KR960007867A - 전하 안정성이 개선된 일렉트렛 섬유 혼합물의 부직포, 이의 제조방법 및 이의 용도 - Google Patents
전하 안정성이 개선된 일렉트렛 섬유 혼합물의 부직포, 이의 제조방법 및 이의 용도 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR960007867A KR960007867A KR1019950027379A KR19950027379A KR960007867A KR 960007867 A KR960007867 A KR 960007867A KR 1019950027379 A KR1019950027379 A KR 1019950027379A KR 19950027379 A KR19950027379 A KR 19950027379A KR 960007867 A KR960007867 A KR 960007867A
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- nonwoven fabric
- different
- different materials
- compounds
- condensation polymers
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
- D04H1/542—Adhesive fibres
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4282—Addition polymers
- D04H1/4291—Olefin series
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
- B01D39/16—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
- B01D39/1607—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous
- B01D39/1623—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous of synthetic origin
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4282—Addition polymers
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4282—Addition polymers
- D04H1/43—Acrylonitrile series
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4282—Addition polymers
- D04H1/4318—Fluorine series
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4326—Condensation or reaction polymers
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4326—Condensation or reaction polymers
- D04H1/4334—Polyamides
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4326—Condensation or reaction polymers
- D04H1/435—Polyesters
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4382—Stretched reticular film fibres; Composite fibres; Mixed fibres; Ultrafine fibres; Fibres for artificial leather
- D04H1/43825—Composite fibres
- D04H1/43828—Composite fibres sheath-core
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4382—Stretched reticular film fibres; Composite fibres; Mixed fibres; Ultrafine fibres; Fibres for artificial leather
- D04H1/43835—Mixed fibres, e.g. at least two chemically different fibres or fibre blends
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
- D04H1/541—Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres
- D04H1/5412—Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres sheath-core
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
- D04H1/541—Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres
- D04H1/5416—Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres sea-island
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
- D04H1/541—Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres
- D04H1/5418—Mixed fibres, e.g. at least two chemically different fibres or fibre blends
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
- D04H1/542—Adhesive fibres
- D04H1/55—Polyesters
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D2239/04—Additives and treatments of the filtering material
- B01D2239/0435—Electret
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D2239/08—Special characteristics of binders
- B01D2239/083—Binders between layers of the filter
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4382—Stretched reticular film fibres; Composite fibres; Mixed fibres; Ultrafine fibres; Fibres for artificial leather
- D04H1/43825—Composite fibres
- D04H1/4383—Composite fibres sea-island
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4382—Stretched reticular film fibres; Composite fibres; Mixed fibres; Ultrafine fibres; Fibres for artificial leather
- D04H1/43825—Composite fibres
- D04H1/43832—Composite fibres side-by-side
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
- D04H1/541—Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres
- D04H1/5414—Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres side-by-side
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S55/00—Gas separation
- Y10S55/39—Electrets separator
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/637—Including strand or fiber material which is a monofilament composed of two or more polymeric materials in physically distinct relationship [e.g., sheath-core, side-by-side, islands-in-sea, fibrils-in-matrix, etc.] or composed of physical blend of chemically different polymeric materials or a physical blend of a polymeric material and a filler material
- Y10T442/641—Sheath-core multicomponent strand or fiber material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/682—Needled nonwoven fabric
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/696—Including strand or fiber material which is stated to have specific attributes [e.g., heat or fire resistance, chemical or solvent resistance, high absorption for aqueous compositions, water solubility, heat shrinkability, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/697—Containing at least two chemically different strand or fiber materials
- Y10T442/698—Containing polymeric and natural strand or fiber materials
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
- Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
- Artificial Filaments (AREA)
Abstract
전하 안정도가 개선되고 주로 섬유 형성 첨가제 또는 축합 중합체를 포함하고 재료의 중량을 기준으로 하여 유기 또는 유기 금속 전하 조절제를 0.01 내지 30중량%(바람직하게는 0.01 내지 10중량%, 특히 0.1 내지 5중량%) 포함하는 재료를 포함하는 부직포(여기서 부직포는 상이한 섬유 형성 첨가물 및 축합 중합체와, 적합한 경우, 상이한 전하 조절제를 포함하는 점에서 서로 상이한 재료로 이루어진 2종류 이상의 일렉트렛 섬유를 포함한다)가 기재되어 있다.
또한, 이러한 부직포의 제조방법 및 매우 유효한 집진 필터 및 집진포를 제조하기 위한 이의 용도도 기재되어 있다.
