KR20000018207A - A Method of Eliminating the bad odor-elements From Composting of Live-stock manures - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: A method for removing the offensive odor during the fermentation of stool of domestic animals is provided, which does not use expensive sawdust and recycles gypsum and fly ash being waste. CONSTITUTION: The offensive odor during the fermentation of excrement of domestic animals is removed by mixing gypsum with an equal quantity of fly ash to prepare a mixture, adding a little quantity of water to the mixture, and leaving the mixture for a long time; adding about 25 parts by weight of the mixture to 100 parts by weight of the stool of domestic animals to controlling the moisture content to be about 50-60%; performing the first fermentation in the closed fermenter by adding a strain culture to remove ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and low molecular odorous materials; performing the second fermentation to decompose fibroid materials, thereby to generate a compost rich in humus. The methane gas generated in the second fermentation is liquidized and collected.

Description

A method of eliminating the bad odor-elements from composting of live-stock manures}

In recent years, the livestock is concentrated in large numbers, causing a large amount of livestock and causing pollution. Among them, it causes odor pollution in neighboring settlements, including ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane and trace odors. The removal of gas has been a technical challenge, making it a big challenge for farmers.

Particularly, manure manure contains 70 to 80% of water, which makes it difficult to handle, and in order to compost into aerobic fermentation, there is a difficulty of adjusting the moisture to 60%.

The present invention uses a mixture of gypsum and coal ash as a fermentation additive capable of simultaneously controlling the moisture and odor components of livestock manure, thereby obtaining the effect of moisture control in the following fermentation process and the following fermentation process. To remove odorous substances in the

In general, the use of sawdust and chaff as a moisture control material, the drying method, mechanical dehydration, etc. to solve the water problem (reference material; representative livestock manure treatment system applied in Korea in Table 1) sawdust and chaff The use method is a disadvantage that the price is expensive, the drying method has a disadvantage of a lot of drying costs, the dehydration method has a disadvantage of a lot of facility costs and facility operating costs.

According to the present invention, the reaction product of gypsum and coal ash is 10% or less of gypsum moisture and almost no moisture of coal ash, so that 6 to 7% of moisture is selected even in a mixed state, so that moisture of fertilizer manure can be easily fermented when mixed with animal manure. It can be lowered to 50-60% line.

Next, it will be described in detail with respect to the odor component removal action is the core of the present invention.

Chemical and mechanical solutions used to date include methods of infiltrating the exhaust gas into water to make ammonia water, but this causes other wastewater pollution. There is also a method of reacting limestone with odor by adding limestone, but it is low in reactivity, and limestone raises the pH of compost too much to activate microorganisms excessively, so that microorganisms overly decompose organic matter and plants cannot eat.耐久 HUMUS) has the disadvantage of generating a large amount. Compost containing excessive amounts of durable humas has the adverse effect of silting soil when fertilized with soil, and cannot be used as nutrients for crops. (Reference. 肥 肥肥 肥 and 伎 術 肥 伎 術) Oil Quality Fertilizer)

In general, lime has been used a lot in the retreat housing, and the patents include 97-6241 (manufacturing method of organic fertilizer), 97-10709 (manufacturing calcium fertilizer using waste organic matter), 97-21035 (food waste, livestock waste, fish meat). Lime is used in organic fertilizers).

