two differently calculated sections (8, 9) fitted with a series of heating elements (Ri ... R _n , r- | ... r _m ) and A regulating device, characterized in that the regulating device is designed in such a way that the electrical resistance of the stages is adjustable independently of one another and in the first stage more heat is supplied at least at low heating power than in the other stages. A radiator according to claim 28, characterized in that it is designed as a single-section radiator with a total of two stages, wherein the first stage (8) is positioned above the second stage (9) or it is designed as a multi-section radiator, moreover, the first stage (8) is directed mainly towards the heated space and is located in front of the other stages (9). A radiator according to claim 28 or 29, characterized in that the total electrical resistance of the first stage is lower than that of the other stages. A radiator according to any one of claims 25 to 28, characterized in that the first stage (8) is provided with a self-regulating, or self-limiting, resistor mainly in the form of an elastomer embedded ferrite. Radiator according to any one of claims 28 to 31, characterized in that the sections are made of profiled sheet material mainly of steel sheet, forming a plurality of passageways (21, 23), or of flat pipes connected together. through collector channels. A radiator according to claim 32, characterized in that it forms a cavity for the flow of a flow-through substance, mainly water or paraffin. A radiator according to claim 33, characterized in that the heating elements are mounted directly in one or more hollow passageways (21) or the heating elements are built into metal inserts and the inserts are hollow passageways (21). Radiator according to any one of claims 1 to 34, characterized in that at least one cavity (19) is arranged between the half-cups of the heating plate (1, T), respectively the plates (20a, 20b). Radiator according to Claim 35, characterized in that at least one of the cuffs (19) has at least one passage channel (19b) which provides a predetermined heating deflection. A radiator according to claim 35 or 36, characterized in that the cuff (19) has a mechanism (19b, 19c) which provides a predetermined deflection of the heating material by installing the cuff between the half-cups of the heating plate or the plates comprising the pipe ( VL). A radiator according to claim 37, characterized in that the deflection mechanism (19b) has at least one passageway (19b) or consists of it. Radiator according to claim 37 or 38, characterized in that the deflection mechanism (19b) has an outer contour which at least approximately corresponds to the contour (21, 22a, 22b) between the half-cups, respectively the plates for improving or providing orientation. Radiator according to any one of claims 36 to 39, characterized in that the fittings (19.1-19.3) are located in the cuff (19) to purposefully influence the flow of gaseous and liquid substances between the radiator plates (1, T, 1). ). Radiator according to Claim 40, characterized in that the fitting (19.1) completely closes the opening (19a) provided in the cuff (19) and prevents the flow of gaseous and liquid substances between the radiator plates (1, Γ, 1) or the fitting. (19.2a) is an aperture (19.2a) which corresponds to the aperture (19a) provided in the cuff (19) and which provides an adjustable deflection of the gaseous and liquid substances in one of the radiator plates (1, 1 ', 1) or in the fascia (19.3). ) is provided with an opening (19.3a), which provides gaseous substance exchange between the radiator plates (1, 1 ', 1) but prevents the flow of liquid substances between the radiator plates (1, T, 1). Radiator according to claim 40 or 41, characterized in that the fittings (19.1-19.3) are inserted into the openings (19a) with a geometrical and / or force-tight connection. Radiator according to any one of claims 40 to 42, characterized in that the fittings (19.1 -19.3) are made of metal, plastic or ceramic and that, in their external dimensions, correspond to the outline (19a) of the opening (19a) of the pin (19). seals the joints. The method of making a radiator according to any one of claims 1 to 43, further comprising using at least two half-cups, respectively one or more pairs of plates of plastically deformable material, wherein at least one of these pairs of interconnecting plates is provided with the guiding structure for guiding the heater, the plates are connected to each other, and at least one passage channel is provided between the plates at predetermined locations, characterized in that the plugs are installed in a predetermined orientation to provide the heater with a directed feed. A method according to claim 14, characterized in that the cuffs are provided with a guide mechanism for providing their orientation. A method of making a radiator, in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 43, wherein the heating plate formed by at least one of the flat tubes is provided with a guiding structure for guiding the heater, characterized in that the guiding structure is used for guiding the heater. in separate sections of one or more heating plates.