Description
본 내용은 요부공개 건이므로 전문내용을 수록하지 않았음
Claims (14)
- 전하 안정도가 개선되고 주로 섬유 형성 첨가제 또는 축합 중합체를 포함하고 재료의 중량을 기준으로 하여 유기 또는 유기 금속 전하 조절제를 0.01 내지 30중량% 포함하는 재료를 포함하는 상이한 재료로 이루어진 2종류 이상의 일렉트렛 섬유를 포함하는 일렉트렛 섬유의 부직포.
- 제1항에 있어서 부직포가 상이한 재료로 이루어진 2 또는 3종류의 일렉트렉 섬유를 포함하는 부직포.
- 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서 부직포가 상이한 재료로 이루어진 2종류의 일렉트렛 섬유를 포함하는 부직포.
- 제1항 내지 제3항 중의 어느 한 항에 있어서 상이한 재료가 상이한 섬유 형성 첨가물 또는 축합 중합체를 포함하는 부직포.
- 제1항 내지 제4항 중의 어느 한 항에 있어서 상이한 재료가 이의 유전상수 면에서 상이한 섬유 형성 첨가물 또는 축합 중합체르 포함하는 부직포.
- 제1항 내지 제5항 중의 어느 한 항에 있어서 상이한 재료가 폴리올레핀, 할로겐화 폴리올레핀, 폴리아크릴레이트, 폴리아크릴로니트릴, 폴리스티렌 및 불소 중합체로 이루어진 그룹으로부터 선택되거나 폴리에스테르, 폴리카보네이트, 지방족 또는 방향족 폴리아미드, 폴리이미드, 폴리에테르 케톤(예:PEK 및 PEEK), 폴리아릴렌 설파이드, 특히 폴리페닐렌 설파이드, 폴리아세탈 및 셀룰로즈 에스테르로 이루어진 그룹으로부터 선택되는 상이한 첨가물 또는 축합 중합체르 포함하는 부직포.
- 제1항 내지 제6항 중의 어느 한 항에 있어서 상이한 재료가 상이한 섬유 형성 척가물 또는 축합 중합체와 상이한 유기 또는 유기 금속 전하 조절제를 포함하는 부직포.
- 제1항 내지 제7항 중의 어느 한 항에 있어서 상이한 재료가 트리페닐메탄; 암모늄 및 임모늄 화합물; 불소화 암모늄 및 임모늄 화합물; 비스-양이온성 산 아미드; 중합체성 암모늄 화합물; 디알릴암모늄 화합물;아릴설파이드 유도체;페놀 유도체; 포스포늄 화합물;불소화 포스포튬 화합물;칼릭스(나)아렌;금속 착화합물;벤즈이미다졸론; 및 칼라 인덱스(Color Index)에 안료, 용매 염료, 염기서 염료 또는 산성 염료로서 나열되어 있는 아진, 티아진 또는 옥사진으로 이루어진 그룹으로부터 선택되는 상이한 유기 또는 유기 금속 전하 조절제를 포함하는 부직포.
- 제1항 내지 제8항 중의 어느 한 항에 있어서 고착된 부직포.
- 제1항 내지 제9항 중의 어느 한 항에 있어서 기계적으로 고착된 부직포.
- 제1항 내지 제10항 중의 어느 한 항에 있어서 화학적 결합제에 의해 고착된 부직포.
- 제1항 내지 제11항 중의 어느 한 항에 있어서 융합성 결합제에 의해 고착된 부직포.
- 제1항에서 청구한 바와 같은 부직포로 이루어지거나 이를 포함하는 집진 필터.