In the present invention, gypsum is used instead of lime. Gypsum is a neutralizing agent that does not sharply increase compost and soil pH, and is a neutral calcium nutrient source (Ca ⁺⁺ -Source) that does not irritate microorganisms. In the present invention, gypsum is not directly used in the manure manure, and gypsum and coal ash are reacted to dissolve abundant mineral nutrients in the coal ash, but the coal ash is primarily used as a reaction intermediate to remove various odorous components generated during composting. Use as a microbial and plant nutrients. Fly ash and gypsum is the original are all materials made up of the soil constituents, all of which are the cross-metathesis in the presence of some _{water, FeSO 4, Al 2 (SO} 4) 3, MgSO 4, the number of, such as K ₂ SO ₄ Lactate and various hydroxides such as KOH, Fe (OH) ₂ , Fe (OH) ₃ and Ca (OH) ₂ are produced. These compounds readily react with various odorous components that occur during composting. The reactants are dissolved in the compost and are used as plant nutrients when composted. In particular, the reaction, which was insufficient when mixing gypsum and coal ash, can be continued by raising the temperature to 60-70 ° C during fermentation of compost. The most odorous substances to be removed include ammonia (NH ₃ ), hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S) and methane (CH ₄ ), but odor expression levels (Odor: Odor More than 20 kinds of trace malodorous components, which reach the threshold level, occur together. (Reference: Monthly Swine 99. 11 `` Types and Principle of Odor Occurring in Pig Farms ''

These minor malodorous components are synergistic of odors with ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and the like. These are butyric acid, isobvaleric acid, isovaleric acid, and phenylacetic acid, which are easily reacted with the reactants of gypsum and coal ash, resulting in inert organic salts.

The present invention consists of the following steps.

① Reaction process of gypsum and coal ash

It mainly produces lactate and hydroxide compounds of minerals from coal ash.

② Moisture Control Process:

With gypsum and coal, the moisture in the manure is regulated to 50-60% of aerobic fermentation.

③ Primary fermentation process:

Fermentation of sugars and proteins that are easy to ferment with low molecular weight substances. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and low molecular odors are removed by reaction with reaction products of gypsum and coal ash.

④ secondary fermentation process:

Mainly decomposes fibrous materials that are difficult to decompose to obtain high quality humas, and collects methane gas generated by compression liquefaction.

⑤ Culture fermentation process:

A process of separately culturing compost mature strains extracted from high quality compost. (See Figure 1)

(1) Reaction process of gypsum and coal ash:

After adding a little moisture (livestock urine) to phosphate gypsum and coal ash, elements such as Fe, Mg and K in coal ash react with the SO ₄ ^2_ of gypsum to become lactate. And some may be hydroxides. (Reference. Table of Composition of Gypsum and Coal Ash in Table 2)

_{FeO + CaSO 4 · H 2 O} → FeSO 4 + Ca (OH) 2

MgO + CaSO ₄ H ₂ O → MgSO ₄ + Ca (OH) ₂

_{K 2 O + CaSO 4 · H} 2 O → K 2 SO 4 + Ca (OH) 2

FeO + H ₂ O → Fe (OH) ₂

MgO + H ₂ O → Mg (OH) ₂

K ₂ O + H ₂ O → 2KOH

This reaction easily occurs even at room temperature, but the temperature rises to 70-80 ° C. during composting, causing a variety of complex substitution reactions.

In Table 2, the coal ash contains 4-8% Fe ₂ O ₃ , 1-5% K ₂ O, 58% SiO ₂ , and 25% Al ₂ O ₃ , especially coal. When it is combusted, it is calcined at 1,000 ℃ and formed into spherical porous material at the time of cooling, so all inorganic salts are free form and are highly reactive. They easily form lactates and complex salts with Ca ²⁺ and SO ₄ ^{2- in} gypsum, and react easily with ammonia generated during fermentation while mixing. This is the principle of gas collection.

(ii) moisture control process

When hydrated phosphate gypsum or gypsum-coal ash reactant is mixed with a high moisture content, the moisture of the nutrients is transferred to gypsum by the hydration reaction of gypsum, which is called a water control process.

In general, slurries of manure manure have about 70-80% of moisture. When this moisture content is high, it is difficult to infiltrate and mix air, so that aerobic fermentation does not occur actively and basic fermentation occurs, resulting in a lot of methane gas. In combination with ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas, it causes more odors. Methane gas is difficult to remove by adsorption and is removed by compression and liquefaction methods. However, when mixed with ammonia gas, it is difficult to separate by economic method, and fermentation should not occur together. Proteins that produce ammonia are fermented in primary fermentation because of their ease of fermentation. Therefore, in the first fermentation it is necessary to remove the water to the extent that aerobic fermentation can occur well, which is called a moisture control process.

Common methods of removing water include ① mechanical dehydration (2) and ② dried material such as sawdust to adsorb moisture to control the amount of water in the entire body (水分 調節 法). In the moisture control process, the moisture content is adjusted to 50 ~ 65% line. The mechanical method of ① makes it easy to meet this goal. However, in small pig farms, this method cannot be selected due to the equipment cost and operating cost. The method of ② is a method commonly used in medium-sized pig farms, but the problem is that the price of sawdust is expensive and shortage.

In the present invention, hemihydrate gypsum (CaSO4 H ₂ O: Moisture control using a mixture of 半 水 石膏) and Fly · Ash (石 炭灰 = 燃燒 灰). Coal ash is used as a supplement for inorganic nutrients, but it has very little moisture, so it has excellent moisture control ability. When used together with semi-hydrated gypsum, synergistic dehydration effect is obtained. Gypsum, the main material, absorbs moisture and becomes dihydrated gypsum to become a stable substance. This absorption reaction is called a hydration reaction.

Animal manure is dehydrated by gypsum and coal, and the water content suitable for aerobic fermentation is controlled to 50 to 60%. Many techniques for controlling moisture using sawdust and rice husk are commonly used.

In the present invention, sawdust, ground chaff, etc. are used instead of gypsum, and if necessary, some of the sawdust and chaff powder may be mixed but not used if possible. The reason is that sawdust and chaff contain large amounts of lignin, pentosan, and hemicellulose, which are difficult to ferment.

(iii) primary fermentation process; Add a small amount of the strain culture cultured separately to the fermentation broth of the nutrient powder with moisture control material (mixture of hemihydrate gypsum, coal ash, sawdust, rice husk powder) adjusted to about 50-60%, and proceed with fermentation while stirring slowly. The purpose of this primary fermentation is a step of first fermenting sugars, proteins, and the like, which are easily fermented in the axial fraction, to sufficiently release ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas, which are causes of odors, and to sufficiently generate heat. Deodorization reaction occurs at this time, but various complex reactions occur together, but the main reaction is as follows.

_{① 2NH 3 + CaSO 4 + 2H} 2 O → (NH 4) 2 · SO 4 + Ca (OH) 2

_{② FeSO 4 + 2NH 3 + 2H} 2 O → (NH 4) 2 · SO 4 + Fe (OH) 2

The reactions of ① and ② above show that ammonia gas, which is the most odorous component, is fixed in yuan, a fertilizer.

Of course, MgSO ₄ , K ₂ SO ₄ , which is a salt of K and Mg, previously generated during the mixing reaction of gypsum and coal ash, reacts with ② to produce yuan.

MgSO ₄ + 2NH ₃ + 2H ₂ O → (NH ₄ ) ₂ SO ₄ + Mg (OH) ₂

K ₂ SO ₄ + 2NH ₃ + 2H ₂ O → (NH ₄ ) ₂ SO ₄ + 2KOH

Proteins contained in proteins (containing proteins) are fermented to hydrogen sulfide.

H ₂ S is a strong odor (egg, meaty odor), but it is made of FeS.

③ Fe (OH) 2 + H ₂ S → FeS + 2H ₂ O

FeS is one of the plant's nutrients that can break down H ⁺ from the roots of plants when insoluble matters or plants are needed.

④ In addition, the removal reaction of various complex odor components by trace components of coal ash and gypsum also occurs simultaneously.