- 제1항에서 청구한 바와 같은 부직포로 이루어지거나 이를 포함하는 집진포.※ 참고사항 : 최초출원 내용에 의하여 공개하는 것임.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE9414040U DE9414040U1 (de) | 1994-08-30 | 1994-08-30 | Vliese aus Elektretfasermischungen mit verbesserter Ladungsstabilität |
DEG9414040.5 | 1994-08-30 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
KR960007867A true KR960007867A (ko) | 1996-03-22 |
Family
ID=6913051
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019950027379A KR960007867A (ko) | 1994-08-30 | 1995-08-30 | 전하 안정성이 개선된 일렉트렛 섬유 혼합물의 부직포, 이의 제조방법 및 이의 용도 |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5726107A (ko) |
EP (1) | EP0705931B1 (ko) |
JP (1) | JPH0874163A (ko) |
KR (1) | KR960007867A (ko) |
DE (2) | DE9414040U1 (ko) |
DK (1) | DK0705931T3 (ko) |
ES (1) | ES2131733T3 (ko) |
FI (1) | FI954033A (ko) |
NO (1) | NO953381L (ko) |
Families Citing this family (56)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE29509066U1 (de) * | 1995-06-01 | 1995-09-07 | Huesker Synthetic GmbH & Co., 48712 Gescher | Textiler Verbundstoff |
US5908598A (en) * | 1995-08-14 | 1999-06-01 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Fibrous webs having enhanced electret properties |
US6162535A (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 2000-12-19 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Ferroelectric fibers and applications therefor |
IL119809A (en) * | 1996-12-11 | 2001-06-14 | Nicast Ltd | A device for the production of a complex material for filtration and a method for its application |
JP3566477B2 (ja) * | 1996-12-26 | 2004-09-15 | 興研株式会社 | 静電フィルター |
US6238466B1 (en) | 1997-10-01 | 2001-05-29 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Electret articles and filters with increased oily mist resistance |
DE19755047A1 (de) * | 1997-12-11 | 1999-06-17 | Hoechst Trevira Gmbh & Co Kg | Vliese aus Elektretfasern mit verbesserter Ladungsstabilität, präparierte Faser, vorzugsweise Elektretfaser, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und ihre Verwendung |
US6759356B1 (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2004-07-06 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Fibrous electret polymeric articles |
US6123752A (en) * | 1998-09-03 | 2000-09-26 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | High efficiency synthetic filter medium |
US6573205B1 (en) | 1999-01-30 | 2003-06-03 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Stable electret polymeric articles |
US6103181A (en) * | 1999-02-17 | 2000-08-15 | Filtrona International Limited | Method and apparatus for spinning a web of mixed fibers, and products produced therefrom |
US6231646B1 (en) | 1999-03-11 | 2001-05-15 | Chemco Manufacturing Company, Inc. | Paint overspray exhaust air filter |
IL132945A0 (en) * | 1999-06-07 | 2001-03-19 | Nicast Ltd | Filtering material and device and method of its manufacture |
US6444312B1 (en) | 1999-12-08 | 2002-09-03 | Fiber Innovation Technology, Inc. | Splittable multicomponent fibers containing a polyacrylonitrile polymer component |
US6387144B1 (en) | 2000-03-16 | 2002-05-14 | Nelson Industries, Inc. | Enhanced performance fibrous filter media and extended life fluid filter assembly |
US6815383B1 (en) | 2000-05-24 | 2004-11-09 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Filtration medium with enhanced particle holding characteristics |
US6513184B1 (en) | 2000-06-28 | 2003-02-04 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Particle entrapment system |
DE10053229A1 (de) * | 2000-10-26 | 2002-05-23 | Tesa Ag | Gewebe- oder gewirkartiger Pollenschutz für Fenster und Türen |
US6550639B2 (en) | 2000-12-05 | 2003-04-22 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Triboelectric system |
US20020084178A1 (en) * | 2000-12-19 | 2002-07-04 | Nicast Corporation Ltd. | Method and apparatus for manufacturing polymer fiber shells via electrospinning |
US20070031607A1 (en) * | 2000-12-19 | 2007-02-08 | Alexander Dubson | Method and apparatus for coating medical implants |
WO2002074189A2 (en) * | 2001-03-20 | 2002-09-26 | Nicast Ltd. | Electrospinning nonwoven materials with rotating electrode |
US20040030377A1 (en) * | 2001-10-19 | 2004-02-12 | Alexander Dubson | Medicated polymer-coated stent assembly |
US7244272B2 (en) | 2000-12-19 | 2007-07-17 | Nicast Ltd. | Vascular prosthesis and method for production thereof |
JP4659232B2 (ja) * | 2001-02-23 | 2011-03-30 | 日本バイリーン株式会社 | 帯電不織布 |
US6802315B2 (en) * | 2001-03-21 | 2004-10-12 | Hollingsorth & Vose Company | Vapor deposition treated electret filter media |
US6514324B1 (en) | 2001-08-10 | 2003-02-04 | Rick L. Chapman | High efficiency active electrostatic air filter and method of manufacture |
US6926961B2 (en) | 2001-08-15 | 2005-08-09 | Invista North America S.A.R.L. | Nonwoven blend with electret fiber |
US20040116026A1 (en) * | 2002-12-05 | 2004-06-17 | Filter Materials, Inc. | Charged synthetic nonwoven filtration media and method for producing same |
US7097694B1 (en) | 2003-12-04 | 2006-08-29 | Fleetguard, Inc. | High performance, high efficiency filter |
WO2005065578A2 (en) * | 2004-01-06 | 2005-07-21 | Nicast Ltd. | Vascular prosthesis with anastomotic member |
CN101124309A (zh) * | 2004-10-08 | 2008-02-13 | 丹·C·肖特 | 离子化性能织物 |
US20100331947A1 (en) * | 2005-02-17 | 2010-12-30 | Alon Shalev | Inflatable Medical Device |
US20070161309A1 (en) * | 2006-01-06 | 2007-07-12 | David Villeneuve | Nonwoven substrate |
DE102007018937A1 (de) * | 2007-04-21 | 2008-10-23 | Helsa-Automotive Gmbh & Co. Kg | Elektrostatisch geladenes oder aufladbares Filtermaterial und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
DE202007015994U1 (de) | 2007-11-14 | 2008-01-17 | Wolf Pvg Gmbh & Co. Kg | Luftfiltermedium |
JP5249713B2 (ja) * | 2008-10-29 | 2013-07-31 | 旭化成せんい株式会社 | 耐熱性不織布 |
KR101679894B1 (ko) * | 2009-04-03 | 2016-11-25 | 쓰리엠 이노베이티브 프로퍼티즈 컴파니 | 일렉트릿 웨브를 포함하는, 올레핀성 웨브를 위한 가공 보조제 |
US9659301B1 (en) | 2009-08-19 | 2017-05-23 | Allstate Insurance Company | Roadside assistance |
JP5437763B2 (ja) * | 2009-10-02 | 2014-03-12 | 東京エレクトロン株式会社 | 現像処理方法及び基板処理方法 |
JP5475541B2 (ja) * | 2010-05-07 | 2014-04-16 | 日本バイリーン株式会社 | 帯電フィルタ及びマスク |
EP3885480B1 (en) | 2010-10-25 | 2024-09-11 | SWM Luxembourg Sarl | Filtration material using fiber blends that contain strategically shaped fibers and/or charge control agents |
BR112013032643A2 (pt) * | 2011-06-30 | 2017-11-07 | 3M Innovative Properties Co | mantas fibrosas de eletreto não tecidas e métodos para fabricação das mesmas |
CN103781956B (zh) * | 2011-06-30 | 2016-09-28 | 3M创新有限公司 | 非织造驻极体纤维网及其制备方法 |
JP6366681B2 (ja) * | 2013-04-19 | 2018-08-01 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | 帯電強化添加剤を含むエレクトレットウェブ |
WO2015157810A1 (en) * | 2014-04-17 | 2015-10-22 | Real Australia Company Pty Ltd | Improvements in method and apparatus for separating ions and solids from a fluid |
EE05785B1 (et) * | 2014-06-06 | 2016-12-15 | Oü Armteks | Meetod filtermaterjali valmistamiseks |
EP3523472B1 (de) * | 2016-10-06 | 2022-05-25 | Groz-Beckert KG | Verfahren zur herstellung eines plissierbaren textilen gebildes mit elektrostatisch geladenen fasern und plissierbares textiles gebilde |
CN110225787B (zh) * | 2017-01-27 | 2021-07-20 | 帝人富瑞特株式会社 | 袋式过滤器用过滤布及其制造方法 |
DE102018108228A1 (de) * | 2018-04-06 | 2019-10-10 | Groz-Beckert Kg | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines textilen Gebildes mit elektrostatisch geladenen Fasern und textiles Gebilde |
US11769425B2 (en) * | 2018-11-02 | 2023-09-26 | International Business Machines Corporation | Enhancing video language learning by providing catered context sensitive expressions |
CN109914034B (zh) * | 2019-02-28 | 2021-04-20 | 广东东沁新材料科技有限公司 | 一种驻极体聚乳酸熔喷非织造材料的制备方法 |
JP7453797B2 (ja) * | 2020-01-24 | 2024-03-21 | キヤノン株式会社 | 静電フィルター用ユニット及び静電フィルター |
CN116348190A (zh) * | 2020-08-11 | 2023-06-27 | 3M创新有限公司 | 具有羧酸或羧酸盐电荷增强添加剂的驻极体料片 |
CN112813515B (zh) * | 2021-02-03 | 2022-10-28 | 绍兴瑞康生物科技有限公司 | 一种含有有机金属络合物高效驻极剂及其应用 |
CN115746562A (zh) * | 2022-12-21 | 2023-03-07 | 上海斯必特橡塑有限公司 | 一种5g领域的改性聚酰亚胺材料及制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3509857C2 (de) * | 1984-03-19 | 1994-04-28 | Toyo Boseki | Elektretisiertes Staubfilter und dessen Herstellung |