MgO + H ₂ O → Mg (OH) ₂

K ₂ O + H ₂ O → 2KOH

KOH + butyric acid → K-butyrate + H ₂ O

Mg (OH) ₂ + iso-valeric acid → Mg-isovalerate + 2H ₂ O

Coal ash contains a large amount of trace elements because its main component is clay mineral, and they react with gypsum in an aqueous solution to form lactate, and the lactate reacts with various odors generated during fermentation to remove odors. Since coal ash is a porous material, it also has the property of physically adsorbing odors. (See Table 2 ingredient table)

(iv) secondary ripening fermentation process;

The first fermentation takes about 3 to 5 days, when a lot of water and gas is blown to the Sri Li (juktang state) is semi-solid (半 固 狀) difficult to stir, this is the time of completion of the primary fermentation. Composting organic fertilizers, such as sugar and protein, are mostly fermented after the first fermentation, and they contain large amounts of ingredients such as fiber, lignin, polysaccarides, and pentosan, which are difficult to ferment. Doing. Primary fermentation is in a closed culture tank, but secondary fermentation is usually used to make a large closed construct fermenter away from the plant to capture methane gas. As fermentation progresses, the compost slowly matures and turns into high-quality Humas, producing various odorous substances such as methane gas. High-quality humus has an active bond (Activity base: active bond) and also collects a large amount of odorous substances generated by itself. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are continuously collected by the reaction of the above-described process, and methane gas is produced in a relatively pure form, so that it is easy to liquefy. The remaining air after liquefaction is collected by water scrubbing and purged and then evacuated. The process described above is inadequate for small-scale manure processing in individual farms and is suitable for systems of medium-scale manure processing plants that collect and process livestock manure from several farms. In large-scale manure processing plants, solid-liquid separation is required, and the above system also applies. The solid-liquid separation method includes a centrifugal separation method, a sifting method, and a compression filtration method, but it is advantageous to use an automatic centrifuge in a large factory. The separated solid manure is fermented by the above-described process of the present invention, but it is not necessary to use sawdust, chaff, etc. as a moisture control material. Liquid urine should be treated with the active sludge method, which is a conventional method, but the above-mentioned gypsum and coal ash reactants should be used to remove odors.

(v) Preparation of Microbial Culture Solution:

In order to promote fermentation when composting manure manure, there is a tendency to use strains excellent in organic matter decomposition ability, but this is a very dangerous method. When microorganisms excessively decompose organic matter, they generate a large amount of gas and leave a large amount of durable humus, which plants cannot eat, because they have a disadvantage in making the soil SILT.

In the present invention, the strains such as Oryzae, Soja and Flavas of Aspergillus genus, Streptomyces genus, Pseudomonas genus, Bacillus genus and the like, which are generally used for the compost aging among the natural strains common to the high-quality compost, are mixed and used. do.

This culture broth is inoculated with the above bacteria using a saccharide raw material and incubated at all times.

EXAMPLE 1

(1) Process for producing reactants of gypsum and coal ash:

Half gypsum (CaSO ₄ 50 weight ratio of urine (量) is added to the mixture while 50 weight ratios of gypsum and fly ash, each dried in H ₂ O) or 10% of moisture, are mixed in a mixer. The mixture is semisolid with 20% water content, mixed well and loaded into a roofed yard to allow sufficient reaction to occur.

(2) Moisture control and primary fermentation process:

Into the sealed presentation tank, 100 weight ratio of livestock manure is added, and 25 weight ratio of the reactants of gypsum and coal ash of (1) are added to adjust the total moisture to about 60%. While fermenting at low speed, fermentation is started by adding about 1 weight ratio of strain culture solution prepared separately. In the early stage of fermentation, the aeration is strengthened so that air bubbles are evenly distributed throughout the culture. If odors such as ammonia are put in the exhaust pipe, the generation of odorous substances and the collection reaction (捕集 反應) are not balanced, so the amount of air injection is reduced.

The primary fermentation is about 3 to 5 days and the water at completion is about 50%. Gases, such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and malodorous organic acids, which are generated, become various organic / inorganic salts such as yuan and remain in the compost by various complex reactions in the above-described process description.

(2) Secondary ripening fermentation process:

After the first fermentation, sugar, protein, etc., which are easily fermented, are almost fermented, and a large amount of fiber, lignin, polysaccharides, hemicellulose, pentozan, etc., which are difficult to ferment remain. It is discharged from the primary fermentation tank and transferred to the large closed structure fermenter for natural fermentation. The gas generated at this time is methane gas. Methane gas is collected by the conventional method of compression liquefaction, and the remaining air is washed with water, and the water-soluble gas is dissolved in water and discharged. The odorous components can be completely removed through the first and second fermentation processes. Can be. The secondary fermentation period takes 50 to 60 days, yields about 100% by weight of compost with a water content of 50%, and the component analysis values of the compost by this method are shown in Table 3. Nitrogen concentration is similar to that of general compost, but mineral concentration is very high.

EXAMPLE 2

Example 2 is an embodiment regarding the process of solid-liquid separation of the fecal manure and the fermentation of solid urine and liquid urine separately.

The separator uses an automatic centrifuge or a belt filter, a sieving machine, a filter press, and the like, and after separating the shaft fraction to have a water content of 50%, the shaft fraction is Example 1 Fermentation is carried out as in the method of. However, if it is difficult to stir due to lack of water during the first fermentation, a little water should be added.

Liquid urine is treated by the activated sludge process of aeration. As a deodorant, gypsum and coal reactants use 20 weight ratios per 100 weight ratios of urine. The fermentation period is about 3-5 days. Fermented fertilizer is sent to the fertilizer storage tank and stored, and then delivered to a nearby farmhouse.

1. The treatment of livestock manure has many problems such as high moisture content, difficulty in aerobic fermentation, expensive sawdust and rice hull, and difficult to dissolve. The reaction mixture of gypsum and coal ash, which is a fertilizer for regulating fertilizer, used in the present invention, has a strong absorption ability, thereby obtaining the effect of controlling moisture by replacing sawdust and chaff,

2. At the same time, various inorganic elements of gypsum and coal (Fe ⁺⁺ , Ca ⁺⁺ , P, Si, Mg, K, Al, Mn, Ti, S) are substances used as soil and plant nutrients, but mutually It is used to make various oils and hydroxides through substitution reaction, hydroxylation reaction, and neutralization reaction. It collects various odor components generated during fermentation of shaft manure and makes them into various water-soluble salts useful as fertilizers. Can and

3. In addition, since the malodorous ingredients become ineffective substances, the effect of increasing the ineffectiveness of compost can be obtained.

4. Gypsum and coal ash are a major source of pollution due to inventory accumulation throughout the country. Although it may be used as a short fertilizer in soil, it has been avoided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry because of concern about adverse effects on soil and crops when farmers use it incorrectly. When these two substances are put into neutralized and substituted reactions during the fertilization of the manure manure, they are naturally purified during fermentation. Therefore, they are naturally absorbed by plants along with composting when they are reduced to soil and are naturally reduced. The cycle of power cycles without difficulty. Therefore, this invention also acquires the effect which solves the pollution causing property of gypsum and the coal ash itself.

Claims (1)

(1) Gypsum and coal ash are mixed and reacted in advance in the same ratio to make a reactant, and after mixing and controlling the water to about 25 weight ratio per 100 weight ratio of manure manure, the first fermentation in a closed fermentation tank, A manufacturing method and fertilizer for producing compost by secondary fermentation in large-scale fermentation tanks. (2) A manufacturing method and fertilizer for producing compost by solid-liquid separating manure manure by a mechanical method, fermenting the solid manure meal by the method of (1). (3) Solid-liquid manure is separated by mechanical method, and the reaction of gypsum-coal ash of paragraph (1) is mixed with liquid urine (液狀 畜 尿) in about 20 weight ratio per 100 weight ratio of urine (畜 尿). Liquor manufactured by the sludge process and its manufacturing method. (4) A reactant made by supplementally mixing and reacting the reaction product of gypsum and coal ash with the above-mentioned (1) and a material of similar soil improvement material (porous material such as slag slag, zeolite, shell, pearlite, etc.). (5) In the mixing ratio of gypsum and coal ash in the above-mentioned (1), this reaction is a long-term reaction, and therefore it is not sensitive to the compounding ratio. The compounding ratio is transformed into gypsum 1-9: coal ash 9-1. One mixing ratio.