JP2672329B2 (ja) * | 1988-05-13 | 1997-11-05 | 東レ株式会社 | エレクトレット材料 |
JPH0568823A (ja) * | 1991-09-10 | 1993-03-23 | Toray Ind Inc | 濾 材 |
ES2218521T3 (es) * | 1993-03-09 | 2004-11-16 | Trevira Gmbh | Fibras de electreto con una estabilidad de carga mejorada, el proceso para su produccion y materiales textiles que contienen estas fibras de electreto. |
-
1994
- 1994-08-30 DE DE9414040U patent/DE9414040U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1995
- 1995-08-17 EP EP95112913A patent/EP0705931B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-08-17 ES ES95112913T patent/ES2131733T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-08-17 DE DE59505363T patent/DE59505363D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-08-17 DK DK95112913T patent/DK0705931T3/da active
- 1995-08-28 US US08/520,014 patent/US5726107A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-08-28 FI FI954033A patent/FI954033A/fi unknown
- 1995-08-29 NO NO953381A patent/NO953381L/no unknown
- 1995-08-30 KR KR1019950027379A patent/KR960007867A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-08-30 JP JP7221682A patent/JPH0874163A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE59505363D1 (de) | 1999-04-22 |
DE9414040U1 (de) | 1995-01-19 |
ES2131733T3 (es) | 1999-08-01 |
NO953381D0 (no) | 1995-08-29 |
EP0705931A1 (de) | 1996-04-10 |
EP0705931B1 (de) | 1999-03-17 |
NO953381L (no) | 1996-03-01 |
DK0705931T3 (da) | 2000-05-01 |
US5726107A (en) | 1998-03-10 |
JPH0874163A (ja) | 1996-03-19 |
FI954033A (fi) | 1996-03-02 |
FI954033A0 (fi) | 1995-08-28 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
KR960007867A (ko) | 전하 안정성이 개선된 일렉트렛 섬유 혼합물의 부직포, 이의 제조방법 및 이의 용도 | |
DE60219056T2 (de) | Antistatische zusammensetzungen | |
CA2128707C (en) | Scrim inserted electrostatic fibrous filter web | |
CN101896652B (zh) | 含有聚芳硫醚组分的多组分纤维 | |
CA2252516A1 (en) | Ferroelectric fibers and applications therefor | |
US4112037A (en) | Process of making air filter fabric | |
EP0822284A3 (de) | Spinnvliesstoff und Vorrichtung zu dessen Herstellung | |
CZ334194A3 (en) | Material for air filters, its use and process for producing thereof | |
CN106268085B (zh) | 褶式过滤器及其制造方法 | |
EP0351318A3 (en) | Meltblown polymeric dispersions | |
TWI766880B (zh) | 部分氟化芳族酯 | |
DE3337031A1 (de) | Chirurgische gesichtsmaske | |
DE60107213T2 (de) | Hitzebeständiges gewebe und dessen herstellungsverfahren | |
ATA129377A (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von hydrophilen fasern und faeden aus synthetischen polymeren | |
KR100231499B1 (ko) | 기체 투과성 직물 | |
ATE188520T1 (de) | Schmelzgeblasene polyarylensulfidmikrofasern und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung | |
DE4321289A1 (de) | Elektretfasern mit verbesserter Ladungsstabilität, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung, und Textilmaterial enthaltend diese Elektretfasern | |
FI802612A (fi) | Foerfarande och anordning foer framstaellning av impregnerade pappers- eller fibermattaprodukter | |
CN104801112A (zh) | 耐高温聚芳恶二唑无纺滤料及其制备方法 | |
ATE131225T1 (de) | Mikrofasern aus vinylaromatischen syndiotaktischen polymeren, verbundvliese aus diesen mikrofasern und schmelzblasverfahren zur herstellung. | |
FR2373616A1 (fr) | Fils ou fibres en polytetrafluoroethylene, leur procede de fabrication, et leur utilisation comme elements d'etancheite | |
AT353938B (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von hydrophilen fasern und faeden aus synthetischen polymeren | |
EP0922794A2 (de) | Vliese aus Elektretfasern, präparierte Faser, vorzugsweise Elektretfaser, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und ihre Verwendung | |
BR8603605A (pt) | Material consolidado microporoso,processo para sua obtencao,e,aplicacao do mesmo | |
GB2011968A (en) | Patterned non-woven fabrics |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WITN | Application deemed withdrawn, e.g. because no request for examination was filed or no examination fee was paid |